# The Ik language

## Dictionary and grammar sketch

Terrill B. Schrock

African Language Grammars and Dictionaries 1

## African Language Grammars and Dictionaries

Chief Editor: Adams Bodomo Editors: Ken Hiraiwa, Firmin Ahoua

In this series:


# The Ik language

## Dictionary and grammar sketch

Terrill B. Schrock

Terrill B. Schrock. 2017. *The Ik language*: *Dictionary and grammar sketch* (African Language Grammars and Dictionaries 1). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/98 © 2017, Terrill B. Schrock Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-944675-95-4 (Digital) 978-3-944675-96-1 (Hardcover) 978-3-944675-68-8 (Softcover) 978-1-544669-06-9 (Softcover US) DOI:10.5281/zenodo.344792

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For Amber Dawn



#### Contents


### Contents


## **Preface**

When I first heard about the Ik back in September 2005, I was thoroughly intrigued. Here was a people just emerging from the mists of time, from that now dark and shrouded realm of African prehistory. Judging by appearances, their journey had not been easy. Their story spoke of great suffering in the form of sickness, suppression, starvation, and slaughter. And yet, somehow, there they were, limping into the 21st century as survivors of conditions most of us cannot imagine. Having grown up in a safe and serene community in the American South, I thought the Ik seemed stranger than fiction. People like this actually exist out there? I found myself wanting to know more about them, wanting to know who they are. Subconsciously I sensed that anyone who could endure what they had endured could perhaps teach me something about being truly human.

My quest to know the Ik has led me down a winding path to the present. Over the years I have been frustrated by my inability to enter fully into their world, to see reality through their eyes. More than once I wished I were an anthropologist, so I could get a better grasp of their essence as a people. But time and time again, life steered me right back to the language – to *Icétôd*. I gradually learned to accept that their language is a doorway to their spirit, and that as a linguist, I could only open the door for others, and point the way to the Promised Land while I remain at the threshold. This book can act as a key to that door, a key that has been carefully shaped and smoothened by hands tired yet trembling with purpose.

Living in Ikland has taught me a lot about being human, but not in the way I expected. It was not by becoming 'one with the people' that I learned what it is like to survive subhuman conditions. And it was not physical starvation, or sickness, or slaughter that I was forced to endure. No, I was spared those things. Yet all the same, in Ikland I became acquainted with spiritual starvation, social sickness, and the wholesale slaughter of my cultural, religious, and intellectual idols. And just as the Ik have learned that life does not consist in 'bread alone', nor in health, nor in security – but can carry on living with dignity and humanity – I have learned that at the rock bottom of my soul, where my self ends and the world begins, there is where Life resides. That realization is my 'pearl of great price' for which I have sold everything else and would do it all over again.

## **Acknowledgements**

Compiling a dictionary such as this one is a massive undertaking, far more so than I ever imagined it would be. Although I myself spent many hours, days, and months working alone on this project, a whole host of people put me in a position to do so. And it is here that I wish to acknowledge and thank them all.

First, I want to express a heartfelt *Ɨlákásʉƙɔtíàà zùkᵘ* to all the Ik people of the Timu Forest area for welcoming us into their community and patiently putting up with the long process of a foreigner trying to learn their language. To the following Ik men and women, I give thanks for their participation in a word-collecting workshop that took place in October 2009, during which roughly 7,000 Ik words were amassed: Ariko Hillary, Kunume Cecilia, Lochul Jacob, Lokure Jacob, Longoli Philip, Losike Peter, Lotuk Vincent, Nakiru Rose, Nangoli Esther, †Ngiriko Fideli, Ngoya Joseph, Ochen Simon Peter, Sire Hillary, and Teko Gabriel.

A second group of Ik men are sincerely thanked for giving me a clearer view of the Ik sound system and for helping me edit several hundred words during an orthography workshop in April 2014: Amida Zachary, Dakae Sipriano, Lokauwa Simon, Lokwameri Sylvester, Lomeri John Mark, Longoli Philip, Longoli Simon, Lopeyok Simon, †Lopuwa Paul, and Lotuk Paul. One of those men, Longoli Philip, deserves special thanks for the years he spent as my main guide into the grammar and lexicon of his mother tongue. The number and quality of entries in this book are owed in large part to his skillful labors. Four other men – Lojere Philip, †Lochiyo Gabriel, Lokwang Hillary, and †Lopuwa Paul – also deserve my thanks for teaching me bits of the language at various points along the journey.

But it is another group of Ik men that I wish to give special honor. These are the ones who for an entire year went with me through every word in this dictionary to refine their spellings and define their meanings. They include the respectable elders Iuɗa Lokauwa, Locham Gabriel, and Lemu Simon, as well as our translators Kali Clement, Lotengan Emmanuel, and Lopeyok Simon. The three elders not only shared their intimate knowledge of the language with me but also befriended me with a grace and humility that can only come with age. Every moment I spent with them was a blessing I will never forget. As they said, if I ever come back, I should ask if those old men are still around. I pray they are.

#### Acknowledgements

Although teaching foreigners Ik-speak has usually been the domain of men, I wish to bring special attention to two Ik women who, through their resilient friendship and lively conversation, greatly enhanced my grasp of the language. These are the highly esteemed Nachem Esther and Nakiru 'Akóóro' Rose.

Next, I want to gratefully mention those in the long line of linguists who worked on the Ik language and – in person or publication – passed their knowledge down to me: Fr. J. P. Crazzolara who wrote the first recorded grammatical description of the language; A. N. Tucker whose series of articles on Ik expanded my knowledge considerably; Fritz Serzisko who penned several insightful articles and books on Ik and Kuliak; Bernd Heine who wrote numerous works on Ik and Kuliak and authored a grammar sketch and dictionary of the language (1999); Richard Hoffman who studied the grammar and lexicon, devised a practical orthography, and tirelessly supported language development efforts on behalf of the Ik; Christa König who wrote several articles and an entire book on the Ik case system; Ron Moe who helped me lead a word-collection workshop; Keith Snider who trained me in tone analysis; Kate Schell who collected dozens of hours of recorded Ik texts; and Dusty Hill who supervised me throughout the process.

Another group I wish to thank are our friends and family members whose generous and faithful donations have made it possible for us to live and work in Uganda since 2008. It has been a privilege to be financially supported in doing long-term work on the Ik language, and I do not take that for granted.

For all their hard work pushing this project through to completion, I gratefully acknowledge the series editors: Adams Bodomo, Ken Hiraiwa, and Firmin Ahoua. My sincere thanks also go the reviewers and proofreaders who helped me improve this manuscript, to Monika Feinen for drawing up a lovely map of Ikland (Figure 1), and lastly to Sebastian Nordhoff, whose patient help and technical expertise in manuscript preparation I could never have done without.

I also want to thank my dear family: my two adopted Ik daughters, Kaloyang Mercy and Lemu Immaculate, and my wife Amber Dawn. Their loving presence enabled me to carry out this long work in an otherwise isolated and often very lonely environment. The existence of this book is owed in large measure to Amber's innumerable sacrifices big and small. It came into being at great cost to her. For that and many other reasons, I thank her from the bottom of my heart.

Above all else, I want to praise the God whose Word became flesh – ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο – making a linguistic cosmos where my mind and the Ik language could collide and radiate bright rays of new knowledge out into the world.

## **Abbreviations**


Abbreviations


## **Part I Introduction**

## **1 The Ik language**

Ik is the native language of the Ik people who live on a narrow swath of land in the northeastern corner of Uganda, East Africa. The people call their language *Icétôd*, which means 'Ik-speech' or 'Ik-talk' and is pronounced *ee-CHAY-TOad* or in phonetic symbols, [ītʃétôd]. Ik belongs to a small cluster of languages called ̻ 'Kuliak', which also includes Nyang'ía of Lobalangit and Soo/Tepeth of Mounts Moroto, Napak, and Kadam – all in Uganda's magnificent Karamoja Region.

At the outset, let me state definitively that Ik is *not* a dialect of Karimojong, nor is it even Nilotic or 'Hamitic'. And it is certainly not Bantu (as some have asked me). Scholars disagree as to whether it is related to Karimojong at all, but if it is, it would be a distant relationship within the great Nilo-Saharan language family, much as English is related to Russian or Hindi within Indo-European.

One reason people assume Ik is a dialect of Karimojong is that the Ik have long been surrounded and dominated by the pastoralist Dodoth, Toposa, Turkana, and Jie. These groups, as well as the Karimojong proper, all speak mutually intelligible forms of a speech variety called 'Ateker', 'Teso-Turkana', or 'Tunga'. Another reason Ik seems similar to Karimojong is that it has borrowed many hundreds of words from Teso-Turkana speech varieties over the centuries. In addition to lexical borrowing, the close contact between the Ik and Teso-Turkana peoples has caused Ik grammar to become more like Teso-Turkana in various ways.

But despite the many superficial similarities one may see between Ik and Teso-Turkana, their grammatical systems are actually quite different. For instance, while their vowel inventories are similar, Ik has many more consonants than Teso-Turkana, including the ejectives /ƙ/ and /ts'/, which are found in no other Ugandan language. Ik also has an elaborate case system with eight cases all marked with suffixes, whereas Teso-Turkana languages mark only four cases, some using only tone to do so. And although both Ik and Teso-Turkana order their words as Verb-Subject-Object in main clauses, in subordinate clauses, Ik changes the order to Subject-Verb-Object. These are but a few examples among others that show the significant differences between Ik and Teso-Turkana.

## **2 The dictionary**

This book contains a bilingual Ik-English dictionary and an English-Ik reversal index. The dictionary section lists all the Ik words I have recorded up to now and offers English definitions for them. Including proper names, there are approximately 8,700 entries in the dictionary. While I have done all I could to collect as

many words as possible within the limits of time and resources, no doubt many hundreds of other words still lurk out there in the recesses of Ikian minds. It will not be until more texts are written in Ik that these missing words might be gently coaxed out onto the page and into more books like the present one.

Although the presumed purpose of a dictionary is to propound the current meanings of the words of a language, I fear that purpose is only partly achieved in this volume. The true meanings of words are lived meanings, intended by living beings in a living world. To capture them on a page is to encase them in black rock and white ice. A native speaker of Ik may recognize in my English definitions familiar traces of true meaning but never all of it. As a foreign, nonnative speaker of the language, my grasp of the living meanings of Ik words is severely limited. For the only way to learn living linguistic meanings is to experience life linguistically, *through* a language, through its words and phrases and tropes. Still, I have been fortunate enough to have had a few real-life experiences in Ik, for instance, when I learned the living meaning of the verb *ɨsɛɛs* 'to miss' by actually missing a bushpig boar as I tried to spear it when it charged toward me out of a thicket. The young Ik hunters never let me forget that miss, and as they retold the story with glee, they always used that particular verb. So when I hear it, I not only know what it means in terms of 'missing', but I also *feel* the living overtones that include shame, regret, loss of opportunity, diminution of manhood, and so on. *That* is how one learns the meanings of words.

Due to the exceptional nature of such experiences, most of the Ik words in this volume I have had to define extrinsically, from the outside. Unfortunately, as a foreign lexicographer, *I do not inhabit the words*. All I could really do was try to understand the words as best I could and render them in perspicacious English, marking out a felicitous meeting place between two very different modes of linguistic being-in-the-world. To the degree that I succeeded in this endeavor, this is what I hope to be a worthwhile first full-scale Ik-English lexicon.

The English definitions the reader will find are of various types. Some Ik words lend themselves easily to one-word, entirely accurate glosses, for example, *gʉɓɛ́rá-* as 'leopard'. Others require a short phrase in English, for instance, *ƙóré*as the 'back of the knee'. Still others, the ones that are conceptually more distant from English, call for longer descriptions, as when *makúlí-* is defined as a 'round grass beehive cover that goes over the end of a hollow beehive'.

As well as being a record of modern Ik to be used for modern purposes, this dictionary also provides much data for historical research. Because the Ik have left little in the way of archaeology over the ages, and because oral histories tend to be vague, inconsistent, and undated, language is one of the few lenses through

#### 2 The dictionary

which to investigate prehistory. Already the Ik lexicon gives some tantalizing hints as to the ancient northern East African origins of the Ik, for example in the link between words like *sɔkɔ́-* 'hoof' and Arabic *saaq* 'foot' and Gumuz *tʃagw* 'foot', or between *ƙídz-* 'bite' and Maltese Arabic *gidem* 'bite' and Uduk *k'ūcūr* 'suck'. Every Ik word is a cultural relic, a linguistic artifact sticking out of the red clays of time and memory. Each one has been molded by a million mouthings, much as grains of sand are ground down by wind and water. Each has its own history, an origin and a tortuous path of descent to its present form, the same path, we can assume, that its many speakers have taken. This is where the fields of etymology and historical linguistics (or 'paleolinguistics') can provide some evidence on which to build a grounded sense of identity and cultural history.

A deeply rooted sense of history and identity is important because it could help give the Ik a more sure footing as they transition into a nationally-minded Ugandan society and a globally-minded international society. If I imagine the future fate of the Ik language, I can see two possible developmental paths it could take. The first is that it could be lost by being totally assimilated by Karimojong, much like Nyang'ía already has and Soo/Tepeth is in danger of doing, or by succumbing to the dazzling promise of upward mobility that English seems to offer. If either of these forms of language death should take place, at least this book would remain as a monument to a once noble language-mediated world-view.

The second path the Ik language could take into the future is the one I have often daydreamed of. It is the one that would fulfill my scholarly strivings and confirm my greatest hopes for the Ik. In this path, Ik would go on to become the language of a highly literate populace who would use it skillfully to promote their own well-being. With explicit knowledge of their grammar and lexicon, educated Ik people would harness the expressive power of their native-born tongue and make it a vehicle of music, poetry, fiction, philosophy, theology, medicine, education, policy – the full gamut of human expression. This scrappy language that has barely scraped by countless threats to its existence yet somehow managed to pull through, this language that contains the linguistic genes of so many other languages from unrelated stocks, this small language of a small people in small place, could go on to become an enduring symbol of the Ikian spirit.

As portrayed in Figure 1, the Ik language area can be viewed imaginatively from an 'Ik-centric' perspective as a 'heart' of East Africa. There it lies, near the arterial convergence of four East African nations: Uganda, South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Kenya. Over the centuries the Ik have migrated through and throughout each of these four countries. While doing so, their language absorbed words and grammatical traits from the many languages spoken there. So, in a real sense, Ik

Figure 1: Ik language area in an 'Ik-centric' perspective (CC-BY Monika Feinen)

#### 3 Using the dictionary

embodies the linguistic heritage of northern East Africa. Thus, could it be that Ik is providentially situated to blossom into a language that can serve the full range of communicative needs of a modernized Ik society, and then extend its fruited boughs over the escarpment in four directions to become a blessing to the neighboring nations? In the end, only time will tell, and yet it is toward the fulfillment of that dream that this work on Ik has been lovingly consecrated.

## **3 Using the dictionary**

## **3.1 Writing system**

The Ik script used in this dictionary and grammar sketch is based on what is called the Linguistic Orthography (LingO) as described in Schrock (2015). The LingO is a compromise between the simpler Popular Orthography (PopO) and a more scientific writing system. The main reason for choosing the LingO over the PopO is that the LingO encodes three very important features of the Ik sound system: voiceless vowels, vowel harmony, and tone. Although these three features are difficult to remember and write, they are indispensable for the correct pronunciation of Ik. Therefore it was decided that for this book to be an accurate and reliable record of the language, the proper pronunciations would have to be reflected in the spellings. LingO writing can easily be converted to PopO, but the reverse is not true, since it requires greater linguistic awareness.

The alphabetical order of Ik letters is given below. Note that the vowel pairs E/Ɛ, I/Ɨ, O/Ɔ, and U/Ʉ – whose two members differ only in terms of a linguistic feature called Advanced Tongue Root [ATR] – are alphabetized as if they were the same letter. This is done to assist non-native speakers of Ik in finding words beginning with vowels they might not be able to distinguish at first. Also note that the letter (Ʒ) is in parentheses because even though it belongs to the alphabet, no recorded Ik word begins with it. For the pronunciation of these letters, the reader is referred ahead to §2.1 of the grammar sketch section.

• Ik alphabetical order: A B Ɓ C D Ɗ Dz E/Ɛ F G H Hy I/Ɨ J J' K Ƙ L M N Ɲ Ŋ O/Ɔ P R S T Ts Ts' U/Ʉ W X Y Z (Ʒ)

## **3.2 Structure of entries**

The Ik-English dictionary section contains entries of the following kinds of Ik words: nouns, pronouns, demonstratives, quantifiers, numerals, prepositions, verbs, adverbs, ideophones, interjections, nursery words, complementizers, and

connectives (or conjunctions). For a brief description of each word class, the reader is referred to §3 of the grammar sketch at the back of the book. The goal of the present section is to explain to the user the structure of lexicographical entries. To do this, an example of a noun entry and a verb entry are discussed.

A typical noun entry has several components. To identify them, match the numbered components in this explanatory paragraph with the superscript number in the model entry below. 1) The lexical headword is in bold typeface. It is the citation form of the noun, that is, the form of the noun spoken in isolation. In Ik, the citation form takes the nominative case (see §7.2). 2) The root or lexical form is in parentheses. It is hyphenated to show that it still needs a case ending, and it is the form on which to base all other case forms of this noun. This particular noun is also hyphenated in the middle to signify that it is a compound noun made of two parts (see §4.3 of the grammar). 3) This is an abbreviation for 'plural', indicating that the next item is the plural form of the headword. 4) This is the plural form of the singular headword *bàdìàm*. 5) This number (1) indicates that what follows is the first and primary sense or meaning of the headword. 6) This is an abbreviation of the grammatical category of the word, in this case *n.* for 'noun'. 7) After the primary sense, one or more other numbered senses of the word may be added. 8) After the senses, one or more notes may mention further information about the entry, for example cultural details or suggestions for synonyms or near-synonyms.

**<sup>1</sup>bàdìàm** <sup>2</sup> (bàdì-àmà-) <sup>3</sup>*pl.* <sup>4</sup>badiikᵃ <sup>5</sup> 1) <sup>6</sup>*n.* sorcerer, wizard <sup>7</sup> 2) anything spooky, weird, or uncanny | <sup>8</sup>The concept of *bàdìàm* includes nocturnal animals like bats, hyenas, and owls that have strange characteristics… tobacco is also called *bàdìàm* because its strong physiological effects are not attributable to human agency.

A typical verb entry has similar components but also some different ones: 1) Just as with nouns, the verbal headword is shown in bold typeface. This is the citation form of the verb, which in Ik appears in the infinitive form and nominative case (see §8.2 in the grammar). As an infinitive, the verb is acting as a noun at this point, much like 'to go' or 'going' in English. To use an Ik infinitive as a verb, simply remove the infinitive suffix (either *-ònì-* or *-ésí-*) and use the appropriate suffixes (see §8.7). 2) Then, the form in the parentheses is the lexical form of the infinitival headword, the one that is the base for all other case-inflected forms of the verb. 3) This number (1) indicates that what follows is the first and primary sense or meaning of the headword. 4) This is an abbreviation of the grammatical category of the headword, in this case *v.* for 'verb'. 5) After the

3 Using the dictionary

primary sense, one or more other senses of the headword may be added. 6) This short note directs the user to a synonym or near-synonym of the headword.

**<sup>1</sup>betsínón** <sup>2</sup> (betsínónì-) <sup>3</sup> 1) <sup>4</sup> *v.* to be awkward, gauche, inept <sup>5</sup> 2) to be left-handed, sinistral | <sup>6</sup>See also *ɨɓaŋɨɓáŋɔn*.

Over a hundred Ik verb roots end in /a/, /e/, or /ɛ/, meaning that when an infinitive suffix is added to the root, these root-final vowels are assimilated (see §2.4.4). For example, though the root for 'miss' is *ɨsá-*, the infinitive form is *ɨsɛɛs*, which obscures the root-final vowel. Lest the dictionary user hear a form of the root *ɨsá-* in speech and then fail to deduce that its infinitive is *ɨsɛɛs*, both root and infinitive have been listed in the dictionary. The entry for *ɨsá-* includes the notation (<ɨsɛɛs) which indicates that *ɨsɛɛs* is the entry the user should go to for the definition. Conversely, the entry for *ɨsɛɛs* 'to miss' includes both the lexical form of the infinitive and the bare root, as in: **ɨsɛɛs** (ɨsɛɛsí-/ɨsá-).

## **3.3 Tips for finding words**

Finally, because a good number of Ik words have more than one form, and because many of them can be reasonably spelled in multiple ways, let me offer the user the following tips for locating polymorphous words in the dictionary:


## **Part II**

## **Ik-English dictionary**

#### aaii

## **a**


**àdɛ̀nɛ̀s** (àdɛ̀nɛ̀sà-) *n*. bird species.


**àɗ<sup>e</sup>** (àɗè) *num*. three.


**aƙʉ́ƙʉ́rɔ̀n** (aƙʉ́ƙʉ́rɔ̀nì-) *v*. to creep.

**aƙóláánón** (aƙóláánónì-) *v*. to swing.


**Amérìkààm** (Amérìkà-àmà-) *pl.* **Amérikaik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. American.


**amʉtsanés** (amʉtsanésí-) *v*. to collect on a debt.

**anás** (anásí-) *n*. male greater kudu. *Tragelaphus strepsiceros*.

**ànɛ̀** (ànɛ̀ɛ̀-) *n*. vine species whose tuberous roots are peeled and eaten raw or roasted and whose beanlike seeds are cooked and eaten. *Vigna frutescens*. Possibly the same vine as *málákʉ́r*.

**anɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (anɛ́sʉ́ƙɔtí-) *v*. to recall, remember (often with regret).

**anɛtɛ́s** (anɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to recall, recollect, remember. See also *tamɛtɛ́s*.

**aniesúƙot<sup>a</sup>** (aniesúƙotí-) *v*. to recall repeatedly (often with regret).

**aŋaras** (aŋarasá-) *n*. gravel.

**aŋarasááƙw<sup>a</sup>** (aŋarasá-áƙɔ̀-) *n*. gravelly area.

**Aŋatár** (Aŋatárì-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain.

**aŋaw<sup>a</sup>** (aŋaú-) *n*. yellowish tobacco leaves.

**aŋɨrɛs** (aŋɨrɛsí-) *1 v*. to turn, twist. *2 v*. to steer (a vehicle).

**aŋiriesón** (aŋiriesónì-) *v*. to swerve or veer repeatedly.

**Aŋolekók<sup>a</sup>** (Aŋolekókò-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain.

**Apáálokiɓúk<sup>a</sup>** (Apáálokiɓúkù-) *n*. personal ox-name of a colonial British District Commissioner.

**Apáálokúk<sup>a</sup>** (Apáálokúkú-) *n*. name of an Italian priest (Father Daniel) who founded the Kaabong Catholic mission and was killed by the Turkana.

**Apáálomúƙ<sup>a</sup>** (Apáálomúƙú-) *n*. a personal name.

**Apáálòŋìrò** (Apáálòŋìròò-) *n*. a personal name.

**Apáásiá** (Apáásiáà-) *n*. a personal name. **apápánà** (<apápánɔ̀ɔ̀n) *v*.


**Apʉs** (Apʉsí-) *n*. a personal name.


**aráɡwaníékw<sup>a</sup>** (aráɡwaní-ékù-) *n*. full moon. *Lit.* 'moon-eye'.

**Aramasán** (Aramasánì-) *n*. personal name of a Bokora man who settled in Ikland and married an Ik.

**Árápííʝí** (Árápííʝíì-) *n*. place named after rocket-propelled grenades (RPG).

**arasí** (arasíì-) *n*. councillor in the Local Council I (LCI), an administrative unit in the Ugandan government at the village level.

**arétón** (arétónì-) *v*. to cross (this direction, to this side).

**arí** (aríɛ́-) *pl.* **aríík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. section of the small intestine.

16


**arír** (arírá-) *pl.* **arírík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. flame mixed with smoke.


**aukes** (aukesí-) *v*. to fill (one's mouth) with drink before/without swallowing.

**aw<sup>a</sup>** (awá-) *pl.* **àwìk<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. abode, home, homestead, manyatta, village. *2 n*. place.

**awa ná zè** *1 n*. big home or village. *2 n*. capital city. *3 n*. Heaven.

**awa Ɲákuʝí** *n*. Heaven.


#### bàbà

## **b**



**bɛná** (<bɛnɔ́ɔ́n) *v*.


**bɛrɛtɛ́sá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup>** *v*. to come to a consensus.


**bɨrá** (<bɨrɔ́ɔ́n) *v*.


**biy<sup>a</sup>** (biyá-) *n*. outside.

**biyáxán** (biyá-xánà-) *n*. outside.


**botibotosíám** (botibotosí-ámà-) *pl.* **botibotosíík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. drifter, migrant, nomad.

**botitín** (botitíní-) *n*. baggage, cargo, luggage.

**bòtòn** (bòtònì-) *v*. to migrate, move.

**botonuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (botonuƙotí-) *v*. to migrate or move away.

**bótsón** (bótsónì-) *1 v*. to be clear, open, vacant. *2 v*. to be empty, hollow.

**bótsóna iká<sup>e</sup>** *v*. to be clear, sober (of one's mind).

**bóx** (bóxá-) *1 n*. nightjar. *2 n*. idiot, moron, stupid person.

**boxoƙorét<sup>a</sup>** (boxoƙorétí-) *pl.* **boxoƙorétík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. tall softwood tree species whose bland, red berries are eaten by children and whose wood is carved into bowls and cups. *Cussonia arborea*.

**bú** (búá-) *n*. airborn dust, dust cloud.

**buanítésuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (buanítésuƙotí-) *v*. to lose, hide, make disappear, misplace.

**buanón** (buanónì-) *v*. to be lost, disappeared, misplaced.

**buanónuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (buanónuƙotí-) *v*. to disappear, fade, evaporate, get lost.


**búbuiem** (búbui-emé-) *n*. back part or underpart of an animal's leg, from the ankle to the thigh, which is the women's special cut of meat.


**búdès** (búdèsì-) *1 v*. to bury, inhume, inter, lay to rest. *2 v*. to conceal, hide. See also *muɗés* and *tʉnʉkɛs*.


**búdòs** (búdòsì-) *v*. to be concealed, covert, hidden, private, secret.

**bùɗàm** (bùɗàmà-) *n*. darkness.


**bùf** (bùfù) *ideo*. spongily.

**bufúdòn** (bufúdònì-) *v*. to be spongy.



# **ɓ**


**ɓɛkánón** (ɓɛkánónì-) *v*. to be incitive, inflammatory, provoking, rankling.

**ɓɛk<sup>ɛ</sup>** (ɓɛkɛ) *ideo*. snap! (sound of something thin snapping).

**ɓɛkɛ́s** (ɓɛkɛ́sí-) *v*. to perforate, puncture.

**ɓɛkɛtɛ́s** (ɓɛkɛtɛ́sí-) *1 v*. to perforate, puncture. *2 v*. to incite, provoke, rankle.

**ɓɛkɛ́tɔ́n** (ɓɛkɛ́tɔ́nì-) *v*. to hatch (of chicks). See also *ɨɓɛ́ɓɛ́ɛ̀tɔ̀n*.

**ɓɛkɨɓɛ́kɔ́n** (ɓɛkɨɓɛ́kɔ́nì-) *v*. to rustle.

**ɓɛƙɛ́s** (ɓɛƙɛ́sí-) *1 v*. to walk. *2 v*. to travel. *3 v*. to move.

**ɓɛƙɛ́sá buɗámík<sup>e</sup>** *v*. to move blindly.

**ɓɛƙɛ́sá kútúŋìk<sup>o</sup>** *v*. to walk on the knees.

**ɓɛƙɛ́sá kwɛ̀tìk<sup>ɔ</sup>** *v*. to walk on the hands.

**ɓɛƙɛ́sá turúùk<sup>e</sup>** *v*. to stumble ahead.

**ɓɛƙɛ́sá wɛwɛɛs** *v*. to walk leisurely.

**ɓɛƙɛ́sá ziál** *v*. to walk laboriously (like an obese or pregnant person).

**ɓɛƙɛ́síàm** (ɓɛƙɛ́sí-àmà-) *pl.* **ɓɛƙɛ́síik<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. pedestrian, walker. *2 n*. traveler, wayfarer.

**ɓɛƙɛ́síama mukú** *n*. one who walks at night (like a lover or wizard or merely someone who has not reached their destination by dark).

**ɓɛƙɛ́síkabáɗ<sup>a</sup>** (ɓɛƙɛ́sí-kabáɗá-) *pl.* **ɓɛƙɛ́ síkabáɗík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. identity card, passport.


**ɓɛlɛ́ɓɛ́lánón** (ɓɛlɛ́ɓɛ́lánónì-) *v*. to be chapped, cracked, split open.


**ɓelémón** (ɓelémónì-) *1 v*. to crack or split open (like burnt skin). *2 v*. to break (of day), dawn.

**ɓɛlɛ́rɛ́mɔ̀n** (ɓɛlɛ́rɛ́mɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be bugeyed.

**ɓɛlɛ́s** (ɓɛlɛ́sí-) *v*. to crack, split.


**ɓɛtɛ́lɛ́mɔ̀n** (ɓɛtɛ́lɛ́mɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be flatly or shallowly concave. See also *fɛtɛ́lɛ́mɔ̀n*.


**ɓɔɗáʝʉ́m** (ɓɔɗá-ʝʉ́mʉ̀-) *n*. dirt mixed with threshed grain that is then sifted.


**ɓɔ́l** (ɓɔ́lá-) *pl.* **ɓɔ́lítín**. *n*. shin.


**ɓʉ̀nɔ̀n** (ɓʉ̀nɔ̀nì-) *v*. to move past, pass by.


**ɓúrukúkón** (ɓúrukúkónì-) *v*. to germinate, sprout.

**ɓútánés** (ɓútánésí-) *v*. to have sex repeatedly and often.

**ɓut<sup>u</sup>** (ɓutu) *ideo*. all, entirely.

**ɓutúrúmòn** (ɓutúrúmònì-) *v*. to be bulky, hulky.

**ɓuumón** (ɓuumónì-) *v*. to get dislocated, out-of-joint.

#### caál

## **c**


*3 n*. fuel: diesel, paraffin (kerosene), petrol (gas).


**cicianón** (cicianónì-) *v*. to reform, repent.

**cicídè** (cicídèà-) *n*. bird species.


**cíkóróìkànànès** (cíkóróìkànànèsì-) *n*. boundedness, having boundaries.

**cíkóroy<sup>a</sup>** (cíkóroí-) *pl.* **cíkóróìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. border, boundary, limit.

**cikw<sup>a</sup>** (cikó-) *pl.* **cikóík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. male animal.

**cìɔ̀n** (cìɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be full, sated, satiated, satisfied.

**cɨɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (cɨɔnʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to become full, sated, satiated.

**Cɔ́ƙɔ́tɔ̀m** (Cɔ́ƙɔ́tɔ̀mɛ̀-) *n*. Dodoth people.

**Cɔ́ƙɔ́tɔ̀mɛ̀àm** (Cɔ́ƙɔ́tɔ̀mɛ̀-àmà-) *n*. Dodoth person .

**còòkààm** (còòkà-àmà-) *pl.* **cookaik<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. cowherd, shepherd. *2 n*. guard, watchman. *3 n*. defender, guardian, protector.

**cookaama zíkɛ́siicé** *n*. prison guard.

**cookaika ínó<sup>e</sup>** *n*. wildlife authorities. *Lit.* 'guardians of animals'.

**cookés** (cookésí-) *1 v*. to shepherd, tend (livestock). *2 v*. to defend, guard, protect.

**cookotós** (cookotósí-) *v*. to be guarded, protected, tended.

**coór** (coorí-) *pl.* **coorík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. leg rattle tied below the knee.

**cooríɡwà** (coorí-ɡwàà-) *n*. bee-eater. *Lit.* 'rattle-bird'. *Merops sp*. See also *keseníɡwà*.

**cuáák<sup>a</sup>** (cuá-ákà-) *n*. permanent water source (like a spring or well). *Lit.* 'water-mouth'.

**cuanón** (cuanónì-) *v*. to be fluid, liquid.

**cuanónuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (cuanónuƙotí-) *v*. to become liquid, liquify, melt.

**cuc<sup>u</sup>** (cucu) *ideo*. very black.

**cucue** (cucué-) *n*. damp chill.

**cucuéétòn** (cucuéétònì-) *1 v*. to cool down/off (of pain or weather). *2 v*. to feel mercy, sympathize.

**Cùcùèìk<sup>a</sup>** (Cùcùè-ìkà-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain.

**cucuéítésuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (cucuéítésuƙotí-) *v*. to chill, cool down.

**cucuéítésuƙota ɡúró<sup>e</sup>** *v*. to calm or cool down one's heart.

**cucuéón** (cucuéónì-) *1 v*. to be chilly, cool. *2 v*. to be weak . *3 v*. to be bland, stale.

**cucuéónuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (cucuéónuƙotí-) *v*. to cool down/off (of pain or weather).

**cue** (cué-) *1 n*. liquid, water. *2 n*. baby girl. *3 n*. taboo of failing to give water to the elders first.

**cúédòm** (cúé-dòmà-) *pl.* **cúédomitín**. *n*. water pot used to keep clean water inside the hut.

**cueina mɛ́sɛ̀** *n*. beer leftover from a ceremony or group work-day. *Lit.* 'waters of beer'.

**cúémúcè** (cúé-múcèè-) *pl.* **cúémúcèìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. ditch, watercourse, waterway.

**cúénêb<sup>a</sup>** (cúé-nébù-) *pl.* **cúénébitín**. *n*. body of water.

**cúkúɗùm** (cúkúɗùmù-) *n*. male mountain reedbuck. *Redunca fulvorufula*.

**Curuk<sup>a</sup>** (Curukú-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain. *Lit.* 'bull'.

**cúrúk<sup>a</sup>** (cúrúkù-) *pl.* **cúrúkaikw<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. bull. *2 n*. male, sire, stud.

**cúrúkà mɛ̀sɛ̀** *n*. barm or yeast used in brewing beer. *Lit.* 'sire of beer'.


hand' that may have taken on a narrower meaning for some Ik speakers.

**cwɛtéém** (cwɛté-émè-) *n*. bicep and/or tricep. *Lit.* 'upper arm flesh'.

## **d**

**dà** (<dòòn) *v*.

**daás** (daasí-) *1 n*. beauty, handsomeness, loveliness, prettiness. *2 n*. generosity, magnanimity, philanthropy. *3 n*. agreeableness, niceness, pleasantness. *4 n*. glory, radiance, splendor. *5 n*. holiness, sanctity.

**dàbìʝ<sup>a</sup>** (dàbìʝà-) *n*. bird species.


**dàƙw<sup>a</sup>** (dàƙwà) *ideo*. weakly.


**dɛááƙw<sup>a</sup>** (dɛá-áƙɔ̀-) *n*. sole of the foot.


**dɛɨkatsɨrím** (dɛɨka-tsɨrímʉ́-) *pl.* **dɛɨkatsɨrímík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. metal anklet.

**dɛ̀ìk<sup>ɔ</sup>** *n*. by foot, on foot.



**detés** (detésí-) *v*. to bring.


rainy weather ailments like body aches and pains. *4 n*. soldiers.


**dimés** (dimésí-) *v*. to deny, refuse, reject.

**dimésá bubue ŋɔɛsí** *n*. dyspepsia, indigestion. *Lit.* 'refusal of the stomach to grind'.


**dɔ́dɔrɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (dɔ́dɔrɔnʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to move away on one's buttocks.

**dòɗ<sup>a</sup>** (dòɗì-) *pl.* **doɗitín**. *n*. vagina.

**dòɗìdòɗìɡwà** (dòɗìdòɗì-ɡwàà-) *n*. bird species. *Lit.* 'vagina-vagina bird'.


**dimités** (dimitésí-) *v*. to forbid, prohibit, proscribe. See also *itáléés*.


**dónésìàm** (dónésì-àmà-) *pl.* **dónésiik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. donor, philanthropist.

**dónésuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (dónésuƙotí-) *v*. to donate, give out, present.


**dosés** (dosésí-) *v*. to thatch.


**dʉbam** (dʉbamá-) *n*. dough. *Lit.* 'kneadable'.


**dús** (dúsé-) *pl.* **dúsítín**. *n*. grassland, plain, savannah.


#### ɗa

# **ɗ**


clothing; hunters often remove clothing before trying to penetrate its brush; found down in the Turkana plains, it is used for fencing and is eaten by livestock. *Acacia senegal*. See also *lofílitsí*.


a


down low (e.g. into a deep valley). *3 v*. to screw around on an errand.


**ɗɔ̀r** (ɗɔ̀rɔ̀) *ideo*. slickly, slipperily.


**ɗorôɡ<sup>a</sup>** (ɗoróɡè-) *pl.* **ɗoróɡìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. roan antelope. *Hippotragus equinus*.

**ɗòs** (ɗòsì-) *n*. gum, mucilage.

**ɗɔ̀s** (ɗɔ̀sɔ̀) *ideo*. gummily.

**ɗɔsɔ́** (ɗɔsɔ́ɔ̀-) *n*. vine species whose seeds are eaten raw or cooked and whose roots are eaten raw, cooked, or roasted. *Vigna sp*.

**ɗɔsɔ́dɔ̀n** (ɗɔsɔ́dɔ̀nì-) *v*. to gummy.

**ɗotíɗótòn** (ɗotíɗótònì-) *v*. to go restlessly from place to place.

**ɗɔtɔ́**(ɗɔtɔ́ɔ̀-) *1 n*. rubbery gum (like that of barat<sup>a</sup> ). *2 n*. rubber. *3 n*. chewing gum.

**ɗɔtsánón** (ɗɔtsánónì-) *1 v*. to be joined together. *2 v*. to cooperate. *3 v*. to be compacted. See also *kumutsánón*.

**ɗɔtsánónuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (ɗɔtsánónuƙotí-) *1 v*. to join or meet together. *2 v*. to cooperate.

**ɗɔtsɛ́s** (ɗɔtsɛ́sí-) *1 v*. to add. *2 v*. to add or mix in. *3 v*. to add together, combine, join.

**ɗɔtsɛ́sá ɦyekesí** *v*. to contribute resources. *Lit.* 'to add life'.


**ɗɔtsɛtɛ́sá así** *v*. to gather oneselves.

**ɗɔtsɛtɛ́sá tódà<sup>e</sup>** *v*. to negotiate, reach a consensus. *Lit.* 'to add up speech'.

**ɗɔtsɔ́s** (ɗɔtsɔ́sí-) *1 v*. to be added. *2 v*. to be attached, joined. *3 v*. to be compacted.

**ɗòwòn** (ɗòwònì-) *1 v*. to be pristine, unspoiled, untouched, virginal (like a forest). *2 v*. to be left alone, unused (like a path or old village).

**ɗòx** (ɗòxò) *ideo*. fitly, healthily.

**ɗɔ̀x** (ɗɔ̀xɔ̀) *ideo*. unsteadily.


**ɗɔ́xɛatá na ɓɛƙɛ́s** *n*. satellite. *Lit.* 'star that moves'.

**ɗɔ́xɛatá na tsúwà** *n*. meteor, shooting star. *Lit.* 'start that runs'.

**Ɗɔ́xɛatá tsòònì** *n*. morning star.

**Ɗɔ́xɛatá xìŋàtà<sup>e</sup>** *n*. evening star.

**ɗoxódòn** (ɗoxódònì-) *v*. to be fit, healthy, in shape.

**ɗɔxɔ́dɔ̀n** (ɗɔxɔ́dɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be rickety, wobbly (of people, while walking).

**ɗɔ̀xɔ̀ƙ a** (ɗɔ̀xɔ̀ƙɔ̀-) *pl.* **ɗɔxɔ́ƙík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. gourd flesh, pulp.

**ɗuɗuanón** (ɗuɗuanónì-) *v*. to growl, grumble, gurgle (of digestion).

**ɗʉ̀ɗʉ̀ŋ** (ɗʉ̀ɗʉ̀ŋʉ̀) *ideo*. to the end. See also *tùtùr*.

**ɗués** (ɗuesí-) *v*. to deracinate, extirpate, pull up, uproot. See also *rués*.


#### ɗutúdòn


#### dzàbùl

## **dz**


dzôɡ

a

**dzoluɡánón** (dzoluɡánónì-) *v*. to have hidden motives.

**dzòn** (dzònì-) *pl.* **dzóníkw<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. hand-dug well.


#### eakwa

## **e/ɛ**


**eɡés** (eɡésí-) *v*. to place, put.


**eɡésá kwɛtá<sup>ɛ</sup>** *v*. to sign. *Lit.* 'to put the hand'.

**eɡésá ɲáʝálaák<sup>e</sup>** *v*. to jail, put in jail.

**eɡésá zíkɛ́sìk<sup>ɛ</sup>** *v*. to imprison, jail, lock up. *Lit.* 'to put in tying'.


**Ɛ́kìtɛ̀là** (Ɛ́kɨtɛlaá) *n*. a personal name.

**ekoɗit<sup>a</sup>** (ekoɗití-) *n*. tree species whose young roots are eaten raw and whose fruit is liked by children and birds; its bark is chewed as medicine for coughing, and its wood is used to carve stools and wooden containers. *Lannea schimperi*. See also *meleke*.

**èkòn** (èkònì-) *v*. to get out of the way, move aside. Also pronounced as *ècòn*.


**ɛkwítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɛkwítɛ́sʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to put ahead or in front.

**ɛ̀kwɔ̀n** (ɛ̀kwɔ̀nì-) *1 v*. to be early or first. *2 v*. to be ahead or in front.


**eletiésuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (eletiesúƙotí-) *v*. to blow, squander, waste. See also *iɲékésuƙot<sup>a</sup>* .

**em** (emé-) *1 n*. flesh, meat. *2 n*. muscle.

**emetá** (emetáa-) *pl.* **emetátikw<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. parent in-law (of men).


**eminiés** (eminiesí-) *v*. to draw apart, pull apart, stretch.

**emitaakón** (emitaakónì-) *v*. to swell (of many).

**elánétòn** (elánétònì-) *v*. to accompany here, come after/with.


**érítòn** (érítònì-) *v*. to flitter, flutter (of termite alates underground just before emerging and taking flight).


**erutánón** (erutánónì-) *1 v*. to low, moo. *2 v*. to roar (e.g. lions).


# **f**

fá



**fitetés** (fitetésí-) *v*. to wash up.

**fitídòn** (fitídònì-) *v*. to be dull (of blades).

**fìtⁱ** (fìtì) *ideo*. dully (of blades).


**fɔfɔ́ʝ a** (fɔfɔ́ʝá-) *pl.* **fɔfɔ́ʝík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. dried fruit of the *ts'ɔƙɔm* tree.

**fɔ́fɔ́tɛ́s** (fɔ́fɔ́tɛ́sí-) *v*. to drag, grate, scrape (along the ground). See also *ɨfɔɛs*.

**fóʝón** (fóʝónì-) *v*. to whistle.

**fɔ̀k ɔ** (fɔ̀kɔ̀) *ideo*. lightweightly.

**fɔkɔ́dɔ̀n** (fɔkɔ́dɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be lightweight. See also *ɔfɔ́dɔ̀n* and *olódòn*.

**folólómòn** (folólómònì-) *v*. to be wide open (like an open road).

**fòlòn** (fòlònì-) *v*. to exuviate, molt, shed (scales or skin).

**fɔrɔ́sìtà** (fɔrɔ́sìtàà-) *n*. forest.


# **g**

**ɡaanaakón** (ɡaanaakónì-) *v*. to be bad, evil, wicked (of many).

**ɡaánàs** (ɡaánàsì-) *1 n*. badness, evil, wickedness. *2 n*. anger, annoyance, fury, rage. *3 n*. danger, peril, risk.

**ɡàànìk<sup>e</sup>** *v*. badly, poorly.


**ɡaɗikam** (ɡaɗikamá-) *n*. foraging.


**ɡáƙón** (ɡáƙónì-) *v*. to leave early (before dawn). See also *isókón*.

**ɡaƙúrúmòn** (ɡaƙúrúmònì-) *v*. to be grouchy, grumpy. See also *ŋízìmɔ̀ɔ̀n*.

**Gàlàts<sup>a</sup>** (Gàlàtsì-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain.

**ɡamam** (ɡamamá-) *n*. firewood, kindling, tinder. *Lit.* 'kindlable'.

**ɡamés** (ɡamésí-) *v*. to kindle, light or start (a fire).

**ɡamésá ts'aɗí** *v*. to kindle, light, or start a fire.


**ɡasoŋwa** (ɡaso-ŋwaá-) *n*. warthog sow. **ɡàts<sup>a</sup>** (ɡàtsà) *ideo*. rockily, stonily.


**ɡìd<sup>a</sup>** (ɡìdà-) *pl.* **ɡíditín**. *n*. cloud.


**ɡirésá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup>** *v*. to keep one's thoughts secret.

**ɡirésíàw<sup>a</sup>** (ɡirésí-àwà-) *pl.* **ɡirésíawík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. storage place, store (cupboard, cabinet, cave, etc.).

**ɡirú** (ɡirúù-) *n*. locust.


**ɡɔ̀ɓ a** (ɡɔ̀ɓà-) *pl.* **ɡɔ́ɓítín**. *n*. knot in wood.


**ɡɔ̀ɡɔ̀r** (ɡɔ̀ɡɔ̀rɔ̀) *ideo*. decrepitly.

**ɡòɡòròʝ<sup>a</sup>** (ɡòɡòròʝì-) *pl.* **ɡóɡòròʝìk<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. spine. *2 n*. midrib. *3 n*. straight middle part. *4 n*. ridge.


**ɡɔ́lìɗ<sup>a</sup>** (ɡɔ́lìɗì-) *n*. gold.

**ɡɔ́lɔ́ɡɔlánón** (ɡɔ́lɔ́ɡɔlánónì-) *v*. to be crooked, twisted (like a river or stick).


```
ɡɔn (ɡɔnɛ́-) pl. ɡɔ́nítín. n. stump.
```

#### ɡubes


# **h**


**hoetésá ɲásáatí** *v*. to plan a time. *Lit.* 'to cut out an hour'.

**hoɡwarí** (ho-ɡwaríì-) *n*. roof.


to be confused with *hɔnɛ́s*.


**hɔ́tɔ̀** (hɔ́tɔ̀ɔ̀-) *n*. bustard.


## ɦyakwés

# **ɦy**

**ɦyakwés** (ɦyakwésí-) *v*. to hush, shush.


**ɦyeésúƙot<sup>a</sup>** (ɦyeésúƙotí-) *v*. to come to know, learn, learn how.

**ɦyeímós** (ɦyeímósí-) *v*. to be kin, related. *Lit.* 'to know each other'. Also pronounced as *ɦyeínós*.


**ɦyeínósá na ƙɔ́ɓà<sup>ɛ</sup>** *v*. kinship or relation by birth. *Lit.* 'relation of the umbilical cord'.

**ɦyeínósá na séà<sup>e</sup>** *v*. to be related by blood. *Lit.* 'relation of blood'.

**ɦyeínósá sits'ésú** *v*. to be related by marriage.


**ɦyeítésihò** (ɦyeítési-hòò-) *pl.* **ɦyeítésihoík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. examination room.

**ɦyeitésúƙot<sup>a</sup>** (ɦyeitésúƙotí-) *v*. to inform, let know, tell.

**ɦyeitetés** (ɦyeitetésí-) *v*. to inform, let know, tell.


**ɦyekétón** (ɦyekétónì-) *v*. to come back to life, resurrect, revive.


**ɦyɛ̀nɔ̀n** (ɦyɛ̀nɔ̀nì-) *v*. to barf, hurl, puke, regurgitate, vomit, upchuck.


**ɦyɔ̀** (ɦyɔ̀ɔ̀-) *n*. cattle, cow(s). Can refer to one or more cattle/cows.



## ɨáíá

## **i/ɨ**

**ɨáíá** (<ɨáíɛ́ɛ́s) *v*.


**ɨatɔs** (ɨatɔsí-) *1 v*. to added, increased. *2 v*. to be expanded, widened.



**ibét<sup>a</sup>** (ibétí-) *pl.* **íbètìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. thorn-tree species whose wood is used for building, fencing, and carving tool handles; its twigs are used as toothbrushes, and its red seeds are worn as beads by the Turkana. *Commiphora africana*.

**íbìrìbìròn** (íbìrìbìrònì-) *v*. to babble, blather.

**íbɨtɛ́s** (íbɨtɛ́sí-) *v*. to plant, sow.


**íbànòn** (íbànònì-) *v*. to go in the late afternoon or evening. See also *irípón*.

**íbɔtsɛ́sá así** *v*. to be agitated, churn, roil.


**ɨɓáɓá** (<ɨɓáɓɛ́ɛ́s) *v*.

**ɨɓatíɓátɔ̀n** (ɨɓatíɓátɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be hampered, handicapped, hindered.

**iɓátísa** (<iɓátíseés) *v*.

**iɓátíseés** (iɓátíseesí-/iɓátísa-) *v*. to dunk, baptize.

**ɨɓɛ́ɓɛ́**(<ɨɓɛ́ɓɔ́ɔ̀n) *v*.

**ɨɓɛ́ɓɛ́ɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɨɓɛ́ɓɛ́ɛsʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to lay (eggs).

**ɨɓɛ́ɓɛ́ɛ̀tɔ̀n** (ɨɓɛ́ɓɛ́ɛ̀tɔ̀nì-) *v*. to hatch out (of chicks). See also *ɓɛkɛ́tɔ́n*.

**ɨɓɛ́ɓɛ́lɛ́s** (ɨɓɛ́ɓɛ́lɛ́sí-) *v*. to split into pieces.

**ɨɓɛ́ɓɔ́ɔ̀n** (ɨɓɛ́ɓɔ́ɔ̀nì-/ɨɓɛ́ɓɛ́-) *v*. to hatch (of chicks).

**ɨɓɛkíɓɛ́kɛ́s** (ɨɓɛkíɓɛ́kɛ́sí-) *v*. to break or snap off (e.g. dry sticks).

**ɨɓɛ́lɛ́**(<ɨɓɛ́lɔ́ɔ̀n) *v*.

**ɨɓɛ́lɛ́ánón** (ɨɓɛ́lɛ́ánónì-) *v*. to be impetuous, impulsive.

**iɓéléés** (iɓéléésí-) *1 v*. to overturn, roll or turn over. *2 v*. to alter, change, transform. See also *bukures* and *iɓélúkéés*.

**iɓéléésuƙota así** *v*. to change one's direction, turn oneself around.

**iɓéléetés** (iɓéléetésí-) *v*. to overturn, roll or turn over.

**iɓéléìmètòn** (iɓéléìmètònì-) *1 v*. to overturn, roll or turn over (on its own). *2 v*. to change, transform. See also *iɓékúkáìmètòn*.

**iɓelíɓélésa tódà<sup>e</sup>** *v*. to change statements or the story.

**ɨɓɛ́lɔ́ɔ̀n** (ɨɓɛ́lɔ́ɔ̀nì-/ɨɓɛ́lɛ́-) *v*. to be impetuous, impulsive.

**iɓélúká** (<iɓélúkéés) *v*.

**iɓélúkáìmètòn** (iɓélúkáìmètònì-) *v*. to overturn, turn over (on its own). See also *iɓéléìmètòn*.

**iɓélúkéés** (iɓélúkéésí-/iɓélúká-) *v*. to overturn, turn over, upset. See also *bukures* and *iɓéléés*.

**ɨɓɛ́rɔ́ánón** (ɨɓɛ́rɔ́ánónì-) *v*. to be energetic, hard-working, industrious.

**ɨɓɛsíɓɛ́sɛ́s** (ɨɓɛsíɓɛ́sɛ́sí-) *v*. to break up into small pieces (like sticks for kindling).

**iɓíléròn** (iɓílérònì-) *1 v*. to be forgotten, misplaced. *2 v*. to be baffled, confused, perplexed. See also *ɡwèlòn*.

**iɓíléronuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (iɓíléronuƙotí-) *v*. to become forgotten or misplaced.

**iɓilíɓílésá así** *v*. to keep turning oneself over (e.g. in bed at night).

**ɨɓíɔ́n** (ɨɓíɔ́nì-) *v*. to shart: defecate unintentionally while passing gas.

**ɨɓɨtsíɓítsɛ́s** (ɨɓɨtsíɓítsɛ́sí-) *v*. to struggle or wriggle into (an opening).

**iɓóɓólés** (iɓóɓólésí-) *v*. to chip or pull (bark) off in pieces (rather than strips).

**iɓóɓóŋètòn** (iɓóɓóŋètònì-) *v*. to come back, return, turn around this way. See also *itétón*.

**iɓóɓóŋòn** (iɓóɓóŋònì-) *v*. to go back, return, turn around.

**iɓóɓórés** (iɓóɓórésí-) *v*. to core or hollow out.

**iɓóɓórós** (iɓóɓórósí-) *v*. to be cored or hollowed out.

**iɓokes** (iɓokesí-) *v*. to jiggle, shake.

**iɓókésuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (iɓókésuƙotí-) *v*. to shake or throw off.

**iɓoletés** (iɓoletésí-) *v*. to covenant, promise.

**iɓolíɓólés** (iɓolíɓólésí-) *v*. to plunder, ransack, rifle through.

**iɓolíɓólésuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (iɓolíɓólésuƙotí-) *v*. to plunder, ransack, rifle through.


**Icéɛ́n** (Icé-ɛ́ní-) *n*. Ik culture and/or language.

**Icéhò** (Icé-hòò-) *pl.* **Icéhoík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. traditional beehive-shaped grass hut once the primary dwelling of the Ik people. *Lit.* 'Ik-hut'.


**Icémóríɗókàk<sup>a</sup>** (Icé-móríɗó-kàkà-) *n*. cowpea leaves (which the Ik eat as a vegetable). *Lit.* 'Ik-bean leaves'.


**Icéódòw<sup>a</sup>** (Icé-ódòù-) *n*. Ik day: a general Ik gathering held every January in Kamion to celebrate Ik identity and discuss challenges.


**ídadamɔ́s** (ídadamɔ́sí-) *v*. to be groping (e.g. walking in darkness or on a slope).

**ídèm** (ídèmè-) *pl.* **ídèmìk<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. serpent, snake. *2 n*. intestinal worm.

**ídemecɛmɛ́r** (ídeme-cɛmɛ́rí-) *n*. small plant species with yellow flowers; its roots, when roasted and ground, are used to treat snakebites. *Lit.* 'snakeherb'. Also called *ídèmèdàkw<sup>a</sup>* .


**ídèmèkwàyw<sup>a</sup>** (ídèmè-kwàyò-) *pl.* **ídemekwaitín**. *n*. snake fang.


**ídòkàts<sup>a</sup>** (ídò-kàtsì-) *pl.* **ídokatsín**. *n*. nipple. *Lit.* 'breast-tip'.


rub vigorously (e.g. when one is hit on the body, or to soften up a fruit).


**ídwà nì ɓàr** *n*. sour milk.


**ɨɗá** (<ɨɗɛɛs) *v*.


**ɨɗakɛ́s** (ɨɗakɛ́sí-) *v*. to lack, miss.


are banging'. See also *Ɗiwamúce* and *Lósʉ́ɓán*.


**ɨɗɛ́ɗɛ́**(<ɨɗɛ́ɗɔ́ɔ̀n) *v*.


*v*. to be covered, scoured, searched over thoroughly.


**iɗílón** (iɗílónì-) *v*. to get a headstart (e.g. on the day by leaving early).

**ɨɗɨmɛ́s** (ɨɗɨmɛ́sí-) *1 v*. to fix, make, repair. *2 v*. to organize, prepare, ready.

**ɨɗɨmɛ́sá así** *v*. to sit decently (by arranging your legs and clothes modestly).

**ɨɗɨmɛ́sá buƙúⁱ** *v*. to arrange a marriage.

**ɨɗɨmɛ́sá ìʉ̀mà<sup>ɛ</sup>** *v*. to arrange a marital engagement.

**ɨɗɨmɛ́síàm** (ɨɗɨmɛ́sí-àmà-) *pl.* **ɨɗɨmɛ́ síik<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. fixer, mechanic. *2 n*. artist, creator, inventor.

**ɨɗɨmɛ́sɔ́n** (ɨɗɨmɛ́sɔ́nì-) *v*. to be prepared, ready.

**ɨɗɨmɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɨɗɨmɛ́sʉ́ƙɔtí-) *1 v*. to fix, make, repair. *2 v*. to organize, prepare, ready.

**ɨɗɨmɛtɛ́s** (ɨɗɨmɛtɛ́sí-) *1 v*. to create, make. *2 v*. to fix, repair. See also *iroketes* and *tɔsʉɓɛs*.

**ɨɗɨmɛtɛ́síàm** (ɨɗɨmɛtɛ́sí-àmà-) *pl.* **ɨɗɨmɛtɛ́síik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. creator, maker.

**iɗimiés** (iɗimiesí-) *v*. to organize, plan, prepare, ready.

**iɗimiesá así** *v*. to prepare or ready oneself.

**iɗimiesíàm** (iɗimiesí-àmà-) *pl.* **iɗimiesíik<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. organizer. *2 n*. usher.

**iɗimiesúƙot<sup>a</sup>** (iɗimiesúƙotí-) *v*. to organize, plan, prepare, ready.

**ɨɗímɔ́n** (ɨɗímɔ́nì-) *v*. to speak a foreign language, talk foreignly.


**ɨɗíŋɔ́n** (ɨɗíŋɔ́nì-) *1 v*. to be narrow. *2 v*. to be tight (of a space, e.g. inside a vehicle).

**ɨɗíɔ́n** (ɨɗíɔ́nì-) *v*. to drop down (of seeds from a dried out plant pod).

**ɨɗíɔ́na iká<sup>e</sup>** *v*. migraine headache.

**iɗipes** (iɗipesí-) *v*. to dip into (e.g. a container, fire, etc.).

**ɨɗírírɔ̀n** (ɨɗírírɔ̀nì-) *v*. to move straight ahead.

**ɨɗírítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɨɗírítɛ́sʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to straighten, unbend.

**ɨɗírɔ́n** (ɨɗírɔ́nì-) *1 v*. to be or move in a straight line. *2 v*. to aim, take aim.

**ɨɗɨtsɛs** (ɨɗɨtsɛsí-) *v*. to cane, lash, whip.

**ɨɗɔ́bɛ̀s** (ɨɗɔ́bɛ̀sì-) *v*. to arrange, order. See also *ɨnábɛ̀s* and *itíbès*.

**ɨɗɔ́bɛtɛ́s** (ɨɗɔ́bɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to arrange, order.

**ɨɗɔ́ɗɔ́ɛ́s** (ɨɗɔ́ɗɔ́ɛ́sí-) *v*. to cook up, rustle up (a light meal or snack).

**iɗóɗókánón** (iɗóɗókánónì-) *v*. to be heaped, piled or stacked up.

**iɗóɗókés** (iɗóɗókésí-) *v*. to heap, pile, or stack on top of.

**iɗoes** (iɗoesí-) *v*. to drop into (e.g. food in the mouth).

**iɗokes** (iɗokesí-) *v*. to add on top.

**iɗókóliés** (iɗókóliesí-) *v*. to choose, pick, select (e.g. fruit that is ripe).


**ɨɛtɛ́sá así** *v*. to save oneself.


**ɨfɔɛs** (ɨfɔɛsí-) *v*. to drag, grate, scrape (along the ground). See also *fɔ́fɔ́tɛ́s*.

**ɨfɔɛsa así** *v*. to drag oneself.


**ɨkáká** (<ɨkákɛ́ɛ́s) *v*.


**ɨkɛɗɛs** (ɨkɛɗɛsí-) *v*. to curse with a difficult labor and delivery.

**ɨkɛɗíkɛ́ɗɛ́s** (ɨkɛɗíkɛ́ɗɛ́sí-) *v*. to stimulate digitally, titillate, touch lightly. See also *ɨkwatíkwátɛ́s*.


**ikeimétòn** (ikeimétònì-) *1 v*. to be lifted, raised up. *2 v*. to be developed.


**ikékéɲòn** (ikékéɲònì-) *1 v*. to be stable, steady, sturdy. *2 v*. to be dependable, reliable (in work).


**ikoŋíkóŋés** (ikoŋíkóŋésí-) *v*. to knock or rap on (e.g. a door). See also *ɨɗɔŋíɗɔ́ŋɛ́s*.


**ikóóbés** (ikóóbésí-) *1 v*. to close, fold up or in half (e.g. a book or leather mat). *2 v*. to collect, gather (e.g. yard rubbish).


**ikóteré** (ikóteré) *1 prep*. because of, due to. *2 subordconn*. because, due to the fact that, for the reason that. *3 subordconn*. in order that, so that. A noun following this word takes the oblique case. See also *kóteré*.


**ikwá** (<ikwóón) *v*.

**íkwà** (íkwà) *adv*. apparently, seemingly, it seems. See also *ókò*.

**ikwáánitetés** (ikwáánitetésí-) *1 v*. to equalize, equate, treat equally. *2 v*. to model, simulate. See also *iríánitetés*.

**ikwáánòn** (ikwáánònì-) *1 v*. to be the same. *2 v*. to resemble, be similar. *3 v*. to be symmetrical.

**ɨkwákwárɛ́s** (ɨkwákwárɛ́sí-) *v*. to spread around .

**ɨkwalɛs** (ɨkwalɛsí-) *1 v*. to clean, clear (a surface). *2 v*. to even, plane, shave (e.g. tool handles or wooden poles). See also *ɨkʉlɛs*.

**ikwárétòn** (ikwárétònì-) *v*. to resuscitate, revive.

**ɨkwaríkwárɛ́s** (ɨkwaríkwárɛ́sí-) *1 v*. to spread around. *2 v*. to spend wildly.

**ɨkwaríkwarɔ́s** (ɨkwaríkwárɔ́sí-) *v*. to be spread around.

**ɨkwatíkwátɛ́s** (ɨkwatíkwátɛ́sí-) *v*. to stimulate digitally, titillate, touch lightly. See also *ɨkɛɗíkɛ́ɗɛ́s*.

**ɨkwɛ́rɛ́ɗɔ̀n** (ɨkwɛ́rɛ́ɗɔ̀nì-) *v*. to wrestle out, wriggle free (of a hold).

**ɨkwɛtíkwɛ́tɛ́s** (ɨkwɛtíkwɛ́tɛ́sí-) *v*. to corral, round up (e.g. animals, by lightly hitting them).

**ɨkwɨlíkwílɛ́s** (ɨkwɨlíkwílɛ́sí-) *v*. to tickle.

**ɨkwílílɔ̀n** (ɨkwílílɔ̀nì-) *v*. to scream, shriek.

**ɨkwɨɲíkwíɲɔ́n** (ɨkwɨɲíkwíɲɔ́nì-) *v*. to be active, energetic. See also *kwɨɲídɔ̀n*.

**ikwóón** (ikwóónì-/ikwá-) *v*. to crow.

**ɨƙáálɛ́s** (ɨƙáálɛ́sí-) *v*. to skim off. See also *iripetés*.

**ɨƙaíƙá** (<ɨƙaíƙɛ́ɛ́s) *v*.

**ɨƙaíƙɛ́ɛ́s** (ɨƙaíƙɛ́ɛ́sí-/ɨƙaíƙá-) *v*. to fight, oppose, resist.

**ɨƙáƙá** (<ɨƙáƙɛ́ɛ́s) *v*.

**ɨƙáƙɛ́ɛ́s** (ɨƙáƙɛ́ɛ́sí-/ɨƙáƙá-) *v*. to fight, oppose, resist.

**ɨƙáƙɛ́ɛtɛ́s** (ɨƙáƙɛ́ɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to fight, oppose, resist.

**ɨƙalíƙálɛ́s** (ɨƙalíƙálɛ́sí-) *v*. to confine, hold back/in, restrain (e.g. animals in a pen or someone in a fight).

**ɨƙaŋɛs** (ɨƙaŋɛsí-) *v*. to hold or prop up, support.

**ɨƙárárɔ̀n** (ɨƙárárɔ̀nì-) *v*. to sit on a stool.

**ɨƙɛɓíƙɛ́ɓɛ́sa ts'aɗí** *v*. to slash a firebreak.

**ɨƙɛ́ƙɛ́ɛ́s** (ɨƙɛ́ƙɛ́ɛ́sí-) *1 v*. to crack open (e.g. the seeds of gourds or pumpkins). *2 v*. to pick out, select.

**ɨƙɛ́lɛ́mɛ́s** (ɨƙɛ́lɛ́mɛ́sí-) *v*. to castrate (by crushing the spermatic cords).

**ɨƙɛlɛs** (ɨƙɛlɛsí-) *v*. to choose, pick out, select.

**ɨƙɛlɛtɛ́s** (ɨƙɛlɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to choose, pick out, select.

**iƙémíƙémés** (iƙémíƙémésí-) *v*. to cut or slice away, fillet (i.e. meat or skin).

**iƙenes** (iƙenesí-) *1 v*. to beseech, entreat, plead with. *2 v*. to forgive, have mercy on, pardon.

**ɨƙɛníƙɛ́nɛ́s** (ɨƙɛníƙɛ́nɛ́sí-) *v*. to cluck at (e.g. animals or a honeyguide).

**ɨƙɛrɛs** (ɨƙɛrɛsí-) *v*. to draw, mark, trace (non-linguistically).

**ɨƙɨɛs** (ɨƙɨɛsí-) *v*. to block, deflect, shield. See also *ɨɓatɛs*.

**ɨƙɨlíƙílɔ̀n** (ɨƙɨlíƙílɔ̀nì-) *v*. to drip. See also *ɨlímɔ́n*.

**ɨƙɨrɛs** (ɨƙɨrɛsí-) *v*. to draw, mark, write (linguistically).

ɨƙɨrɛs


**ɨlɔ́lɔ́rɛ́s** (ɨlɔ́lɔ́rɛ́sí-) *v*. to smear, smudge (e.g. food on a child's face to trick its parents into believing it has eaten).


**ɨlɔ́ɔ́n** (ɨlɔ́ɔ́nì-/ɨlá-) *v*. to go for a visit, take a trip, travel. See also *ipásóòn*.

**ɨlɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɨlɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔtí-/ɨláíƙɔt-) *v*. to go for a visit or on a trip, travel away.

**ɨlɔpɛs** (ɨlɔpɛsí-) *v*. to move, reassign, transfer.


**ilotsesa zɛƙɔ́ ɛ** *v*. to migrate, move, relocate one's home.

**ilotsímétòn** (ilotsímétònì-) *v*. to change, transform. See also *iɓéléìmètòn*.


**ilúƙúretés** (ilúƙúretésí-) *v*. to coil, curl, spiral, wind.

**ilúƙúrètòn** (ilúƙúrètònì-) *v*. to coil or curl up (as in the fetal position).

**ilúƙúròn** (ilúƙúrònì-) *v*. to be coiled or curled up (as in the fetal position).


**ɨmáráɗàɗòòn** (ɨmáráɗàɗòònì-/ɨmáráɗaɗa-) *v*. to be fancy, flashy, gaudy.


**iméérés** (iméérésí-) *v*. to shift, transfer (from one like thing to another, i.e. container, place, etc.).

**ɨmɛɛs** (ɨmɛɛsí-/ɨmá-) *v*. to warm (by fire or sunlight).

**ɨmɛlɛs** (ɨmɛlɛsí-) *v*. to flicker, flitter (e.g. the tongue).

**iméníkánón** (iméníkánónì-) *v*. to be untrue to one's word, untrustworthy.

**Ìmɛ̀r** (Ìmɛ̀rà-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain.

**imetsés** (imetsésí-) *1 v*. to fill in for, replace, substitute for, take over for. *2 v*. to inherit.

**imetsités** (imetsitesí-) *v*. to fill or put in, replace, substitute.

**ɨmɨɗímíɗɛ́s** (ɨmɨɗímíɗɛ́sí-) *v*. to dilate, enlarge (a small hole).

**ɨmɨɗímíɗɛ́sa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup>** *1 v*. to elaborate or expand on the issues. *2 v*. to exaggerate or hyperbolize.

**ɨmíɗítsɛ́s** (ɨmíɗítsɛ́sí-) *v*. to fill, plug, stop up (a hole).

**ɨmíɗítsɛ́sa así** *v*. to commit, devote, or plug oneself in.

**ɨmíʝílɛ́s** (ɨmíʝílɛ́sí-) *v*. to wink.

**ɨmɨlɛtɛ́s** (ɨmɨlɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to dribble, drip, drop.

**ɨmɨlímílɔ̀n** (ɨmɨlímílɔ̀nì-) *v*. to pool, puddle (in small amounts).

**ɨmímíʝɛ́s** (ɨmímíʝɛ́sí-) *1 v*. to convulse, twitch (the face for fun). *2 v*. to shrug.


**ɨmɔ́ɗɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɨmɔ́ɗɛ́sʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to cheat, heist, rip off.




species with narrow round stems containing milky sap toxic to the eyes; it is used widely as a protective hedge around homes. *Euphorbia tirucalli*.


**ɨŋáŋá** (<ɨŋáŋɛ́ɛ́s) *v*.


**iŋáyá** (<iŋáyéés) *v*.


**iŋóɗyáìmètòn** (iŋóɗyáìmètònì-) *v*. to become chaotic, descend into chaos.

**iŋókíánón** (iŋókíánónì-) *v*. to be as poor or wretched as a dog.


**iŋolíŋólós** (iŋolíŋólósí-) *v*. to be wary: looking this way and that.


**ɨŋɔ́písà** (<ɨŋɔ́písɔ̀ɔ̀n) *v*.


**ɨŋʉ́ŋʉ́nɔ̀n** (ɨŋʉ́ŋʉ́nɔ̀nì-) *v*. to whine.


**ɨɔk<sup>a</sup>** (ɨɔkɔ́-) *n*. nectar, pollen.

**ɨɔ́kɔ́n** (ɨɔ́kɔ́nì-) *1 v*. to bloom, blossom, flower. *2 v*. to be fertile, flourish.


**iona ɛɗá** *v*. to be alone, solitary.

**iona muceék<sup>e</sup>** *v*. to be en route, on the way.

**iona ńdà** *v*. to be with, have.

**iona ńda sea ni itsúr** *v*. to be active, energetic. *Lit.* 'to have blood that boils'.


**ɨpáɗáɲɔ̀n** (ɨpáɗáɲɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be flat, level.

**ɨpáʝɔ́n** (ɨpáʝɔ́nì-) *v*. to sit on the ground.

**ɨpakɛs** (ɨpakɛsí-) *v*. to swipe: make a sweeping motion with one's hand.

**ɨpakɛsa cué** *v*. to fling water.

**ɨpákɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɨpákɛ́sʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to fling, swipe away/off.

**ɨpáláƙɔ̀n** (ɨpáláƙɔ̀nì-) *1 v*. to be feeble, frail, weak. *2 v*. to be fickle at work, reliable only when the boss is around. See also *ʝuódòn*.

**iona ŋítsaník<sup>ɛ</sup>** *v*. to be in trouble, have problems.


**ipiipíyeés** (ipiipíyeesí-) *v*. to smoothen.

**ɨpííríánón** (ɨpííríánónì-) *v*. to have a great memory, remember clearly.


**ipúɲá** (<ipúɲéés) *v*.

**ipúɲéés** (ipúɲéésí-/ipúɲá-) *v*. to make a funeral goat sacrifice to prevent the deceased's ghost from disturbing the relatives (by stunting their growth and the yield of their crops). See also *sɛ́ɛ́s*.

**ipuŋes** (ipuŋesí-) *1 v*. to tilt. *2 v*. to tuck (into one's clothing).


**ipúrá** (<ipúréés) *v*.

**ipúrá** (<ipúróòn) *v*.

**ipúréés** (ipúréésí-/ipúrá-) *1 v*. to fumigate, smoke out. *2 v*. to ritually cover in smoke (by sacrificing a chicken). See also *iwaŋíwáŋés* and *ts'udités*.

**ipúréètòn** (ipúréètònì-) *v*. to begin to smoke, billow up, evaporate.

**ipúróòn** (ipúróònì-/ipúrá-) *v*. to billow, fume, smoke, waft.

**ɨpʉtɛs** (ɨpʉtɛsí-) *v*. to beat or knock down/off (e.g. dew from grass).

**ɨpʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔta así** *v*. to rush or take off.

**ɨpʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔta muceé** *v*. to blaze a trail.

**ɨpʉtsɛs** (ɨpʉtsɛsí-) *v*. to plaster.

**ipwáákés** (ipwáákésí-) *v*. to accuse or act falsely.

**ɨrá** (<ɨrɛɛs) *v*.

**ɨrábɛs** (ɨrábɛsí-) *v*. to harvest finger millet.

**Iraf** (Irafá-) *n*. name of a river that flows down from Kamion.

**ɨraírá** (<ɨraírɔ́ɔ̀n) *v*.

**ɨraírɔ́ɔ̀n** (ɨraírɔ́ɔ̀nì-/ɨraírá-) *v*. to glare, shine brightly.

**ɨrákáánás** (ɨrákáánásì-) *n*. envy, jealousy.

**ɨrákáánón** (ɨrákáánónì-) *v*. to be envious, jealous.

**ɨrakɛs** (ɨrakɛsí-) *v*. to daze, stun (e.g. by slapping very hard).

**ɨrakɛsa así** *v*. to make oneself envious or jealous.

**ɨrákɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɨrákɛ́sʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to daze, stun.

**ɨrákɛ́sʉƙɔta así** *1 v*. to get oneself high (on drugs). *2 v*. to be in ecstasy, have an orgasm.

**ɨrakiesúƙota así** *v*. to have seizures, seize.

**ɨrákímétòn** (ɨrákímétònì-) *1 v*. to have a seizure, seize. *2 v*. to feel sexual afterglow. *Lit.* 'to be stunned'.

**iram** (iramá-) *pl.* **irámík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. thinlysliced dehydrated food (e.g. meat and pumpkin). *Lit.* 'sliceable'.

**ɨramírámɛ́s** (ɨramírámɛ́sí-) *v*. to hit repeatedly.

**ɨraɲ** (ɨraɲí-) *n*. small corncobs and pieces of cobs left over after the larger cobs have been tied together by the husks.

**ɨraŋɛs** (ɨraŋɛsí-) *v*. to ruin, spoil.

**ɨraŋɛtɛ́s** (ɨraŋɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to ruin, spoil.

**ɨraŋímétòn** (ɨraŋímétònì-) *1 v*. to become ruined or spoiled. *2 v*. to become upset.

**ɨraŋɔs** (ɨraŋɔsí-) *v*. to be ruined, spoiled.

**ɨráŋʉ́nánón** (ɨráŋʉ́nánónì-) *1 v*. to be ruined, spoiled. *2 v*. to be corrupt, depraved. *3 v*. to be dirty, soiled.

**ɨrapɛs** (ɨrapɛsí-) *v*. to reclaim, recover.

**ɨrápɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɨrápɛ́sʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to reclaim, recover.

**ɨrapɛtɛ́s** (ɨrapɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to reclaim, recover.

**ɨráráƙɛ́s** (ɨráráƙɛ́sí-) *v*. to crack into pieces .

**ɨrárátés** (ɨrárátésí-) *v*. to gather, glean, harvest, reap (from the ground).

**ɨrarɛs** (ɨrarɛsí-) *v*. to gather, glean, harvest, reap (from the ground). See also *ɨrárátés* and *tarares*.

**ɨratírátɛ́s** (ɨratírátɛ́sí-) *v*. to spatter, splatter (e.g. heavy rain on the ground). See also *irwates* and *irwaírwéés*.

**ɨrɛɓɛs** (ɨrɛɓɛsí-) *v*. to clip, snip.


**iríƙá** (<iríƙéés) *v*.


**irímá** (<iríméés) *v*.


**irukes** (irukesí-) *v*. to chase or run after. See also *ɨlɔŋɛs*.

**irúkésuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (irúkésuƙotí-) *v*. to chase or run after.

**iruketés** (iruketésí-) *v*. to heap or pile up. See also *kitsetés*.

**irúkón** (irúkónì-) *v*. to sing.


**ɨrʉ́mʉ́nɔ́s** (ɨrʉ́mʉ́nɔ́sí-) *v*. to embrace or hug each another.

**irúpá** (<irúpóòn) *v*.


**Irwátà** (Irwátàà-) *n*. a personal name.


**isólólòòn** (isólólòònì-) *v*. to be visually clear (eyes, sky).

**isómá** (<isóméés) *v*.


which are overcrowded, thereby no producing heads). *2 v*. to be overfull to the bursting point of the container (e.g. a granary or a sack).

**ísw<sup>a</sup>** (ísó-) *n*. flood, torrent.

**isyá** (<isyees) *v*.




**itáléánón** (itáléánónì-) *v*. to be forbidden, off limits, prohibited, taboo.


**ɨtátá** (<ɨtátɛ́ɛ́s) *v*.


**isyónónuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (isyónónuƙotí-) *v*. to become merciful, soften (emotionally).

**ɨtáƙálɛ́s** (ɨtáƙálɛ́sí-) *1 v*. to mislay, misplace. *2 v*. to do/make poorly .


**ɨtíɗíɗɛ́sá así** *v*. to slink,sneak, tiptoe.

**ɨtíílɛ́s** (ɨtíílɛ́sí-) *v*. to repel, repulse, turn away.

**itíírà** (<itííròòn) *v*.


**ɨtílɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɨtílɛ́sʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to push over. **ɨtɨlɛtɛ́s** (ɨtɨlɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to pull over.


**ɨtíŋá** (<ɨtíŋɛ́ɛ́s) *v*.


**ɨtɨŋɛsa así** *v*. to force oneself.

**itiŋésíàw<sup>a</sup>** (itiŋésí-àwà-) *pl.* **itiŋésíawík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. cooking place, kitchen.

**itíón** (itíónì-) *v*. to go back, return there. See also *itéón*.

**ɨtíɔ́n** (ɨtíɔ́nì-) *v*. to delay. See also *asínón*.


**itípá** (<itípéés) *v*.

**itípéés** (itípéésí-/itípá-) *v*. to deviate, divert (e.g. enemies by making a preventative sacrifice or by talking them down from their plan).

**Itírá** (Itíráà-) *n*. a personal name.

**itírákés** (itírákésí-) *v*. to recoil from, shrink back from (i.e. something dangerous or embarrassing).

**itíríƙà** (<itíríƙòòn) *v*.


**itírónòn** (itírónònì-) *v*. to be fast, quick, speedy. See also *wɛ́ɛ́nɔ̀n*.


**itítíketés** (itítíketésí-) *v*. to hold back, restrain, retain.

**itítíŋòn** (itítíŋònì-) *v*. to be brave, courageous, dauntless, fearless, intrepid.

**itítírés** (itítírésí-) *v*. to hinder, obstruct, prevent.

**ɨtɨwɛs** (ɨtɨwɛsí-) *v*. to filter, strain. See also *ɨʝɨwɛs*.

**itíyá** (<itíyéés) *v*.


**itoɓes** (itoɓesí-) *1 v*. to hole, make a hole in. *2 v*. to cut in, interrupt.


**ɨtɔkɔɗɛs** (ɨtɔkɔɗɛsí-) *v*. to clench, grip (e.g. one's side while running).

**itóƙóƙòòn** (itóƙóƙòònì-) *v*. to be bony, cadaverous, emaciated, skeletal. See also *iróƙóòn* and *kwédekwedánón*.

**ɨtɔ́ƙɔ́ɔ̀n** (ɨtɔ́ƙɔ́ɔ̀nì-) *v*. to gimp, hobble. See also *ɨsɛ́pɔ́n* and *itsúkúkòn*.


**ɨtɔ́mɔ́nìàm** (ɨtɔ́mɔ́nì-àmà-) *pl.* **ɨtɔ́mɔ́ niik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. neighbor.

**ɨtɔ́mʉ́nɔ́s** (ɨtɔ́mʉ́nɔ́sí-) *v*. to be neighbors, next to each other.

**ítón** (ítónì-) *v*. to be (some size or amount).

**ítónà dìdìk<sup>e</sup>** *v*. to become big or many. *Lit.* 'to reach high'.


**itoŋes** (itoŋesí-) *v*. to twine, twist.


**ɨtsɛ́ɛ́rà** (<ɨtsɛ́ɛ́rɔ̀ɔ̀n) *v*.


**ɨtsɔ́ítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɨtsɔ́ítɛ́sʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to satisfy (someone's) hunger for meat.

**itsók<sup>a</sup>** (itsókó-) *n*. sunbird.

**ɨtsɔkítsɔ́kɛ́s** (ɨtsɔkítsɔ́kɛ́sí-) *v*. to whip back and forth.

**itsól** (itsólá-) *n*. bird species.


**itsópé** (<itsópóòn) *v*.


**ɨtsʉlɛs** (ɨtsʉlɛsí-) *v*. to pay a fine for (impregnating a girl out of wedlock).


#### itúrútésìàm


**iúrá** (<iúréés) *v*.

**iúréés** (iúréésí-/iúrá-) *v*. to pick clean, scavenge.

**iwá** (<iwees) *v*.


**ɨwáíƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (<ɨwɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> ) *v*.


**Iwam** (Iwamá-) *n*. name of a river.

**iwanetés** (iwanetésí-) *v*. to enlarge, expand, make bigger. See also *zeites*.

**iwánétòn** (iwánétònì-) *v*. to become bigger, enlarge, expand. See also *zoonuƙot<sup>a</sup>* .


**ɨwáwɛ́ɛ́s** (ɨwáwɛ́ɛ́sí-/ɨwáwá-) *v*. to caress, fondle, stroke.


**ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛ́sʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to disperse, dissipate, scatter, spread out.

**ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛtɛ́s** (ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to disperse, dissipate, scatter, spread out.


**ɨwɨɗɛs** (ɨwɨɗɛsí-) *v*. to grind finely.


**iwies** (iwiesí-) *v*. to spread around (e.g. food in order to cool it). See also *ɓátsɛ́s*.

**iwííɲés** (iwííɲésí-) *v*. to singe.


**iwóŋón** (iwóŋónì-) *v*. to exult, shout triumphantly (e.g. having won a contest or killed a wild animal).

**ɨwɔ́ŋɔ́n** (ɨwɔ́ŋɔ́nì-) *v*. to intend or mean (to do), premeditate. Must be followed by an infinitive in the dative case.

**ɨwɔ́ɔ́n** (ɨwɔ́ɔ́nì-) *v*. to be flagging, slacking, slowing.

**ɨwɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɨwɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔtí-/ɨwáíƙɔt-) *v*. to ease up, flag, slack off, slow down.

**iwórón** (iwórónì-) *v*. to roam, stray, wander.


**iwósétòn** (iwósétònì-) *v*. to be dangerously steep, preciptious.


**iwótsóòn** (iwótsóònì-) *v*. to binge, glut, overeat, pig out.

**iwówá** (<iwówéés) *v*.

**iwówéés** (iwówéésí-/iwówá-) *v*. to swarm over, teem around.


**ɨwʉ́lɔ́n** (ɨwʉ́lɔ́nì-) *v*. to boast, brag.

**iwulúwúlés** (iwulúwúlésí-) *v*. to rub around (e.g. on the ground to make dirty).

**ɨxáxá** (<ɨxaxɛɛs) *v*.


**ɨyáyá** (<ɨyáyɛ́ɛ́s) *v*.

**ɨyáyɛ́ɛ́s** (ɨyáyɛ́ɛ́sí-/ɨyáyá-) *v*. to shout or yell 'ya yaǃ' at (e.g. to drive animals or control a crowd).


**iyééseetésá así** *v*. to lower oneself.


**iyoes** (iyoesí-) *v*. to aim, direct, train.


# **j**

#### **jèjè** (jèjèì-) *pl.* **jéjèìk<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. leather. *2 n*. leather mat, sleeping skin.

**jíjè** (jíjèì-) *pl.* **jíjèìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. opposite side of a ravine, river, or valley.

## **ʝ**


**ʝàm** (ʝàmù) *ideo*. silkily, smoothly.


#### Kaaɓɔ́ŋ

## **k**


**kaiɗeíbɔrɔƙɔ́ƙ a** (kaiɗeí-bɔrɔƙɔ́ƙɔ́-) *pl.* **kaiɗeíbɔrɔƙɔ́ƙík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. piece of a cut up pumpkin. *Lit.* 'pumpkin-cone'.


**Kàrɛ̀ŋà** (Kàrɛ̀ŋàà-) *n*. name of a river with reddish soil.

**Kàrɛ̀ŋààm** (Kàrɛ̀ŋà-àmà-) *pl.* **Karɛŋaik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. Napore person.


money). *2 n*. bank check, check. *Lit.* 'money-tree paper'.


**kêd<sup>a</sup>** (kédì-) *n*. degree, measure.


**kétsóibaráts<sup>a</sup>** (kétsói-barátsó-) *n*. day after tomorrow, tomorrow next.

**kétsóita ke** *n*. three days from now.

**kɛ́xána kɛ** *dem*. that direction/way.

**kɛ́xɛ́s** (kɛ́xɛ́sì-) *1 v*. to fry (with or without oil). *2 v*. to dry by cooking (when no oil is used).


**kíʝá na ɨɗɨmɔtɔ́s** *n*. creation.

**kíʝáìm** (kíʝá-ìmà-) *pl.* **kíʝáwik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. fairy, imp, sprite: small humanoid that inhabits the wild places, has magical powers, and interacts with humans in mischievous and mysterious ways. *Lit.* 'earth-child'.

**kíʝák<sup>e</sup>** *n*. down.



**Kocí** (Kocíì-) *n*. a personal name.


**koisiés** (koisiesí-) *v*. to wait in vain.


**kɔkɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (kɔkɛ́sʉ́ƙɔtí-) *v*. to shut out.


**kɔlɨl** (kɔlɨlí-) *n*. cucumber.


**kom** (komá-) *n*. lots, many, multitude.

**kòm** (kòmà) *quant*. many.


**kɔŋɛ́síàm** (kɔŋɛ́sí-àmà-) *pl.* **kɔŋɛ́síik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. chef, cook.

**kɔŋɛ́sídàkw<sup>a</sup>** (kɔŋɛ́sí-dàkù-) *pl.* **kɔŋɛ́sídakwitín**. *n*. cooking stick (for stirring food).


**kɔrɨtɛtɛ́s** (kɔrɨtɛtɛ́sí-) *1 v*. to blacken, char, scorch. *2 v*. to beat, crush, or destroy (slang for defeating someone).


**Kɔrɔmɔt<sup>a</sup>** (Kɔrɔmɔtá-) *n*. Toposa.

**Kɔrɔmɔtáhó** (Kɔrɔmɔtá-hóò-) *pl.* **kɔrɔmɔtáhóík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. conical hut made in the style of the Toposa people.


**kòrrr** (kòrrr) *ideo*. swish swish (sound of someone moving by).


**Kotorúbé** (Kotorúbéè-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain.


**kúbam** (kúbamá-) *n*. more. *Lit.* 'unseeable'.

**kʉ́bɛ̀l** (kʉ́bɛ̀là-) *pl.* **kʉ́bɛ̀lìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. push hoe.

**kʉ́bɛ̀lɛ̀mɔ̀n** (kʉ́bɛ̀lɛ̀mɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be precipitous, steep (on two sides).

**kúbòn** (kúbònì-) *v*. to be invisible, out of sight, unobserved, unseen.

**kúbonuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (kúbonuƙotí-) *v*. to disappear, go out of sight, vanish.

**kúbùr** (kúbùrà-) *pl.* **kúburaikw<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. big container (e.g. gourd, jerrycan, tank).

**kùɓ<sup>a</sup>** (kùɓà-) *pl.* **kúɓítín**. *n*. hill.


**Kùɓààw<sup>a</sup>** (Kùɓà-àwà-) *n*. name of a hill. *Lit.* 'hill-place'.

**kuɓaɡwarí** (kuɓa-ɡwaríì-) *n*. hilltop.


**kúɗón** (kúɗónì-) *v*. to be low, short.


**kʉkʉ́ʉ́kᶶ** (kʉkʉ́ʉ́kʉ̀) *ideo*. cockle-doodledoo! (sound of a rooster crowing).

**kʉláɓ<sup>a</sup>** (kʉlaɓá-) *n*. bushbuck. *Tragelaphus scriptus*.


**Kumet<sup>a</sup>** (Kumetí-) *n*. name of a river.


are pounded and soaked in water yielding a decoction that is drunk for chest problems; the residue can also be applied to alleviate back and chest pain. *Vepris glomerata*.


roasted and eaten; a root decoction is drunk for body pain.

**kʉ́tʉ́k a** (kʉ́tʉ́kʉ̀-) *n*. first portion of edible termites to be eaten. See also *wàxìdòm*.


**kutúŋón** (kutúŋónì-) *v*. to be kneeling.


**Kʉwám** (Kʉwámʉ̀-) *n*. a personal name.

**kùx** (kùxù) *ideo*. greasy, oily.

**kwàà** (kwàà) *nurs*. pee-pee: a nursery word for urine or urinating.

**kwààk<sup>e</sup>** *n*. ago, before, since. May also be spelled as *kɔ̀wà kè*.

**kwaake nák<sup>a</sup>** *n*. since earlier today. May also be spelled as *kɔwa ke nák<sup>a</sup>* .

**kwààkè nòk<sup>o</sup>** *n*. long since, since long ago. May also be spelled as *kɔ̀wà kè nòk<sup>o</sup>* .

**kwààkè sìn** *n*. since yesterday. May also be spelled as *kɔ̀wà kè sìn*.

**kwaár** (kwaárá-) *pl.* **kwaárík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. troop of baboons.

**kwaídòn** (kwaídònì-) *v*. to be chewy, tough to chew. See also *kaŋádòn*.

**kwàìn** (kwàìnì-) *1 n*. edges, sides. *2 n*. vulval (genital) labia.

**kwalíkwálɔ̀n** (kwalíkwálɔ̀nì-) *v*. to quake, quiver, shake, shiver, tremble. See also *irikíríkòn*.

**kwan** (kwaní-) *pl.* **kwanɨtín**. *1 n*. penis, phallus. *2 n*. stinger.


**kwaníékw<sup>a</sup>** (kwaní-ékù-) *n*. penis hole, urethral meatus. *Lit.* 'penis-eye'.

**kwaníts'ɛ́**(kwaní-ts'ɛ́à-) *n*. foreskin. *Lit.* 'penis-skin'.

**kwaɲɛ́s** (kwaɲɛ́sí-) *v*. to foil, thwart.

**kwaɲɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (kwaɲɛ́sʉ́ƙɔtí-) *v*. to foil, thwart.

**kwar** (kwará-) *pl.* **kwàrìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. mountain.

**kwarádɛ̀**(kwará-dɛ̀à-) *pl.* **kwarɨkadɛík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. base or foot of a mountain.

**kwaráɡwarí** (kwará-ɡwaríì-) *n*. mountaintop, peak, summit.

**kwaréékw<sup>a</sup>** (kwaré-ékù-) *n*. mountain saddle. *Lit.* 'mountain-eye'.

**kwàrìkààm** (kwàrìkà-àmà-) *pl.* **kwarɨkaik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. mountain dweller.

**Kwarikabubúík<sup>a</sup>** (Kwarika-bubúíkà-) *n*. name of a place. *Lit.* 'mountainbellies'.

**kwats<sup>a</sup>** (kwatsí-) *1 n*. pee, urine. *2 n*. offspring, progeny.

**kwatsíém** (kwatsí-émè-) *n*. soft flesh below the buttock. *Lit.* 'urine-meat'.

**kwátsíkaakón** (kwátsíkaakónì-) *1 v*. to be little, small (of many). *2 v*. to be young (of many).

**kwatsítésuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (kwatsítésuƙotí-) *v*. to decrease size, make smaller, shrink down.

**kwatsitésúƙota así** *v*. to humble oneself.

**kwátsón** (kwátsónì-) *1 v*. to be little, small. *2 v*. to be young.

**kwátsónuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (kwátsónuƙotí-) *v*. to become little or small, decrease in size, shrink down.


**kweeda ƙwázà<sup>e</sup>** *n*. hem.


### kwirídòn


**kwits'ídòn** (kwits'ídònì-) *v*. to be juicy. **kwits'íkwíts'ánón** (kwits'íkwíts'ánónì-) *v*. to be moody, tempermental. **kwìts'ⁱ** (kwìts'ì) *ideo*. juicily.

## **ƙ**

**ƙà** (<ƙòòn) *v*.


*v*. to bemoan, complain, lament. See also *topóɗón*.


**ƙʉ́ɗʉ́nɔ́s** (ƙʉ́ɗʉ́nɔ́sí-) *v*. to suck on each other (e.g. during foreplay).

**ƙʉʝʉ́dɔ̀n** (ƙʉʝʉ́dɔ̀nì-) *v*. to garble.

**ƙʉ́ƙ a** (ƙʉ́ƙá-) *pl.* **ƙʉ́ƙítín**. *n*. runt.


**ƙʉƙʉmánónuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (ƙʉƙʉmánónuƙotí-) *v*. to turn back to back.


**ƙwàɗ<sup>e</sup>** (ƙwàɗè) *quant*. few.

**ƙwaɗiƙwáɗón** (ƙwaɗiƙwáɗónì-) *v*. to be fewer.

**ƙwàɗòn** (ƙwàɗònì-) *v*. to be few, little.

**ƙwaɗonuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (ƙwaɗonuƙotí-) *v*. to become fewer, decrease in number.

**ƙwár** (ƙwárá-) *pl.* **ƙwárítín**. *1 n*. cicatrix, scar. *2 n*. bruise, contusion.

#### ƙwɨxídɔ̀n

#### ƙwàz


**ƙwìx** (ƙwìxì) *ideo*. greenly.

**ƙwɨxídɔ̀n** (ƙwɨxídɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be verdant, very green. See also *xídɔ̀n*.

#### Laatso

## **l**

**Laatso** (Laatsoó-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain.

**laɓ<sup>a</sup>** (laɓá-) *pl.* **láɓíkw<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. cache, stash (whose location may be forgotten).

**laɓáɲámòn** (laɓáɲámònì-) *v*. to be gaping, wide-mouthed, yawning. See also *lafárámòn*.

**làf** (làfʉ̀-) *pl.* **láfítín**. *n*. breast (of meat), pec, pectoral muscle.

**lafárámòn** (lafárámònì-) *v*. to be gaping, wide-mouthed, yawning. See also *laɓáɲámòn*.

**láɡalaɡetés** (láɡalaɡetésí-) *v*. to check or spy on/out.

**làʝ<sup>a</sup>** (làʝà) *ideo*. loosely.

**laʝádòn** (laʝádònì-) *v*. to be loosely tied down, unsecured. See also *haʝádòn* and *yaŋádòn*.

**laʝámétòn** (laʝámétònì-) *1 v*. to collapse, crumple, fall down. *2 v*. to wilt, wither. *3 v*. to dissolve, melt (of fat). See also *ɲalámétòn*.

**laʝetés** (laʝetésí-) *1 v*. to lay down/over loosely (e.g. the last layer of grass on a thatched roof). *2 v*. to take off (e.g. beads from one's neck).

**lakámétòn** (lakámétònì-) *v*. to descend, go down (out of sight).

**lakámón** (lakámónì-) *v*. to descend, go down (out of sight).

**lakates** (lakatesí-) *v*. to push into/over the side.

**lakatiés** (lakatiesí-) *1 v*. to push into/ over the side repeatedly. *2 v*. to down, gulp down, inhale (food). See also *itúlákáɲés*.

**láládziránón** (láládziránónì-) *v*. to be ripped, shredded, in shreds.

**lalatíɓón** (lalatíɓónì-) *pl.* **lalatíɓónìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. flat stone, stone slab (used to grind tobacco, carry rubbish, cover granaries, or cover a rock well to protect it from the befouling of baboons).

**làlòn** (làlònì-) *v*. to be hideous, ugly. See also *itópénòn*.

**lalʉ́ʝɔ́n** (lalʉ́ʝɔ́nì-) *v*. to be roomy, spacious. See also *ɨlɔ́lɔ́mɔ̀n*.

**láŋ** (láŋá-) *pl.* **láŋítín**. *n*. bogus, counterfeit, fake, phoney, pseudo-.

**laŋádòn** (laŋádònì-) *v*. to be stifling, sultry, unpleasantly warm.

**laŋírímòn** (laŋírímònì-) *v*. to be broad, stout (e.g. bodies, buildings).

**laŋírón** (laŋírónì-) *v*. to be broad, stout (e.g. bodies, buildings).

**làr** (làrà-) *pl.* **láríkw<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. tobacco pipe.

**laradakw<sup>a</sup>** (lara-dakú-) *pl.* **lárákódakwitín**. *n*. pipe-stem (often made from Carissa stems).

**látsó** (látsóò-) *pl.* **látsóìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. drop-off, edge of a cliff or rock, precipice.

**látsóìk<sup>a</sup>** (látsóìkà-) *n*. falls, waterfall. *Lit.* 'cliff edges'.

**leat<sup>a</sup>** (leatí-) *pl.* **leatíkw<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. his/her/its brother. *2 n*. his/her cousin (father's brother's son).

**leatíím** (leatí-ímà-) *pl.* **leatíwík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. his/her niece or nephew (brother's child).

**leatínánès** (leatínánèsì-) *n*. brotherhood, brotherliness.

**lɛ̀ɓ a** (lɛ̀ɓà-) *n*. liquid honey.


**lèɓ<sup>u</sup>** (lèɓù) *ideo*. pudgily, puffily.


**léɗ<sup>a</sup>** (léɗá-) *n*. gecko species?

**lɛɛmɛ́tɔ̀n** (lɛɛmɛ́tɔ̀nì-) *v*. to stick out/up (like a snake from the grass).

**leɡé** (leɡéè-) *1 n*. craziness, insanity, madness, mental illness. *2 n*. demon possession. See also *lejé*.

**lejé** (lejéè-) *1 n*. craziness, insanity, madness, mental illness. *2 n*. demon possession. Also pronounced as *leɡé*.


**lɛ́ʝ ɛ** (lɛ́ʝɛ́) *ideo*. flash!: sound of bursting in flames.

**lɛ́ʝɛ́tɔ́n** (lɛ́ʝɛ́tɔ́nì-) *v*. to catch fire, erupt in flames, ignite.

**lɛkɛ́s** (lɛkɛ́sí-) *v*. to retrieve from storage (e.g. grain from a granary).


**lemúánètòn** (lemúánètònì-) *1 v*. to be hornless. *2 v*. to be bare, naked, nude.

**lɛŋ** (lɛŋá-) *n*. honey badger, ratel. *Mellivora capensis*.

**lɛŋɛ́rɛ́mɔ̀n** (lɛŋɛ́rɛ́mɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be circumcised.


**leŋúrúmòn** (leŋúrúmònì-) *v*. to be bare, naked, nude.

**léó** (léóò-) *pl.* **léóín**. *1 n*. your brother. *2 n*. your cousin (father's brother's son).


**léóím** (léó-ímá-) *pl.* **léówík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. your niece or nephew (brother's child).

**lɛ̀r** (lɛ̀rà-) *pl.* **lɛ́rítín**. *n*. fever tree, or Naivasha thorn: tall acacia with powdery green-white bark, whose wood is used to carve stools. *Acacia xanthophloea*.


**Locóto** (Locótoó-) *n*. name of a place.


**lóɗíkór** (lóɗíkóró-) *n*. scorpion.

**lóɗíkórócɛmɛ́r** (lóɗíkóró-cɛmɛ́rí-) *n*. scorpion herb: succulent plant species whose latex is applied to scorpion stings and whose reddish stems may be worn by girls as a kind of wig. *Euphorbia prostrata*.


**loɗúwa** (loɗúwaá-) *n*. jet, jet plane.


**lɔɡɛ́m** (lɔɡɛ́mʉ̀-) *n*. game warden, game ranger, wildlife authorities. From English 'game' park.

**loɡeréɲo** (loɡeréɲoó-) *n*. green stink bug. *Pentatomidae*.

**Lɔɡyɛ́l** (Lɔɡyɛ́lì-) *n*. a personal name.

**loiɓóròk<sup>a</sup>** (loiɓóròkù-) *n*. tall grass species found in the forest which is used to rain-proof granaries.

**Loíkí** (Loíkíì-) *n*. a personal name.


**lɔ̀ʝʉ̀rʉ̀tà** (lɔ̀ʝʉ̀rʉ̀tàà-) *n*. slipknot.

**loʝúulú** (loʝúulúù-) *n*. sorghum variety with drooping seed-heads, red seeds; it is very bitter and used to make leaven.

**Lɔkaaƙɨlɨt<sup>a</sup>** (Lɔkaaƙɨlɨtí-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain.

**Lòkààpèlòt<sup>a</sup>** (Lòkààpèlòtò-) *n*. name of the river draining *Nàkòrìtààw<sup>a</sup>* .

**lɔkaapín** (lɔkaapíní-) *pl.* **lɔkaapíník<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. shoelace, shoe-strap.

**lɔkabʉ́ás** (lɔkabʉ́ásì-) *n*. crumbly rock.

#### lɔkáʝʉ́


rule in northeast Uganda and northwest Kenya.


**Lokwaŋ** (Lokwaŋá-) *n*. February: month of planting. See also *Ɓèts'òn*.

**Lokwaŋ** (Lokwaŋá-) *n*. a personal name.

**loƙeƙes** (loƙeƙesí-) *pl.* **loƙéƙésìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. glutton, gobbler, gourmand. See also *lòkòɗòŋìròàm*.

**loƙírot<sup>a</sup>** (loƙírotí-) *n*. robin-chat (whitebrowed and others?). *Cossypha sp*.

**loƙól** (loƙólé-) *n*. eagle.

**lóƙólíl** (lóƙólílá-) *pl.* **lóƙólílík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. swing.

**lɔ́ƙɔ́ŋ** (lɔ́ƙɔ́ŋʉ̀-) *pl.* **lɔ́ƙɔ́ŋìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. sacred tree where ceremonies like *itówéés* are held. Also called *ɲɔ́ƙɔ́ŋ*.

**lɔ́ƙɔ́ŋʉ̀dɛ̀** (lɔ́ƙɔ́ŋʉ̀-dɛ̀à-) *pl.* **lɔ́ƙɔ́ŋɨkadɛík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. base of the sacred tree.

**loƙózòmòn** (loƙózòmònì-) *v*. to be longnecked (of gourd or women who wear neck-beads).


**lɔlɛ́ɛʉ́** (lɔlɛ́ɛʉ́ʉ̀-) *n*. cattle disease that causes meat to become bitter.


**lóliit<sup>a</sup>** (lóliití-) *n*. false accuser or witness. See also *kɛ́rínɔ́síàm*.

**lolíts<sup>a</sup>** (lolítsí-) *n*. dense forest, jungle.

**Lolítsíàƙw<sup>a</sup>** (Lolítsí-àƙɔ̀-) *n*. name of a densely forested place. *Lit.* 'in the jungle'.

**lɔlɔanón** (lɔlɔanónì-) *v*. to be discontent, dissatisfied.

**Lɔlɔɓáy<sup>a</sup>** (Lɔlɔɓáí-) *n*. October. See also *Terés*.

**lolómónuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (lolómónuƙotí-) *1 v*. to shrivel up (e.g. seeds in the ground). *2 v*. to decay, dry out (e.g. bones, hair).


**Lóloy<sup>a</sup>** (Lóloí-) *n*. name of a river.

**Lɔmaaníkɔ** (Lɔmaaníkɔɔ́-) *n*. name of a river.


**Lomaruk<sup>a</sup>** (Lomarukú-) *n*. April: month of mushrooms. See also *Lɔmɔ́y a* .

**Lomataŋaáw<sup>a</sup>** (Lomataŋá-áwà-) *n*. name of a place where some Ik used to live.

**Lɔ́mɛ́ʝ a** (lɔ́mɛ́ʝà-) *n*. name of a mountain sloping westward off *Morúŋole*.

**lɔmɛ́ʝɛ́kɛlɛ́** (lɔmɛ́ʝɛ́kɛlɛ́ɛ̀-) *n*. cockroach, roach.

**lóméléw<sup>a</sup>** (lóméléwá-) *pl.* **lóméléwáikw<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. widow(er). See also *ɲepúrósit<sup>a</sup>* .

**loménio** (loménió-) *n*. swallow, swift.

**Lɔmɛ́r** (Lɔmɛ́rà-) *n*. a personal name.

**Loméríɗok<sup>a</sup>** (Loméríɗokó-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain.

**lomerúk<sup>a</sup>** (lomerúká-) *n*. sweetsmelling plant species growing underground, invisible until guinea-fowl uncover it; a decoction from its red roots is drunk as a medicine.

**Lɔmíʝ<sup>a</sup>** (Lɔmíʝí-) *n*. name of a mountain and surrounding area that was home to a fairy who told on wrongdoers.

**Lómìl** (Lómìlà-) *n*. name of a river.


**loŋórómòn** (loŋórómònì-) *v*. to be domical, hemispherical (like a round hut).

**lɔŋɔ́t a** (lɔŋɔ́tá-) *n*. enemies, foes.

**lɔŋɔ́tánànès** (lɔŋɔ́tánànèsì-) *n*. enmity, hostility.

**loŋɔ́tásìts'<sup>a</sup>** (loŋɔ́tá-sìts'à-) *n*. sacrifice for warding off enemies.


**Loocíkwa** (Loocíkwaá-) *n*. name of a hill.

**Lɔɔɗíŋ** (Lɔɔɗíŋì-) *n*. name of a mountain in Didingaland, South Sudan. Also called *Lotukéì*.

**Lòòɗòs** (Lòòɗòsì-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain.

**Looɗóy<sup>a</sup>** (Looɗóì-) *n*. name of a hill in Timu, the surrounding area, and associated human habitations.

**lɔɔmʉ́yá** (lɔɔmʉ́yáà-) *n*. blue-eared starling (greater or lesser). *Lamprotornis*.

**lɔɔrán** (lɔɔrání-) *n*. glow of a fire at night.

**lóórì** (lóórìì-) *pl.* **lóórììk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. lorry, truck. See also *ɲolórì*.

**lɔɔrʉ́k a** (lɔɔrʉ́kʉ́-) *n*. whydah (Eastern paradise or pin-tailed). *Vidua sp*.

**Lɔɔsɔ́m** (Lɔɔsɔ́mɔ̀-) *n*. name of a river.

**lɔ́pɛ́ɗɛpɛ́ɗ a** (lɔ́pɛ́ɗɛpɛ́ɗɛ́-) *n*. bat.

**Lopéɗó** (Lopéɗóò-) *n*. name of a mountainous area south of Ikland.


**lopem** (lopemú-) *pl.* **lopémík<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. flat area. *2 n*. plateau, tableland. *3 n*. level, storey.

**lopemúím** (lopemú-ímà-) *pl.* **lopémíkawik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. stair, step.

**lopéren** (lopérení-) *n*. ghost, ghoul, phantom, wraith (associated with rivers).

**Lɔpɛ́t a** (Lɔpɛ́tí-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain.

**lópey<sup>a</sup>** (lópeí-) *pl.* **lópèìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. pancreas.

**Lopéyók<sup>a</sup>** (Lopéyóko-) *n*. a personal name.

**Lopíar** (Lopíarí-) *n*. Year of *Lopíar* (1980), a year that brought disease and famine on the Ik, leading to the death and displacement of many.

**Lopíè** (Lopíè-) *n*. a personal name.

**lɔ́pírɨpír** (lɔ́pírɨpírá-) *n*. wood-boring insect (identified by the piles of sawdust it leaves below).

**lɔpɨtá** (lɔpɨtáí-) *pl.* **lɔpɨtáík<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. drying rack. *2 n*. platform, podium. *3 n*. altar.

**lɔpɨtáá na ƙófóikó<sup>e</sup>** *n*. dish-drying rack.

**Lopokók<sup>a</sup>** (Lopokókò-) *n*. name of a mountain to the east of Timu. Also called *Soƙoɡwáás*.

**Loporukɔlɔ́ŋ** (Loporukɔlɔ́ŋì-) *n*. name of a place.

**lɔpɔ́ts<sup>a</sup>** (lɔpɔ́tsá-) *n*. clear fluid found in an elephant's stomach.

**lɔ́pʉ́l** (lɔ́pʉ́lì-) *pl.* **lɔ́pʉ́lìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. small oblong edible gourd. *Lagenaria sp*.

**Lopúsór** (Lopúsórì-) *n*. a personal name.


**Lotyak<sup>a</sup>** (Lotyakí-) *n*. September. See also *Nakariɓ<sup>a</sup>* .

**Lotyaŋ** (Lotyaŋí-) *n*. a personal name.

**loúk<sup>a</sup>** (loukú-) *1 n*. carnivore, predator. *2 n*. greedyguts.

**Loukómor** (Loukómorú-) *n*. name of a mountain in Turkanaland, Kenya.


soaked in water, and drunk for stomachaches. *Pachycarpus schweinfurthii*.

**Lourien** (Louriení-) *n*. a personal name.


#### mà

## **m**


**màŋ** (màŋà) *ideo*. thickly.


**maráŋónìàm** (maráŋónì-àmà-) *pl.* **maráŋóniik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. good, kind person.


**mídzatetés** (mídzatetésí-) *v*. to catch scent of, smell.


**míɡiriɡíránón** (míɡiriɡíránónì-) *v*. to be dusky, twilit (at dawn or dusk).

**míʝés** (míʝésì-) *v*. to decline, reject, scorn, turn down.


**mísì** (mísì) *subordconn*. if, whether.

**mísɨ … mísɨ …** *coordconn*. either … or ….


**moona ɡúró<sup>e</sup>** *v*. to be heartsick (from anger, guilt, sadness, etc.).

**moós** (moosí-) *v*. to be given.


buried as a way to prevent enemies or sickness).


**muts'utiesúƙot<sup>a</sup>** (muts'utiesúƙotí-) *v*. to keep closing or shutting up (e.g. termite holes where one doesn't want them exiting).

**mʉtʉ** (mʉtʉʉ́-) *pl.* **mʉtʉ́ík<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. thick needle/pin with a wooden handle (used for mending gourds and leather skins). *2 n*. firing pin.

**Mʉtʉ́nan** (Mʉtʉ́naní-) *n*. name of a river.

## **n**



**naíké** *dem*. here.


**Nakɔŋ** (Nakɔŋʉ́-) *n*. a personal name.



**Narúkyeɲ** (Narúkyeɲí-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain and surrounding area.


**nayé** *dem*. here.

**nayé kɔ̀nà** *dem*. right here.

**nayé na** *dem*. here.

**nayé ne** *dem*. just there, there.

**názɛ̀ƙwà** (názɛ̀ƙwà) *1 n*. while. *2 n*. now, soon. When used in the sense of 'while', this word is followed by a verb with the dummy pronoun attached to it.

**nàⁱ** (nàì) *ideo*. viscously.

**ńdà** (ńdà) *1coordconn*. and. *2 prep*. with. In a series of nouns linked by this word, every noun after the first takes the oblique case.

**ńda nébèè kɔ̀n** *n*. eleven.

**ndaicé** (ndaicé-) *n*. um, uh, whatca-macallit.

**ndaík<sup>e</sup>** *pro*. where?

**nday<sup>o</sup>** *n*. by what path? which way?

**ndayúk<sup>o</sup>** *n*. it is where?

**ndéé** *1 n*. from where? *2 interj*. whatever! (an expression of disagreement).

**ǹdò** *pl.* **ndoín**. *pro*. who?


**ndóó mìtìɛ̀** *v*. what if (it is …).

**ne** (=ne) *dem*. that (just there).

**ne** (ne) *interj*. here! here you go! (an expression of giving).

**nêb<sup>a</sup>** (nébù-) *pl.* **nébitín**. *1 n*. body. *2 n*. self.

**nébàdà** (nébàdì-) *n*. colossus, giant, monster of a, whale of a. Referring to an entity a slight distance away.

**nébèd<sup>a</sup>** (nébèdè-) *pl.* **nébìn**. *n*. himself, herself, itself: the very person/thing.

**nébùnànès** (nébùnànèsì-) *n*. bodiliness, embodiment.

**nébùsìts'<sup>a</sup>** (nébù-sìts'à-) *n*. body hair.

**nédà** (nédì-) *dem*. there (near).

**néda ne** *dem*. just there, there.

**nɛ́ɛ́** (nɛ́ɛ́) *subordconn*. when. The main verb that follows this word takes the simultaneous aspect.

**nɛ́ɛ́**(nɛ́ɛ́) *1 prep*. from. *2 prep*. through. A noun following this word takes the genitive case.

**nɛɛ́s** (nɛɛsí-/na-) *v*. to abide, bear, deal with, endure, tolerate.

**nɛɛsʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (nɛɛsʉ́ƙɔtí-/naɨƙɔt-) *v*. to abide, bear, deal with, endure, tolerate.

**néíta ne** *dem*. just there, there.

**nɛpɛ́ƙáàm** (nɛpɛ́ƙá-àmà-) *pl.* **nɛpɛ́ƙáik<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. arguer, argumentative person. *2 n*. atheist, unbeliever.

**nɛpɛƙanitetés** (nɛpɛƙanitetésí-) *v*. to challenge, contradict.

**nɛpɛƙánón** (nɛpɛƙánónì-) *v*. to argue, debate, disagree, protest.

**nɛ̀rɛ̀** (nɛ̀rɛ̀) *ideo*. teeteringly.

**nɛrɛ́dɔ̀n** (nɛrɛ́dɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be teetering, tottering.

**nɛ́rɨnɛ́rɔ́n** (nɛ́rɨnɛ́rɔ́nì-) *1 v*. to quiver, shudder. *2 v*. to lurch, stagger.

**nés** (nésé) *adv*. oh, I see; oh, you mean.

**nɛsɛƙánón** (nɛsɛƙánónì-) *v*. to be healthy, hygienic.

**nesés** (nesésí-) *v*. to hear. See also *nesíbès*.

**nesíbes** (nesíbesí-) *1 v*. to hear. *2 v*. to listen. *3 v*. to comprehend, understand. *4 v*. to heed, obey. See also *nesés*.

**nesíbesíám** (nesíbesí-ámà-) *pl.* **nesíbesíík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. listener.

**nesíbiés** (nesíbiesí-) *v*. to obey habitually.

**nesíbos** (nesíbosí-) *v*. to be understood.

**nesíbunós** (nesíbunósí-) *1 v*. to understand each other. *2 v*. to be understood.


**nótsóò nòk<sup>o</sup>** *n*. day before yesterday.


**ńtá** (ńtá) *pro*. where?


**ntsúó ts'ɔɔ** *pro*. it's likely, probably.


(#7 in the historical line). *Lit.* 'Leopard-Folk'.


**nʉʉnʉ́**(nʉʉnʉ́) *nurs*. yum-yum! (a nursery word for breastfeeding!.

#### ɲaɓʉraídàkwa

#### ɲáaɲún

# **ɲ**




**ɲanʉ́pít<sup>a</sup>** (ɲanʉ́pítì-) *n*. belief, faith.


#### ɲasal


**ɲáwaawá** (ɲáwaawáà-) *pl.* **ɲáwaawáìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. large gunny sack. See also *lomóŋin*.


wife's sibling, my brother's wife's sibling, my sister's husband). *2 n*. my sister's husband's sibling).


**ɲécáy<sup>a</sup>** (ɲécáì-) *n*. tea.


**ɲelerum** (ɲelerumú-) *n*. argument, disputation, quarreling.


**ɲélúru** (ɲélúruú-) *n*. quail.



**ɲɛ́mɛlɛkʉ́dàkw<sup>a</sup>** (ɲɛ́mɛlɛkʉ́-dàkù-) *pl.* **ɲɛ́mɛlɛkʉ́ɨkadakwitín**. *n*. hoe handle.

**ɲɛmɛray<sup>a</sup>** (ɲɛmɛraí-) *n*. sorghum variety with tall, red seed-heads and sweet canes.


**ɲépiskóópì** (ɲépiskóópìì-) *pl.* **ɲépiskóópììk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. bishop.

**ɲɛpɨtɛ** (ɲɛpɨtɛɛ́-) *pl.* **ɲɛpɨteicík<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. behavior, habit, manner. *2 n*. method, procedure, way.


berries for dying their hair. *Lit.* 'girls*dzôɡ*'.


**ɲétsúpa** (ɲétsúpaá-) *pl.* **ɲétsúpàìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. glass bottle.

**ɲétsúur** (ɲétsúurí-) *pl.* **ɲétsúùrìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. hole in a riverbed hollowed out by churning water.


are ground, cooked, and drunk for stomachache. *Indigofera arrecta*.


**ɲezeí** (ɲezeíì-) *pl.* **ɲézeíìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. inkpad, stamp pad.

**ɲícwéɲé** (ɲícwéɲéè-) *n*. sugar bush: hardwoood tree species whose wood is used for building but which nails cannot pierce. *Protea gaguedi*.


**ɲimanitésíàw<sup>a</sup>** (ɲimanitésí-àwà-) *pl.* **ɲimanitésíawík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. edge, joint.

**ɲimánón** (ɲimánónì-) *v*. to encounter, meet.


**ɲɔ́ɓɔɔ́**(ɲɔ́ɓɔɔ́ɔ̀-) *n*. lentils.



**ɲorótónitíɔ́k a** (ɲorótónití-ɔ́kà-) *pl.* **ɲorótónitikɔɔkɨtín**. *n*. humerus: bone of the upper arm.


**ɲosoƙoloké** (ɲosoƙolokéè-) *pl.* **ɲosoƙolokéìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. shorts, pair of trunks.


**ɲɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ɲɔtɔ́-) *1 n*. men. *2 n*. husbands.

**ɲotánánès** (ɲotánánèsì-) *1 n*. friendliness, friendship (with non-Ik). *2 n*. to be related indirectly by marriage (e.g. to the parents of a child's or sibling's spouse).


**ɲótóts<sup>a</sup>** (ɲótótsì-) *pl.* **ɲótótsìk<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. flashlight, torch. *2 n*. lip herpes.

**ɲɔ́tsɔ́ɓɛ** (ɲɔ́tsɔ́ɓɛɛ́-) *pl.* **ɲɔ́tsɔ́ɓɛ̀ìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. cap made of giraffe-tail hairs.

**ɲɔ́tsɔ́ɓɨtsɔɓ<sup>a</sup>** (ɲɔ́tsɔ́ɓɨtsɔɓí-) *n*. hodgepodge, melange, mishmash.

**ɲótsorón** (ɲótsorónì- ) *pl.* **ɲótsorónìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. latrine, outhouse, toilet. See also *ets'íhò*.

**ɲóvakáɗò** (ɲóvakáɗòò-) *n*. avocado (tree and fruit). *Persea americana*.

**ɲówoɗí** (ɲówoɗíì-) *n*. seed butter, tahini (miture of peanut and sesame pastes).

**ɲʉmɛ́s** (ɲʉmɛ́sí-) *v*. to want, wish for.


#### ŋabér

# **ŋ**


**ŋábitetés** (ŋábitetésí-) *v*. to dress up, get dressed.


**ŋáɓɔ́ɔla** (ŋáɓɔ́ɔlaá-) *pl.* **ŋáɓɔ́ɔ̀làìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. cent, penny.

**ŋáɓutús** (ŋáɓutúsù-) *pl.* **ŋáɓutúsìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. boot.


**Ŋákiswahílìtòd<sup>a</sup>** (Ŋákiswahílì-tòdà-) *n*. Swahili language.


**ŋám** (ŋámá-) *n*. sorghum.

**ŋámá na buɗám** *n*. sorghum variety with black seeds.

**ŋámá nà ɓèts'<sup>a</sup>** *n*. sorghum variety with white seeds.

**ŋámá nà ɗìw<sup>a</sup>** *n*. sorghum variety with red seeds.

**ŋamarʉwáy<sup>a</sup>** (ŋamarʉwáì-) *n*. millet beer. See also *rébèmɛ̀s*.

**ŋamíá** (ŋamíáì-) *n*. hundred (100). No plural form.

**ŋamɨŋámɔ́n** (ŋamɨŋámɔ́nì-) *v*. to rush into things (eating, talking, etc.).




the zebra as its totem (#4 in the historical line). The Ik name is *Zɨnáík<sup>a</sup>* .


**ŋókítsùts<sup>a</sup>** (ŋókí-tsùtsà-) *n*. dogfly: species of fly associated with dogs.

**ŋoléánètòn** (ŋoléánètònì-) *1 v*. to be white-faced. *2 v*. to be bald. *3 v*. to be treeless.


**ŋɔr** (ŋɔrɛ́-) *pl.* **ŋɔrɨtín**. *1 n*. colored clay, ocher. *2 n*. color.

**ŋɔra na buɗám** *n*. black clay.

**ŋɔra na ɗíw<sup>a</sup>** *n*. red clay.

**ŋɔrɛ́ám** (ŋɔrɛ́-ámà-) *pl.* **ŋɔréík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. Turkana person (who wears a colored clay headdress).


**ŋɔrɔ́ɲɔ́mɔ̀n** (ŋɔrɔ́ɲɔ́mɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be dirty, soiled, unclean (from dirt or food). See also *ɲɔŋɔ́rɔ́mɔ̀n*.

**ŋɔ́rɔ́rɔ̀n** (ŋɔ́rɔ́rɔ̀nì-) *1 v*. to saw logs, snore. *2 v*. to growl. *3 v*. to purr.

**ŋorótsánón** (ŋorótsánónì-) *v*. to be filthy, nasty, putrid (e.g. of water or wounds).

**ŋɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ŋɔtá-) *1 n*. cowdung, manure. See also *ɦyɔ̀èts'<sup>a</sup>* . *2 n*. millet heads when they turn brown and curl.


**ŋʉɗʉ́sʉ́mɔ̀n** (ŋʉɗʉ́sʉ́mɔ̀nì-) *1 v*. to be low, short. *2 v*. to be limbless.


ground is lain). *Lit.* 'mother of the stone'.


**ŋ́k a** (ɲ́cì-) *pro*. I/me/my.

**Ŋ́kaleesó** (Ŋ́kaleesóò-) *n*. Ateker name for the traditional Ik men's age-group with the ostrich as its totem (#9 in the historical line). The Ik name is *Leweɲiik<sup>a</sup>* .

**ŋ́kaŋók<sup>a</sup>** (ŋ́kaŋókì-) *n*. acne, pimples.

**ŋ́karakocóy<sup>a</sup>** (ŋ́karakocóì-) *n*. bottlecap game.

## **o/ɔ**


**ódzadidí** (ódza-didíì-) *n*. light rain at the beginning of dry season.


spears, and walking sticks and are used to build houses and granaries. *Grewia tenax*. See also *alárá*.



**ɔríyɔ́**(ɔríyɔ́ɔ̀-) *n*. bird species.

**Ɔrɔ́m** (Ɔrɔ́mʉ̀-) *n*. name of a mountain on the border of Karamoja and Acholiland.


**otésúƙot<sup>a</sup>** (otésúƙotí-) *v*. to pour into.

**otetés** (otetésí-) *1 v*. to pour out into. *2 v*. to miscarry.

**otí** (otí) *interj*. whoa! (an expression of awe or mystery).


**ɔ́zààk<sup>a</sup>** (ɔ́zà-àkà-) *n*. anus.

**ɔ́zàhò** (ɔ́zà-hòò-) *pl.* **ɔ́zɨtíníhoík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. anal sphincter.

**ɔ́zàsìts'<sup>a</sup>** (ɔ́zà-sìts'à-) *n*. pubic hair. See also *didisísíts'<sup>a</sup>* .


#### pààɗòk o

# **p**

**pààɗòk<sup>o</sup>** (pààɗòkò) *ideo*. bang! kaboom! (sound of a gunshot).


**Páɗɛ̀rɛ̀hò** (Páɗɛrɛ-hoó-) *n*. name of a hill where the Italian priest *Apáálolúk* used to stop for the night. *Lit.* 'priest-hut'.

**paɗókómòn** (paɗókómònì-) *v*. to be caved in, collapsed (e.g. one's stomach).

**pàɗw<sup>a</sup>** (pàɗò-) *pl.* **páɗíkw<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. small cave (often used for secret storage).

**pákà** (pákà) *1 prep*. all the way to, until, up to (followed by a noun). *2 subordconn*. until (followed by a dependent clause). *3 adv*. forever, indefinitely. As a preposition, this word is followed by a noun in the oblique case.

**pakámón** (pakámónì-) *v*. to split in two.


**Palúùkùɓ<sup>a</sup>** (Palúù-kùɓà-) *n*. name of a hill in Timu. *Lit.* 'Palu-hill'.

**pànɛ̀ɛ̀s** (pànɛ̀ɛ̀sì-) *n*. teenage boys, young men. See also *ŋísɔ́rɔk<sup>a</sup>* .

**pápà** (pápàà-) *n*. pope: head of the Roman Catholic church.

**papaɗós** (papaɗósí-) *n*. small stash hidden from others (e.g. food).

**parɨpárɔ́n** (parɨpárɔ́nì-) *v*. to gleam, glisten. See also *piripírón*.

**pás** (pásì-) *n*. lousy, pathetic, or useless person or thing. See also *tsar*.

**pásìnànès** (pásìnànèsì-) *n*. patheticness, lousiness, uselessness. See also *tsarínánès*.

**pásìtà** (pásìtàà-) *pl.* **pásìtàìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. minister, pastor, rector.

**patsólómòn** (patsólómònì-) *v*. to be bare (of a patch or spot).

**páupáw<sup>a</sup>** (páupáù-) *n*. scout bee that scouts out sources of food and water.


**pɛɗɛpɛ́ɗɔ́n** (pɛɗɛpɛ́ɗɔ́nì-) *v*. to flutter (of hearts, wings).

**pɛɛ́ɲɛ́mɔ̀n** (pɛɛ́ɲɛ́mɔ̀nì-) *v*. to walk in a small-buttocked way.

**pɛ̀l** (pɛ̀lɛ̀) *ideo*. slickly, slipperily.

**pɛlɛ́dɔ̀n** (pɛlɛ́dɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be precariously slick or slippery.

**pɛ́lɛ́ɗɛ̀k a** (pɛ́lɛ́ɗɛ̀kɛ̀-) *n*. long-leaf tobacco. See also *loríónómor*.

**pɛlɛ́mɛ́tɔ̀n** (pɛlɛ́mɛ́tɔ̀nì-) *v*. to appear, come into view, emerge. See also *lɛlɛ́tɔ́n*.

**pɛlɛ́mɔ́na fetí** *v*. dawn, daybreak, sunrise. *Lit.* 'appearance of the sun'.

**Pelén** (Peléní-) *n*. a personal name.

**pelérémòn** (pelérémònì-) *v*. to be squinted, squinty.

**penitésìyà** (penitésìyàà-) *n*. Catholic sacrament of penance.

**pɛntɛkɔ́stɛ̀** (pɛntɛkɔ́stɛ̀ɛ̀-) *n*. Pentecost: seventh Sunday after Easter.

**pɛ̀s** (pɛ̀sɛ̀) *ideo*. boom! (sound or effect of something explosive).

**pɛsɛlam** (pɛsɛlamá-) *n*. chip, small piece.

**pɛ́sɛ́lamed<sup>a</sup>** (pɛ́sɛ́lamede-) *n*. chip, small piece (of sth. in particular).

**pɛsɛlɛs** (pɛsɛlɛsí-) *v*. to break a piece off, chip, knap.

**pɛsɛ́mɛ́tɔ̀n** (pɛsɛ́mɛ́tɔ̀nì-) *v*. to break, chip, or crumble off in small pieces.

**pɛsɛ́pɛ́sánón** (pɛsɛ́pɛ́sánónì-) *v*. to be brittle, crumbly (e.g. biscuits).

**Pétèrò** (Pétèròò-) *1 n*. Peter. *2 n*. Peter: short New Testament letters.

**pìc** (pìcì) *ideo*. very full.

**piɗés** (piɗésí-) *v*. to cut across, go through, traverse. See also *tɔkɛ́ɛ́rɛ́s*.

**pìɗ<sup>ɨ</sup>** (pìɗì) *ideo*. sleekly, slickly. **pɨɗídɔ̀n** (pɨɗídɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be sleek, slick. See also *ɨpɛlípɛ́lɔ̀n*.

**Píipí** (Píipíì-) *n*. a personal name.

**pikódòn** (pikódònì-) *v*. to be worn smooth (of ground, stones, etc.).

**pìl** (pìlɔ̀) *ideo*. smoothly.

**pílè** (pílè) *ideo*. all, completely, totally.

**Pɨlɛmɔ́nɛ̀** (Pɨlɛmɔ́nɛ̀ɛ̀-) *n*. Philemon: book in the New Testament.

**Pílíkìts<sup>a</sup>** (Pílíkìtsì-) *n*. name of a mountain near *Káákʉma* in Turkanaland, Kenya.

**Pilípoik<sup>a</sup>** (Pilípo-icé-) *n*. Philippians: book in the New Testament.

**pɨlírímɔ̀n** (pɨlírímɔ̀nì-) *v*. to have strabismal amblyopia: a lazy eye that looks in different directions.

**pilís** (pilísì-) *n*. game of tag.

**pɨlɔ́dɨtɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (pɨlɔ́dɨtɛ́sʉ́ƙɔtí-) *v*. to make smooth, smoothen out.

**pɨlɔ́dɔ̀n** (pɨlɔ́dɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be smooth.

**pìɔ̀** (pìɔ̀) *ideo*. splat! spoot! (sound of diarrhea or vomit). The vowels in this word are pronounced silently.

**pír** (pírí) *ideo*. glittering white.

**Píré** (Píréè-) *n*. name of a slope on the north of *Morúŋole* where some Ik used to be congregated.

**pirídòn** (pirídònì-) *v*. to be gleaming, shiny (like a bald head). See also *ɓarídɔ̀n*.

**piripírón** (piripírónì-) *v*. to gleam, glisten. See also *parɨpárɔ́n*.

**pɨrɨs** (pɨrɨsɨ) *ideo*. pop! (sound of coming or popping out, as in pus from a wound or an animal from a thicket).

**pìrrr** (pìrrr) *ideo*. very hot (of the weather).

**pìrⁱ** (pìrì) *ideo*. appearing suddenly, out of nowhere.

**pìs** (pìsì) *ideo*. quish! (sound of flesh being punctured). See also *tùs*.

**pítⁱ** (pítí) *ideo*. all.


**poɗés** (poɗésí-) *v*. to husk, shuck.

**poɗetés** (poɗetésí-) *v*. to husk, shuck.

**pɔ̀ɗ ɔ** (pɔ̀ɗɔ̀) *ideo*. agilely, nimbly, spryly.

**pɔɗɔ́dɔ̀n** (pɔɗɔ́dɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be agile, nimble, spry.

**pokés** (pokésí-) *1 v*. to break off. *2 v*. to stick, wedge (e.g. what mud does to a vehicle). See also *wakés*.

**poketés** (poketésí-) *v*. to break off.

**pókíetésá asíɛ́ kédìè kɔ̀n** *v*. to break off in groups.

**pòk<sup>o</sup>** (pòkò) *ideo*. breakably, brittlely.

**pokódòn** (pokódònì-) *v*. to be breakable, brittle. See also *ɛɔmɔ́dɔ̀n* and *wɛts'ɛ́dɔ̀n*.

**pokómón** (pokómónì-) *v*. to break off.

**pólìs** (pólìsì-) *n*. police.


**pɔ̀t ɔ** (pɔ̀tɔ̀) *ideo*. slickly, slipperily.

**pɔtɔ́dɔ̀n** (pɔtɔ́dɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be slick, slippery (e.g. a slimy wet rock).

**pòx** (pòxò) *ideo*. chattily, talkatively.

**poxés** (poxésí-) *v*. to peel, skin.


**pukésúƙot<sup>a</sup>** (pukésúƙotí-) *v*. to overturn away, turn out away (solid substances).


**Pʉlʉkɔ́l** (Pʉlʉkɔ́lì-) *n*. a personal name.

**pulúmétòn** (pulúmétònì-) *v*. to come out, egress, emerge.

**pulúmítésúƙot<sup>a</sup>** (pulúmítésúƙotí-) *v*. to take out.

**pulúmón** (pulúmónì-) *v*. to exit, go out.

**pulutetés** (pulutetésí-) *v*. to bring out, issue, produce (e.g. newborn twins out of the hut).

**pulutiés** (pulutiesí-) *1 v*. to perforate, pierce, or puncture repeatedly. *2 v*. to bore, drill. See also *ɨpɨrípírɛ́s*.


**púrurú** (púrurúù-) *n*. measles, rubeola.


#### rààrààrà

## **r**


respond. *3 v*. to account or answer for. *4 v*. to profit from.


**rátsiés** (rátsiesí-) *v*. to mend, patch, or repair repeatedly (by sewing).


string of bark for carrying). *2 v*. to skewer, spit.

**Rɔ́ɡɛ̀hò** (Rɔ́ɡɛ̀-hòò-) *n*. name of a hill or mountain. *Lit.* 'reedbuck-hut'.


**rutet<sup>a</sup>** (rutetí-) *n*. hillside, mountainside. **rutet<sup>o</sup>** *n*. along the side of a slope.

**rʉtsɛ́s** (rʉtsɛ́sí-) *v*. to cram, jam, ram, stuff. See also *ɨsɨkɛs*.


## **s**


**sêd<sup>a</sup>** (sédà-) *pl.* **sédìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. garden.

**seekw<sup>a</sup>** (seekó-) *n*. bouillon, broth, soup.


**Sɛkɛt<sup>a</sup>** (Sɛkɛtɛ́-) *n*. name of a river.


**sèrèy<sup>a</sup>** (sèrèì-) *pl.* **seréík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. gourd basin made from a large gourd cut in half.


be sinewy, wiry (e.g. when malnourished).


mingling sticks are carved. *Albizia grandibracteata*.

**sír** (sírì-) *n*. dropsy, edema.


**sotés** (sotésí-) *v*. to carve, sculpt.

**sotetés** (sotetésí-) *v*. to carve, sculpt.


**sʉpaicíká ni nesíbòs** *n*. voiced vowels.


## **t**


are eaten raw, whose branches are used as fighting switches, and whose bark fibers are used to string beads. *2 n*. allium species: plant growing from a bulb and that produces a single large red flower worn by children as a hat. *Allium sp*.

**tábàìàm** (tábàì-àmà-) *pl.* **tábaiik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. westerner.

**tábaɨxan** (tábaɨ-xaná-) *dem*. westerly direction.


**taɓolos** (taɓolosí-) *v*. to be exultant, gleeful, gloating.

**taɓóɲómòn** (taɓóɲómònì-) *v*. to have flat buttocks.

**taɗá** (<taɗɛɛs) *v*.

**taɗaɗáŋón** (taɗaɗáŋónì-) *v*. to be slightly bitter but edible.

**taɗaŋes** (taɗaŋesí-) *v*. to abide, bear, endure, put up with, stand, tolerate.


**taɗapes** (taɗapesí-) *1 v*. to mend, patch, repair. *2 v*. to ambush, waylay. See also *ɨɗaarɛ́s*.

**taɗapetés** (taɗapetésí-) *1 v*. to mend or patch up, repair. *2 v*. to ambush, waylay.


**Takaniƙʉlɛ́**(Takani-ƙʉlɛ́ɛ̀-) *n*. name of a place where the Turkana found an old woman because her elbow was visible. *Lit.* 'appearing-elbow'.

**takanités** (takanitesí-) *v*. to detect, discover, find.

**takánón** (takánónì-) *1 v*. to be present, seen, visible. *2 v*. to be clear, evident, obvious.

**takár** (takárí-) *pl.* **takárík<sup>a</sup>** . *1 n*. forehead. *2 n*. face, visage.

**takárɛ̂d a** (takárɛ́dɛ̀-) *n*. face, front.

**takátákánón** (takátákánónì-) *v*. to be cracked, fissured, fractured (e.g. heated rock, dried out mud puddle). See also *médemedánón*.

**tákés** (tákésì-) *v*. to mean, mention, refer to.

**takiés** (takiesí-) *v*. to lift carefully (palm upward).

**takwés** (takwésí-) *v*. to step or tread on.

**takwésá ɲamɨɨlɨí** *v*. to pedal a bicycle.

**takwiesúƙota dáŋá<sup>e</sup>** *v*. to trample edible termites.

**takwitakwiés** (takwitakwiesí-) *v*. to step all over, trample.

**taƙáá na ŋáɲɔ́s** *n*. open-toed shoe.

**taƙámón** (taƙámónì-) *v*. to chance upon, come across, happen upon.

**tàƙàt<sup>a</sup>** (tàƙàtà-) *n*. call-and-response group prayer.

**taƙates** (taƙatesí-) *v*. to lead call-andresponse group prayers.

**taƙátésuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (taƙátésuƙotí-) *v*. to pray against/away.

**taƙáy<sup>a</sup>** (taƙáí-) *pl.* **taƙáík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. shoe.

**talakes** (talakesí-) *1 v*. to free, let go, release. *2 v*. to allow, permit. See also *hoɗés*.

**tàlàlìdòm** (tàlàlìdòmò-) *n*. small animal species that steals food from homes, especially from pots of food (possibly a type of mongoose).

**talóón** (talóónì-) *v*. to be nauseated, queasy.

**tamá** (<tamɛɛs) *v*.

**tamáísánón** (tamáísánónì-) *v*. to smile.

**tamanɛs** (tamanɛsí-) *v*. to circumvent, encircle, go around, skirt.

**tamanɛtɛ́s** (tamanɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to circumvent, encircle, go around, skirt.


**tamátámatés** (tamátámatésí-) *v*. to consider, contemplate, mull over, ponder, think on. See also *tamítámiés*.

**Tamateeɓon** (Tamateeɓonó-) *n*. name of a river.

**tamɛɛs** (tamɛɛsí-/tamá-) *1 v*. to adore, extol, laud, praise (e.g. one's spouse, a friend, or even an animal like a favorite ox; may involve complimentary words and affectionate physical touch). *2 v*. to give an admiring nickname to.

**tamɛɛsíêd<sup>a</sup>** (tamɛɛsí-édì-) *pl.* **tamɛɛsíéditín**. *n*. affectionate nickname.

**tamɛ́s** (tamɛ́sí-) *v*. to think.

**tamɛ́síàm** (tamɛ́sí-àmà-) *pl.* **tamɛ́síik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. contemplative, thinker.

**tamɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (tamɛ́sʉ́ƙɔtí-) *v*. to recall, recollect, remember, think back on.

**tamɛtɛ́s** (tamɛtɛ́sí-) *1 v*. to consider, imagine, ponder, think about. *2 v*. to recall, recollect, remember. See also *anɛtɛ́s*.

**támínɔ́s** (támínɔ́sí-) *1 v*. to think about each other. *2 v*. to compare each other.

**tamítámiés** (tamítámiesí-) *v*. to consider, contemplate, mull over, ponder, think on. See also *tamátámatés*.


**taná** (<tanɔ́ɔ́n) *v*.

**tànàŋ** (tànàŋà-) *n*. mud plaster.


**tapá** (<tapɛɛs) *v*.

**tapáínɔ́s** (tapáínɔ́sí-) *v*. to accuse or blame each other falsely.


**tatíón** (tatíónì-) *v*. to drip (of rain).

**tatiós** (tatiosí-) *v*. to be blessed.


**tàtòn** (tàtònì-) *v*. to spit.

**tatónón** (tatónónì-) *v*. to sit dejectedly with one's chin in one's hand or on one's knees (due to coldness, depression, sadness, etc.).

**tatsá** (<tatsɔ́ɔ́n) *v*.


**tawanes** (tawanesí-) *v*. to afflict, harm, hurt.

**tawanímétòn** (tawanímétònì-) *v*. to be afflicted, badly off, suffering.

**tawánítetés** (tawánítetésí-) *v*. to afflict, harm, hurt.


**tɛ́bɛ̀s** (tɛ́bɛ̀sì-) *v*. to scoop, take up.


**Teɓur** (Teɓurí-) *n*. Abim, Labwor.


**tɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀n** (tɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀nì-) *v*. to drop, fall.

**teɡeles** (teɡelesí-) *v*. to bar, barricade, block. See also *toƙólésuƙot<sup>a</sup>* .


building and fencing; a bark decoction is drunk to treat pain and snakebites. *Ziziphus mucronata*.


**tiŋátiŋá** (tiŋátiŋáà-) *n*. rat species.


**tírɨríŋɔ́n** (tírɨríŋɔ́nì-) *v*. to be fortunate, lucky.

**tiritirikwáy<sup>a</sup>** (tiritiri-kwáì-) *n*. vine species that is worn around the necks of age-group initiates' wives during the post-initiation ceremony of beer drinking and slaughtering a goat.

**tiróŋ** (tiróŋí-) *pl.* **tiróŋík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. molar.


**titímáiƙot<sup>a</sup>** (<titímóonuƙot<sup>a</sup> ) *v*.


**titiretés** (titiretésí-) *1 v*. to hold up, prop up, support, undergird. *2 v*. to delay, hold up, prevent from doing.


**tɨts'ɛ́s** (tɨts'ɛ́sí-) *1 v*. to block, dam, plug. *2 v*. to conceal, cover (a hole, the truth).

**tɨts'ɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (tɨts'ɛ́sʉ́ƙɔtí-) *1 v*. to block, dam, or plug up. *2 v*. to conceal, cover up (a hole, the truth).


**tódinós** (tódinósí-) *v*. to converse, speak or talk to each other, tell each other.


**tɔkɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (tɔkɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to extract, pull off/out, remove.

**tɔkɛtɛtɛ́s** (tɔkɛtɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to extract, pull out, remove. See also *toletés*.

**tɔkíɔ́n** (tɔkíɔ́nì-) *v*. to confess.

**Tɔ̀kɔ̀b a** (Tɔ̀kɔ̀bà-) *n*. a personal name.

**tɔ̀kɔ̀b a** (tɔ̀kɔ̀bà-) *v*. agriculture, cultivation, farming, plowing.

**tɔ̀kɔ̀bààm** (tɔ̀kɔ̀bà-àmà-) *pl.* **tɔkɔbaik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. agriculturalist, cultivator, farmer, plower.

**tɔkɔbam** (tɔkɔbamá-) *n*. arable, cultivatable, farmable, tillable.

**tɔkɔbatsóy<sup>a</sup>** (tɔkɔba-tsóí-) *n*. farming season, plowing season.

**tɔkɔ́bɛs** (tɔkɔ́bɛsí-) *v*. to cultivate, farm, plow, till, work.

**tɔkɔ́bɨtɛtɛ́s** (tɔkɔ́bɨtɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to make cultivate or plow (e.g. oxen).

**tɔkɔ́bɨtɔtɔ́s** (tɔkɔ́bɨtɔtɔ́sí-) *v*. to be cultivated, plowed, tilled (usually by oxen).

**tokódòn** (tokódònì-) *v*. to be tightly tied down so as to be immovable.

**tɔkɔɗɛs** (tɔkɔɗɛsí-) *v*. to grasp, hold by a handle.

**tɔkɔɗíkɔ́ɗɔ̀n** (tɔkɔɗíkɔ́ɗɔ̀nì-) *v*. to cramp (abdominally).

**tɔ̀kɔ̀n** (tɔ̀kɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be slender, slim. See also *kaɗótsómòn* and *sídɔ̀rɔ̀mɔ̀n*.

**tokopes** (tokopesí-) *v*. to grab, seize, snatch. See also *ɨkamɛs*, *ɨrɛɗɛs*, and *ŋusés*.

**tokópésuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (tokópésuƙotí-) *v*. to grab, seize, or snatch away. See also *taŋátésuƙot<sup>a</sup>* .

**tɔkɔrɛs** (tɔkɔrɛsí-) *1 v*. to dispense, disperse, distribute, divide out/up. *2 v*. to divide mathematically. See also *kisanes* and *kísés*.

**tɔkɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (tɔkɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to dispense, disperse, distribute, divide out/up. See also *kisanes* and *kísés*.

**tɔkɔ́rʉ́kɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (tɔkɔ́rʉ́kɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to dispense, disperse, distribute, divide out/up. See also *kisanes* and *kísés*.

**tokúétòn** (tokúétònì-) *v*. to react suddenly: crack, jerk, snap. See also *tokúréètòn*.

**tokúréètòn** (tokúréètònì-) *v*. to react suddenly: crack, jerk, snap. See also *tokúétòn*.

**tɔƙam** (tɔƙamá-) *n*. edible termites that are dewinged and dried.


**toƙírá** (<toƙíróòn) *v*.

**toƙíróòn** (toƙíróònì-/toƙírá-) *v*. to bear down, charge, react against, turn on (as if to attack).


**toƙízèètòn** (toƙízèètònì-) *v*. to move in, settle in (e.g. bad weather).

**toƙízòòn** (toƙízòònì-/toƙíza-) *v*. to hang around, stay a while, stick around (e.g. bad weather).

**toƙólésuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (toƙólésuƙotí-) *v*. to bar, barricade, block off. See also *teɡeles*.

**tɔƙɔtɔƙ<sup>a</sup>** (tɔƙɔtɔƙɔ́-) *n*. slug, snail.

**tɔƙɔtɔƙáhò** (tɔƙɔtɔƙá-hòò-) *pl.* **tɔƙɔtɔƙáhoík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. snail shell.

**tɔƙʉmʉ́ƙʉ́mɛ́s** (tɔƙʉmʉ́ƙʉ́mɛ́sí-) *v*. to fire on, open fire on.


**topéɗésuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (topéɗésuƙotí-) *1 v*. to be able to, can, capable of. *2 v*. to have authority.

**topéɗésuƙotíám** (topéɗésuƙotí-ámà-) *pl.* **topéɗésuƙotíík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. person in authority.


**toráƙádòs** (toráƙádòsì-) *n*. nongovernmental organization (NGO).


**towá** (<towóón) *v*.


**Tówotó** (Tówotóò-) *n*. nickname of an old woman named *Matsú*.


**towutses** (towutsesí-) *v*. to bulldoze, level, raze.

**towútsónìàm** (towútsónì-àmà-) *pl.* **towútsóniik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. bulldozer.


**tʉɗʉtɛtɛ́s** (tʉɗʉtɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to stiffen by stirring (e.g. meal mush).

**tʉɗʉtɔs** (tʉɗʉtɔsí-) *v*. to be stiff from being stirred (e.g. meal mush).

**tùf** (tùfà) *1 ideo*. bouncily, springily. *2 ideo*. bluntly, dully.


## **ts**

```
tsá (<tsóón) v.
```

thin stick is drilled to create enough friction to light a fire. *Lit.* 'firedrillwoman'.


**tsàm** (tsàmʉ̀) *adv*. just, I guess, I suppose.


**tsàpòn** (tsàpònì-) *v*. to be bored or drilled full of holes (e.g. wood bored by insects).


**tsè** (<tsòòn) *v*.


**tsɛrɛ́k a** (tsɛrɛ́kí-) *pl.* **tsɛrɛ́kík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. shinbone, tibia.


person (who crouches instead of sits or moves around instead of settles).


**tsúts<sup>a</sup>** (tsútsá-) *n*. fly.


**tsʉ̀tᶶ** (tsʉ̀tʉ̀) *adv*. ever, never.

**tsʉ́ʉ́r** (tsʉ́ʉ́rà-) *pl.* **tsʉ́ʉ́rìk<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. white thorn acacia: a scrubby, plentiful tree species whose extremely hard wood is good for building and fencing; its resin is chewed and a bark decoction taken for bloating. *Acacia hockii*.

**tsùwà** (tsùwàà-) *1 v*. to run. *2 v*. to race.


#### ts'ábès

## **ts'**


**ts'aɗídàkw<sup>a</sup>** (ts'aɗí-dàkù-) *n*. firewood.


**ts'áɡòn** (ts'áɡònì-) *v*. to be cruddy, dirty, filthy, grimy. See also *itútsón*.

**ts'aɡús** (ts'aɡúsé) *num*. four.

**ts'aɡusátìk<sup>e</sup>** *v*. four-by-four.

**ts'aɡús<sup>o</sup>** *num*. four times.

**ts'aɡúsón** (ts'aɡúsónì-) *v*. to be four.

**ts'áɡwà** (<ts'áɡwòòn) *v*.


**ts'aletés** (ts'aletésí-) *v*. to remove, take out (as from a cooking pot).


**ts'é** (<ts'óón) *v*.

**ts'ɛ̀** (ts'ɛ̀à-) *pl.* **ts'ɛ́ítín**. *n*. hide, pelt, skin.

**ts'ɛa na kwaní** *n*. foreskin.


**ts'eiƙot<sup>a</sup>** (<ts'oonuƙot<sup>a</sup> ) *v*.

**ts'éíƙot<sup>a</sup>** (<ts'óónuƙot<sup>a</sup> ) *v*.

**ts'eites** (ts'eitesí-) *v*. to extinguish, put out, quench.

**ts'eítésuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (ts'eítésuƙotí-) *1 v*. to extinguish, put out, quench. *2 v*. to switch or turn off electrically. *3 v*. to snuff out (i.e. kill, murder).

**ts'ɛ̀tà kɔ̀nà** *n*. likewise, in the same way.

**ts'íínáá** (ts'íínáá) *n*. all the time.

**ts'íínúó** (ts'íínúó) *n*. everywhere.

**ts'ɨƙ<sup>a</sup>** (ts'ɨƙá-) *1 n*. bee, honeybee. *Apis mellifera*. *2 n*. honey.

**ts'ɨƙábòt<sup>a</sup>** (ts'ɨƙá-bòtà-) *pl.* **ts'ɨƙábotitín**. *n*. swarm of bees on the move.

**ts'ɨƙáhò** (ts'ɨƙá-hòò-) *pl.* **ts'ɨƙáhoík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. honeycomb. *Lit.* 'bee-house'. See also *ɗàɗàhò*.

**ts'ìn** (ts'ìnɔ̀-) *n*. taboo against husbands of pregnant wives participating in any food-gathering activities such as hunting.

**ts'ìnɔ̀àm** (ts'ìnɔ̀-àmà-) *pl.* **ts'ɨnoik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. husband prohibited from participating in food-gathering activities due to the pregnancy of his wife.

**ts'ìnɔ̀n** (ts'ìnɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be pregnant, with the result that one's husband is prohibited from participating in any foodgathering activities.

**ts'írítɔ̀n** (ts'írítɔ̀nì-) *v*. to spurt, squirt (e.g. blood or spit).

**ts'íts'ɛ́s** (ts'íts'ɛ́sì-) *v*. to track.

**ts'íts'ɛ́sà dɛ̀ìkà<sup>ɛ</sup>** *v*. to track footprints.

**ts'íts'ítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (ts'íts'ítɛ́sʉƙɔtí-) *v*. to make sharp, sharpen.

**ts'íts'ítɛtɛ́s** (ts'íts'ítɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to make sharp, sharpen.


**ts'ɔƙɔ́m** (ts'ɔƙɔ́má-) *n*. tree species whose yellow fruits are eaten raw, whose seeds are cracked, mashed, and fried to be eaten, and from whose wood stools and troughs are carved. *Sclerocarya birrea*.


**ts'òlòn** (ts'òlònì-) *v*. to dribble, drip, drizzle. See also *ɨɗɔ́nɔ́n*.


**ts'óónuƙot<sup>a</sup>** (ts'óónuƙotí-/ts'éíƙot-) *v*. to die off/out (of more than one). Not to be confused with *ts'oonuƙot<sup>a</sup>* .

**ts'ʉ́bʉlát<sup>a</sup>** (ts'ʉ́bʉlátí-) *pl.* **ts'ʉ́bʉlátíkw<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. plug or stopper made from grass or leaves. See also *ts'ʉ̂b a* .

**ts'ûd<sup>a</sup>** (ts'údè-) *1 n*. smoke. *2 n*. exhaust, fumes. *3 n*. smoke signal. *4 n*. tobacco.

#### ts'údemucé


**ts'ʉnɛ́s** (ts'ʉnɛ́sí-) *v*. to kiss.


**ts'ʉts'ʉ́áw<sup>a</sup>** (ts'ʉts'ʉ́-áwà-) *pl.* **ts'ʉts'ʉ́áwík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. garbage dump, rubbish pile.


## **u/ʉ**


**útɔ̀** (útɔ̀ɔ̀-) *n*. seed oil (e.g. simsim or sunflower).


## **w**


**wat<sup>a</sup>** (waté-) *n*. rain.


**wàxɛ̀d a** (wàxɛ̀dɛ̀-) *n*. point of departure, starting point.


**wàxʉ̀** *1 n*. ahead, in front. *2 n*. before, earlier, first.

**wâz** (wázò-) *pl.* **wázìkw<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. young female (human or non-human).

**wɛ́dɔ̀n** (wɛ́dɔ̀nì-) *v*. to detour, change course, take a diverson. See also *ƙeƙérón*.

**wɛɗɨwɛ́ɗɔ́n** (wɛɗɨwɛ́ɗɔ́nì-) *v*. to flap, flutter.

**wɛ́ɛ́nɔ̀n** (wɛ́ɛ́nɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be fast, quick, speedy. See also *itírónòn*.

**weés** (weésí-/wa-) *v*. to harvest, reap.

**weesá dakwí** *v*. to collect firewood.

**weesa kíʝá<sup>e</sup>** *v*. to play the field (sexually), sleep around. *Lit.* 'reaping the land'.


Wús

## **x**

**xàɓ<sup>u</sup>** (xàɓù) *ideo*. softly.


**xakútsúmòn** (xakútsúmònì-) *v*. to be abyssal, bottomless, unfathomable.

**xaƙarés** (xaƙarésí-) *v*. to clear the throat, harrumph, hawk. See also *hákátòn*.

**xáƙátòn** (xáƙátònì-) *v*. to gag, heave, retch. See also *ʝaƙátós*.

**xáƙw<sup>a</sup>** (xáƙʉ́-) *pl.* **xáƙwítín**. *n*. dried flesh left on a skinned hide. Compare with *ɲɔpɔɗɛ*.

**xán** (xáná-) *pl.* **xáín**. *1 n*. side. *2 n*. direction, location.

**xàr** (xàrà-) *pl.* **xárítín**. *n*. bladder.

**xaramucé** (xara-mucéè-) *pl.* **xárítínímucéík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. urethra.


**xawííts'<sup>ɨ</sup>** (xawííts'ì) *ideo*. burnt to ashes, incinerated.

**xɛɓás** (xɛɓásí-) *n*. cowardice, fear, shyness, timidity.

**xɛɓásíàm** (xɛɓásí-àmà-) *pl.* **xɛɓásíik<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. coward, shy or timid person.

**xɛ̀ɓ ɛ** (xɛ̀ɓɛ̀) *ideo*. tenderly (of plants).


**xɛɛsʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup>** (xɛɛsʉ́ƙɔtí-) *1 v*. to dust, sprinkle. *2 v*. to return a bride (to her home by sprinkling water on the gate of her parents' home).

**xɛɛtɛ́s** (xɛɛtɛ́sí-) *v*. to dust, sprinkle.


**xèr** (xèrà-) *n*. belch, burp.


**xɨkɛ́s** (xɨkɛ́sí-) *v*. to hang up.


**xɛɓɛ́dɔ̀n** (xɛɓɛ́dɔ̀nì-) *v*. to be tender (of new plant growth). See also *rusúdòn*.

**xɛɓɨtɛs** (xɛɓɨtɛsí-) *v*. to frighten, intimidate, scare.


# **y**

**Yakóɓò** (Yakóɓòò-) *1 n*. Jacob, James. *2 n*. James: New Testament book.

**yàŋ** (yàŋà) *ideo*. sludgily.


**yáŋìɲòt<sup>a</sup>** (yáŋì-ɲòtà-) *n*. my mother-inlaw (sibling's spouse's mother).

**yáó** (yáóò-) *pl.* **yáóín**. *n*. your sister.

**yáóím** (yáó-ímá-) *pl.* **yáówík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. your niece or nephew (sister's child).

**Yarán** (Yarání-) *n*. a personal name.

**yeá** (yeáà-) *pl.* **yeáín**. *n*. my sister.


**yeé'** (yeé') *interj*. huh! (an expression of derision or disbelief). The apostrophe at the end represents a glottal stop, an abrupt end to the word's voicing.


**Yésù** (Yésùù-) *n*. Jesus.

**yír** (yírí) *ideo*. zoom! (sound of a swiftly moving object). See also *wír*.


**yù** (yùù) *ideo*. softly (of soil).


**yʉɛ** (yʉɛ́-) *n*. falsehood, lie, prevarication, untruth.

**yʉɛ́ám** (yʉɛ́-ámà-) *pl.* **yuéík<sup>a</sup>** . *n*. liar.

**yùm** (yùmù) *ideo*. softly inside.


**yús** (yúsì-) *n*. young people, youth.

**yuúdòn** (yuúdònì-) *v*. to be soft (of soil).

**yɛ̀l** (yɛ̀lɛ̀) *ideo*. dryly.

## **z**


**zeiƙot<sup>a</sup>** (<zoonuƙot<sup>a</sup> ) *v*.


*v*. to develop, foster, grow, promote (e.g. plants or the economy).


age, mature. See also *iwánétòn*.



**zɔ́tɛ́tɔ̀n** (zɔ́tɛ́tɔ̀nì-) *v*. to join, link up.

## **Part III**

## **English-Ik reversal index**

**a** kɔ́níɛ́n *pro*. **a bit** kédììm *n*. **a few** kíníɛ́n *pro*. **a fifth (be)** kɔnɔna túdònù *v*. **a little bit** kédiima kwáts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **a little while** kédiima kwáts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **a long time** dèŋ *ideo*.; kéda zikîb<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ódowicíká nì kòm *n*. **a long while** kéda zikîb<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ódowicíká nì kòm *n*. **a lot** mbáyà *adv*.; pʉ́n *ideo*.; tàn *n*. **a short time** kédiima kwáts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ódowicíká nì ƙwàɗ<sup>e</sup> *n*. **a short while** ódowicíká nì ƙwàɗ<sup>e</sup> *n*. **a time** kédììm *n*. **a while** kédììm *n*. **a while ago** nótsò *adv*. **a year ago** sakɛɨn *n*. **aahǃ** wóí *interj*. **aardvark** ɲoɗôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **aardwolf** náƙírà *n*. **ab** ɲákwálɨkwal *n*. **abandon** ɡóózés *v*.; ɡóózesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **abandoned** ɡóózosuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **abbattoir** hoesího *n*. **abdomen** bùbù *n*. **abdominal disease** ɡɛf *n*. **abdominal muscle** ɲákwálɨkwal *n*. **abduct** ɨɛpɛtɛ́s *v*.; toreɓes *v*. **abhor** tʉlʉŋɛs *v*. **abide** nɛɛ́s *v*.; nɛɛsʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taɗaŋes *v*. **ability** ɲapéɗór *n*. **Abim** Teɓur *n*. **ablactate** topétésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **able to** topéɗésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **able-bodied (of middle age)** toipánón *v*.

**able-bodied adult** toipánónìàm *n*. **abode** aw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; zɛƙɔ́áw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **abominate** tʉlʉŋɛs *v*. **abort** iɲétséetés *v*.; iɲétsóòn *v*.; iyétséetés *v*.; iyétsóòn *v*. **abort repeatedly** iyétséyeés *v*. **above** nɔ́ɔ́kwar<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **abruptly** ŋàm *ideo*.; ùrùƙùs *ideo*. **abscess** tún *n*. **absent-minded** ɓotsódòn *v*. **absorb (attention)** itúmúránitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **absorb heat** róbiróbòn *v*. **absorbed** ts'ʉ́ʉ́tɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **absorbed (attention)** itúmúránón *v*. **abstain (from food)** ɨkáɲɔ́n *v*. **abuse** ɨlarɛs *v*.; ɨlwarɛs *v*. **abuse sexually** tarates *v*. **abuse verbally** iyaŋes *v*. **Abutilon species** ídòkàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **abyssal** xakútsúmòn *v*. **Abyssinia** Isópìà *n*.; Sópìà *n*. **acacia (Gerrard's)** ɓʉkʉ́lá *n*. **acacia (gum)** ɗerét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lofílitsí *n*. **acacia (hook-thorn)** kásít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **acacia (Naivaisha thorn)** lɛ̀r *n*. **acacia (Nubian)** ɡɔmɔr *n*. **acacia (scented-pod)** kɨlɔ́rít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **acacia (wait-a-bit)** kʉ́rà *n*. **acacia (white thorn)** tsʉ́ʉ́r *n*. **Acacia brevispica** kʉ́rà *n*. **Acacia gerrardii** ɓʉkʉ́lá *n*. **Acacia hockii** tsʉ́ʉ́r *n*. **Acacia mellifera** kásít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Acacia nilotica** kɨlɔ́rít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Acacia nubica** ɡɔmɔr *n*. **Acacia senegal** ɗerét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lofílitsí *n*. **Acacia species** ròr *n*.; tíír *n*.

**Acacia tortilis** sèɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Acacia xanthophloea** lɛ̀r *n*. **Acalypha fruticosa** ʝɨʝîd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **accept** tsamɛtɛ́s *v*. **accept a curse** tsamɛ́tɛ́sa ìlàmà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **accident (have an)** rúmánòn *v*. **accompany** iníámésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **accompany away** elánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **accompany here** elánétòn *v*. **account** ɲáɗís *n*. **account for** raʝetés *v*. **accountable** wàsɔ̀n *v*. **accumulate** ɨɗaɲɛtɛ́s *v*.; torítéetés *v*. **accumulate one-by-one** ɨɗɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **accuse** ɨsíítɛ́s *v*. **accuse each other falsely** kɛ́rínɔ́s *v*.; tapáínɔ́s *v*. **accuse falsely** ipwáákés *v*.; kɛrɛ́s *v*.; tapɛɛs *v*. **accuser** ɨsíítɛ́sìàm *n*. **accuser (false)** kɛ́rínɔ́síàm *n*.; lóliit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **accustom** ɨtalɛs *v*.; naínɛ́ɛtɛ́s *v*.; naítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **accustomed** ɨtalɔs *v*. **acerbic** ɓatsilárón *v*. **ache** áts'ɛ́s *v*.; dódòn *v*. **ache (begin to)** dódètòn *v*. **ache (of joints)** ɨtɨlítílɔ̀n *v*. **ache (of lymph nodes)** titisíánón *v*. **ache (of teeth)** isálílòn *v*. **achieve** enés *v*. **Acholi language** Ŋíkátsolítôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Acholi person** Ŋíkátsolíám *n*. **acid reflux** áts'ɛ́sa ɡúró<sup>e</sup> *n*. **acne** ŋ́kaŋók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **acolyte** túbèsìàm *n*.

**acquaint** naínɛ́ɛtɛ́s *v*.; naítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **acquainted (mutually)** náínɔ́s *v*. **acquiesce to** tsamɛtɛ́s *v*. **acquire** iryámétòn *v*. **acquit** ɨɛtɛ́sá ɨsíítɛ́sʉ́ *v*. **acrid** ɓatsilárón *v*. **act** iɲétsóòn *v*.; iyétsóòn *v*. **act falsely** ipwáákés *v*. **act in sync** ilíréètòn *v*. **act in unison** ilíréètòn *v*. **actionable** itíyéetam *n*. **active** ɨkwɨɲíkwíɲɔ́n *v*.; iona ńda sea ni itsúr *v*.; kʉrʉ́kʉ́rɔ́s *v*.; kwɨɲídɔ̀n *v*.; tsuwoós *v*. **actively** kwìɲ *ideo*. **Acts of the Apostles** Teréɡiicíká Dɛɨkaicé *n*. **actually** kárɨká *adv*.; rò *adv*. **add** ɗɔtsɛ́s *v*.; ɗɔtsɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨatɛs *v*. **add in** ɗɔtsɛ́s *v*.; ɗɔtsɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **add on** tasaɓes *v*. **add on top** iɗokes *v*. **add repeatedly** ɨatiés *v*.; ɨatiésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **add together** ɗɔtsɛ́s *v*.; ɗɔtsɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **add up** ɗɔtsɛtɛ́s *v*. **add water to** ɨlálátɛ́s *v*.; ɨlatɛs *v*. **added** ɗɔtsɔ́s *v*.; ɨatímétòn *v*.; ɨatɔs *v*. **adder (dwarf)** narɛ́w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **adder (puff)** bɛf *n*. **Adenium obesum** dɛrɛ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ʝɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **adhere** ƙídzɔ̀n *v*.; nɔtsɔ́mɔ́n *v*. **adhere to** ɨnɔtsɛs *v*. **adhesive** nɔtsɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **adhesively** nɔ̀ts<sup>ɔ</sup> *ideo*. **adipose tissue** ceím *n*.; ɛfás *n*. **adjacent** ɨɓákɔ́n *v*. **adjacent to (move)** ɨɓákɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**adjudicate** ŋʉrɛ́s *v*.; ŋurutiés *v*.; ŋurutiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **adjudicated** ŋurutiós *v*. **administer** ɨmɔlɛs *v*. **administer in drops** ts'olites *v*.; ts'olítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **administration** ɲápukán *n*.; ɲeryaŋ *n*. **administrator** ɨmɔlɛsíám *n*. **admire** iséméés *v*.; iséméetés *v*. **admirer** mínɛ́sìàm *n*. **adopt (a mascot)** totores *v*. **adore** mínɛ́s *v*.; tamɛɛs *v*. **adorn** daites *v*.; naƙwídɛtɛ́s *v*. **adornment** ɲewale *n*. **adult** ámáze *n*. **adulterer** ɓúƙónìàm *n*. **adulteress** ɓúƙónìàm *n*. **adulthood (of many)** roɓazeikánánès *n*. **adults** roɓazeik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **advertise (attributes)** ƙɔƙɔanón *v*. **advice each other** táŋínɔ́s *v*. **advise** táŋɛ́s *v*.; taŋɛtɛ́s *v*. **adze** lorokon *n*. **aerate** iwúlákés *v*. **affair (have an)** ríínós *v*. **affect** kʉpɛ́s *v*. **affix** mínɛ́s *v*. **afflict** sikwetés *v*.; tawanes *v*.; tawánítetés *v*. **afflicted** tawanímétòn *v*. **affluence** ídzànànès *n*. **affront** risés *v*.; tatés *v*. **aflutter** kìtòn *v*. **afraid** paupáwón *v*.; xɛ̀ɓɔ̀n *v*. **Africa** Buɗámóniicékíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **African** buɗámónìàm *n*.

**after** ʝìrʉ̀ *n*.; térútsù *adv*.; tórútsù *adv*. **after all** ʝâb<sup>o</sup> *adv*. **afterlife** didiɡwarí *n*. **again** naɓó *adv*. **age** dunétón *v*.; zeís *n*.; zoonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **age-group** ɲanákɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **age-group (Blood-Strugglers)** Ŋímarɨɔkɔ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ŋuésíìkà sèà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **age-group (Buffalo)** Gasaraik<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ŋíkósowa *n*. **age-group (Eland)** Basaúréik<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ŋíwápɛtɔ *n*. **age-group (Elephant)** Ŋɨtɔ́mɛ́ *n*.; Oŋoriik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **age-group (Gazelle)** Kodowíík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ŋíŋóleɲaŋ *n*. **age-group (Giraffe)** Gwaíts'íik<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ŋkóryó *n*. **age-group (Leopard)** Ŋisíráy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Nʉsíík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **age-group (Lion)** Máóik<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ŋíŋátuɲo *n*. **age-group (Ostrich)** Leweɲiik<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ŋímérimoŋ *n*.; Ŋ́kaleesó *n*. **age-group (Umbrella Thorn)** Ŋítíɨra *n*.; Seɡaik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **age-group (Zebra)** Ŋítúkoy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Zɨnáík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **age-set** ɲanákɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **aggravate** ɨwíwínɛ́s *v*.; rúbès *v*. **aggregate rock** ɲɛ́kɔ́kɔ́tɛ́*n*. **agile** pɔɗɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **agilely** pɔ̀ɗ ɔ *ideo*. **agitate** íbɔbɔtsɛ́s *v*.; íbɔtsɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɔ́lɔ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **agitated** íbɔtsɛ́sá así *v*.; iƙúrúmós *v*.; walɨwálɔ́n *v*. **ago** kwààk<sup>e</sup> *n*. **agree to** tsamɛtɛ́s *v*. **agree with each other** tsámʉ́nɔtɔ́s *v*. **agreeableness** daás *n*.

#### agreeble

**agreeble** dòòn *v*. **agricultural course** áɡɨrɨkácà *n*. **agriculturalist** tɔ̀kɔ̀bààm *n*. **agriculture** tɔ̀kɔ̀b a *v*. **ahead** ɛ̀kwɔ̀n *v*.; wàx *n*.; wàxìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*.; wàxʉ̀ *n*. **aid** ɨŋaarɛ́s *v*. **aided** ɨŋaarímétòn *v*. **AIDS** lóɓúlukúɲ *n*.; sílím *n*. **aim** ɨɗírɔ́n *v*.; ɨtsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; iyoes *v*.; tsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔɓɛɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **aim for** ɨpɨmɛs *v*.; iyoesa así *v*. **air** ɡwa *n*.; suɡur *n*. **aircraft** iɗékè *n*. **airfield** ɲakwaanʝa *n*. **airplane** iɗékè *n*. **airport** ɲakwaanʝa *n*. **airstrip** ɲakwaanʝa *n*. **ajar** bɔrɔ́ɔ́n *v*.; ŋawíɔ́n *v*. **AK-47** ɲámakaɗá *n*. **alarm** ɲakalo *n*. **albizia (large-leaf)** síɔ̀ɔ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **Albizia anthelmintica** óbìʝòɔ̀z *n*. **Albizia grandibracteata** síɔ̀ɔ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **alcohol craving** mɛ̀sɛ̀ɲɛ̀ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **alcoholic** ɛ́sáàm *n*. **alcoholism** ɛ́s *n*. **alert** ɡonés *v*.; itsópóòn *v*.; ŋízɛ̀s *v*.; ɲakalo *n*. **alien** ʝalánón *v*.; kíʝíkààm *n*. **alight** toɗóón *v*.; zɛƙwɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **alive** ɦyekes *v*. **all** ɓut<sup>u</sup> *ideo*.; boted<sup>o</sup> *n*.; ɗàŋìɗàŋ *quant*.; mùɲ *quant*.; mùɲùmùɲ *quant*.; pílè *ideo*.; pítⁱ *ideo*.; tsíɗ<sup>ɨ</sup> *quant*.; tsíɗɨtsíɗ<sup>ɨ</sup> *quant*.

**all day** ódàtù *n*. **all done** tɛ́zɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **all fours (get on)** tíɡàkètòn *v*. **all gone** tɛ́zɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **all night** tsoík<sup>o</sup> *n*.; tɛrɛƙɛs *ideo*. **all the time** àrìŋàs *adv*.; ʝíìkⁱ *adv*.; ts'íínáá *n*. **all the way to** ɡònè *prep*.; pákà *prep*. **allergic reaction (skin)** nabêz *n*. **allergy (skin)** nabêz *n*. **Allium species** tâb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Allophylus species** àɗèŋèlìò *n*. **allot** ɨmɔlɛs *v*. **allow** talakes *v*. **allure** ɨmɔɗɛtɛ́s *v*. **almost** ɦyɔtɔ́ɡɔ̀n *v*. **almost do** bɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*. **aloe** tikorotót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Aloe species** tikorotót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **alone** ɛɗá *adv*.; kɔ̀nɔ̀n *v*. **along the side** rutet<sup>o</sup> *n*. **along the way** tsìl *ideo*. **alsatian (dog)** ɲeryaŋíŋók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **also** ʝìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *adv*. **altar** lɔpɨtá *n*. **alter** iɓéléés *v*. **alternated** iɗómíòn *v*. **altitude** zikíbàs *n*. **aluminum** ŋkwáŋáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **aluminum lip plug** ŋkwáŋáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **always** àrìŋàs *adv*.; ʝíìkⁱ *adv*. **amass** ɨɗaɲɛtɛ́s *v*.; torítéetés *v*. **amass one-by-one** ɨɗɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **ambitious** ɨkázànòòn *v*. **amble** ɨpɛ́ɛ́ɲɛ́sá así *v*.; tasɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **amblyopic** pɨlírímɔ̀n *v*. **ambulatory** ɓɛƙɛsɔs *v*.

**ambush** ɨɗaarɛ́s *v*.; taɗapes *v*.; taɗapetés *v*. **ambusher** tàɗàpààm *n*. **ameliorate** maraŋités *v*.; maraŋítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **amenable** tsolólómòn *v*. **America** Amérìkà *n*.; Ɓets'oniicékíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **American** Amérìkààm *n*.; ɓèts'ònìàm *n*. **amniotic fluid** baúcùè *n*. **amuse** fekitetés *v*.; ɨmʉ́mwárés *v*. **an** kɔ́níɛ́n *pro*. **anal sphincter** ɔ́zàhò *n*. **analyze** ŋʉrɛtɛ́s *v*. **anchor** ɲólóit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ancient** kɔ̀wɔ̀n *v*. **and** ńdà *coordconn*. **and then** náàtì *coordconn*. **and yet (earlier today)** tenák<sup>a</sup> *adv*. **and yet (long ago)** tènòk<sup>o</sup> *adv*. **and yet (yesterday)** tèsìn *adv*. **Andropogon chinensis** ʝan *n*.; ʝɛn *n*. **anemic** dɛrɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **anemically** dɛ̀r *ideo*. **angel** ŋímaláíkàn *n*. **anger** ɡaánàs *n*.; ɡaanítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɲɛlɨl *n*. **Anglican** sɛ́mìs *n*. **angry** ɡaanón *v*.; ɨlílíɔ̀n *v*.; iŋóyáánón *v*. **angry (become)** ɡaanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨlílíɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **angry at each other** ɨlílíɨnɔ́s *v*. **anguish** ɨtsanítsánɛ́s *v*. **animal (domestic)** ínwá na awá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **animal (wild)** ínwá na riʝááƙɔ̀ <sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **animal bed** ɗípɔ̀ *n*.; nakús *n*. **animal doctor** ɗakɨtárɨama ínó<sup>e</sup> *n*.

**animal species** tàlàlìdòm *n*. **animal(s)** ínw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **animal-likeness** ínónànès *n*. **animateness** ínónànès *n*. **animism** ɲakuʝíícík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **animist** ɲakuʝíícíkáàm *n*. **ankle** dɛámórók<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kɔpɨkɔp<sup>a</sup> *n*. **anklet (coiled)** ɲɛ́kílɔɗa *n*. **anklet (gold)** ɲámaritóít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **anklet (metal)** dɛɨkatsɨrím *n*. **Ankole cow** Ŋíɲaŋkóléɦyɔ́*n*. **annihilate** ɨƙɔmɛs *v*.; kánɛ́s *v*. **annihilated** kanímétòn *v*. **announce** ɗoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; síránòn *v*. **announcement (morning)** sír *n*. **announcer** síráàm *n*. **annoy** ɡaanítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtsanɛs *v*. **annoyance** ɡaánàs *n*.; ɲɛlɨl *n*. **annoyed** ɡaanón *v*.; ɨlílíɔ̀n *v*.; iŋóyáánón *v*. **annoyed (become)** ɡaanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨlílíɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **annoying** fìfòn *v*.; ɨtsánánòn *v*. **anoint** iɲóɲóés *v*.; kwírɛ́s *v*.; tsáŋés *v*. **anoint the sick** tsáŋésa mayaakóniicé *v*. **anointed** tsáŋós *v*. **another** kɔn *pro*. **another day** kónító ódòwì *n*. **answer** raʝés *v*.; raʝetés *v*.; taatses *v*.; taatsésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taatsetés *v*. **answer for** raʝetés *v*. **ant (cocktail acacia)** tàbàrìbàr *n*. **ant (safari)** ƙúduƙûd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ant (small worker)** sokomet<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ant (soldier)** lókók<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tɛƙɛram *n*. **ant species (black biting)** ɲémúkùɲ *n*. **ant species (black flying)** amózà *n*.; tɨɲíɲ *n*.

arithmetic

**ant species (black)** ɓáritson *n*.; íleɡûɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; sɨŋíl *n*. **ant species (blackish flying)** kwɛlɛ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **ant species (red flying)** kútúŋùdàd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ant species (sugar-eating)** ɗɔ́ɡɨɗɔ̂ɡ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **antbear** ɲoɗôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **anteater** ɲoɗôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **antelope (male)** sakalʉ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **antelope (roan)** ɗorôɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **antelope (whistling)** ɲétíli *n*. **antenna (insect)** ɛ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **anthill** kutút<sup>a</sup> *n*. **anthill (holey)** lòkòsòs *n*. **anthill chamber** ɓarán *n*. **antler** ɛ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **ants species (singing)** ʝɔrɔr *n*. **antsy** kakáánón *v*. **anus** kazɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔ́zààk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **anvil (stone)** ityakesíɡwàs *n*. **anxious** alólóŋòn *v*. **any** mùɲ *quant*. **apocalyse** tasálétona kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **appall** ɨɓálɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; lilétón *v*.; toɓules *v*. **appalling** ɨɓálɔ́n *v*.; toɓúlón *v*. **apparently** íkwà *adv*.; ókò *adv*.; tsábò *adv*. **apparition** kúrúkúr *n*. **appeal to** rɨmɛ́s *v*.; tɔmɨnɛs *v*. **appear** lɛlɛmánétòn *v*.; lɛlɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; pɛlɛ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; takánétòn *v*. **appear randomly** iɗotíɗótòn *v*. **appearing** lɛlɛmánón *v*. **appearing suddenly** pìrⁱ *ideo*. **appease** ɨkanɛ́s *v*.; ɨkaníkánɛ́s *v*. **appendage (arm-like)** kwɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **appendicitis** lɔkapɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**appendix** lɔkapɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **appetite (for meat)** bisák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **appetite (have an)** ɨrɔ́rɔ́kánón *v*. **apply heat to** ɨmaɗɛs *v*.; ɨmáɗɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **apportion** ɨmɔlɛs *v*. **appreciate** ɨlákásítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **appreciative** ɨlákásɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **apprehend** ƙanetés *v*.; zíkɛ́s *v*.; zíkɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zíkɔ́s *v*. **apprehensive** ísánòn *v*. **apprehensive (become)** ísánonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **approach** ɦyɔtɔ́ɡɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **approach (going)** ɦyɔtɔ́ɡɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **approach death** inunúmétòn *v*. **appropriate** itémón *v*. **approximate** ɦyɔtɔ́ɡɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; ɦyɔtɔ́ɡɔ̀n *v*. **April** Lomaruk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔmɔ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*. **Arab** Ŋímaraɓúìàm *n*.; Oríáé *n*. **Arabic language** Múɗùɡùrìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Oríáénítòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **arable** tɔkɔbam *n*. **arbitrate** terés *v*. **arc** ilúkúɗòn *v*. **arch-backed** zaɗíɗímòn *v*. **arched** zaɗíɗímòn *v*. **area** ay<sup>a</sup> *n*.; bácík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛ́tɛɛr *n*. **area (adjoining)** nabɨɗɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **argue** nɛpɛƙánón *v*. **argue (of many)** ilérúmùòn *v*. **argue with** déƙwítetés *v*. **arguer** nɛpɛ́ƙáàm *n*. **argument** dèƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲelerum *n*. **argumentative** deƙwideƙos *v*. **argumentative person** nɛpɛ́ƙáàm *n*. **Arisaema ruwenzoricum** ɓóéɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Aristida adoensis** ɲeɗuar *n*. **arithmetic** ɲámára *n*.

**arm** kwɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **arm (upper)** cwɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲorótónit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **arm bone (upper)** ɲorótónitíɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **armored vehicle** ɡasoa na ɨlír *n*. **armpit** bàbà *n*. **armpit muscle** ɡuféém *n*. **arms** kúrúɓáa ni cɛmá<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **army** kéà *n*. **aromatic** tukukúɲón *v*. **arouse** ɨɓʉ́rɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **aroused** iɓurímétòn *v*. **aroused sexually** kwídikwidós *v*. **arrange** ɨɗɔ́bɛ̀s *v*.; ɨɗɔ́bɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨnábɛs *v*.; ɨnábɛ̀sʉ̀ƙɔ̀t a *v*.; ɨnábɛtɛ́s *v*.; itíbès *v*.; itíbesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **arrange engagement** ɨɗɨmɛ́sá ìʉ̀mà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **arrange marriage** ɨɗɨmɛ́sá buƙúⁱ *v*. **arrest** wasɨtɛs *v*.; wasítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zíkɛ́s *v*.; zíkɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **arrested** zíkɔ́s *v*. **arrive (here)** ɨtɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **arrive in** kʉ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **arrogant** itúrón *v*.; ɨwɔ́ƙɔ́n *v*. **arrogant person** ɨwɔ́ƙɔ́nìàm *n*. **arrow** ɲámal *n*.; ɲɛ́cɨpɨtá *n*. **arrow hole** ɲámalíák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **arrow rings** ɨlíŋírɛ́síàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **arrow shaft** ɲámalídàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **arrowhead** naƙaf *n*. **arrowhead base** ɓólóèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **artery** tsòrìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **arthritic** rɔʝɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **arthritically** rɔ̀ʝ ɔ *ideo*. **articulation (anatomical)** ɲékel *n*. **artifacts** kúrúɓáà nùù kɔ̀w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **artificial** ɨɗɨmɔtɔ́sá ròɓ<sup>o</sup> *v*.

**artillery gun** komótsɛ́ɛ̀b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **artist** ɨɗɨmɛ́síàm *n*. **as** ɗítá *prep*. **as a whole** boted<sup>o</sup> *n*. **as well** ʝìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *adv*. **ascend** tóbìrìbìròn *v*.; totírón *v*. **Asclepiadaceae species** lócén *n*.; xoúxoú *n*. **ash(es)** káw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ashamed** kweelémòn *v*. **ashamed (become)** ɨɛ́ɓɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; iryámétona ŋiléétsìk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **ask** esetés *v*.; esetésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; esetetés *v*. **ask for** tɔɓɛ́ɲɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; wáánɛtɛ́s *v*. **asleep (limbs)** isálílòn *v*. **Asparagus flagellaris** kòkòròts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **asphyxiate** tʉɓʉnɛ́s *v*.; tuɓunímétòn *v*. **ass** ɔ̂z *n*. **ass (donkey)** ɗìɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **assault** iríɓéés *v*. **assault sexually** itikiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **assay** ɨkatɛs *v*. **assemble** ɨrírɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨrírɛ́ɛtɛ́sá así *v*.; iryámíryámètòn *v*.; itóyéés *v*.; itóyéésa así *v*.; ɨtsʉ́nɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; ɨʉɗɛs *v*.; ɨʉɗɛtɛ́s *v*. **assembly** kur *n*.; ɲatʉ́kɔ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲékíìkò *n*.; ɲémítìŋ *n*. **assess** esetés *v*.; iniŋes *v*. **assist** ɨŋaarɛ́s *v*. **assistant** ɨŋaarɛ́síàm *n*.; karan *n*. **assisted** ɨŋaarímétòn *v*. **assort** ɨsíílɛ́s *v*. **assortment** ɲalíɲalí *n*. **astonish** ɨɓálɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; lilétón *v*. **astonishing** ɨɓálɔ́n *v*.; toɓúlón *v*. **astringent** ƙɛ́rɨƙɛ́rɔ́n *v*.; tɛrɛrɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **at dawn** ɲaɓáít<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **at daytime** ódò<sup>o</sup> *n*.

#### at dusk

**at dusk** xɨŋat<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **at night** mukú *n*. **at once** ikéé kɔ̀n *n*.; ɲásáàtɔ̀ kɔ̀n *n*. **at one time** kédìè kɔ̀n *n*.; kédò kɔ̀n *n*. **at the same time** ɲásáàtɔ̀ kɔ̀n *n*. **Ateso language** Ŋítésótôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **atheist** nɛpɛ́ƙáàm *n*. **atmosphere** didiɡwarí *n*. **atom** kiɗoɗots<sup>a</sup> *n*. **atone for** iɓutes *v*. **attach** ɗɔtsɛtɛ́s *v*.; ramɛtɛ́s *v*. **attached** ɗɔtsɔ́s *v*. **attack** iríɓéés *v*.; toɓés *v*.; toɓésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **attacker** toɓésíàm *n*. **attain** enés *v*. **attempt** ɨkatɛs *v*. **attempt repeatedly** ɨkatíkátɛ́s *v*. **attend to** ewanes *v*.; ewanetés *v*. **attend to (garden)** kɔɛ́s *v*. **attendant (garden)** kɔɛsíàm *n*. **attention span (have a short)** dʉmɛ́ɗɛ́ mɔ̀n *v*. **attentive** itsópóòn *v*. **attest to** itsáɗénés *v*. **attire (fine)** ɲɛ́nɨs *n*. **attract** ɨtʉ́lɛ́ɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔmɨnɛs *v*. **attractive** dòòn *v*. **attractive person** ɨɓʉrɛtɛ́síàm *n*. **attribute (personal)** ɲɛpɨtɛa ámá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **auction** ókísèn *n*. **August** Ɗiwamúce *n*.; Iɗátáŋɛ́r *n*.; Lósʉ́ɓán *n*. **aunt (his/her father's brother's wife)** ŋwáát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **aunt (his/her father's sister)** tatat<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**aunt (his/her mother's brother's wife)** momotícék<sup>a</sup> *n*. **aunt (his/her mother's sister)** totot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **aunt (mother's brother's wife)** momócèk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **aunt (mother's sister)** totó *n*. **aunt (my father's brother's wife)** yáŋ *n*. **aunt (my father's sister)** tátà *n*. **aunt (your father's brother's wife)** ŋɔ́*n*. **aunt (your father's sister)** tátó *n*. **authority** zeís *n*. **authority (have)** topéɗésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **authority (person)** zeísíàm *n*. **automobile** ɲómotoká *n*. **avail** bírɛ́s *v*. **available** tɔɔsɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **avenge** ɲaŋés *v*.; ɲaŋésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **average** ŋwanɨŋwánɔ́n *v*. **avert eyes** kurukúrón *v*. **avocado** ɲóvakáɗò *n*. **avoid eye contact** kurukúrón *v*. **avoid repeatedly** iwitíwítòn *v*. **avoidant** firifíránón *v*.; wíríwíránón *v*. **avow** ikóŋón *v*. **await** kɔɛ́s *v*.; kɔɛtɛ́s *v*. **awake** ɡonés *v*. **awake for sex** ɡòkòn *v*. **awaken** ɡonésétòn *v*. **award** tɔ́rɔ́bɛs *v*.; tɔ́rɔ́bɛsa na ílɔɛsí *n*. **awkward** betsínón *v*.; ɨɓaŋíɓáŋɔ̀n *v*.; pɔsɔ́kɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **awl** ɓɔtsɔ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **axe** dzibér *n*. **axe (modern)** nanɨŋɨnɨŋ *n*.; naŋɨnɨŋɨn *n*. **axe (traditional)** kuɲukúdzibér *n*. **axe-blessing ceremony** dzíbèrìkàmɛ̀s *n*. **axehead (modern)** nanɨŋɨnɨŋ *n*.; naŋɨnɨŋɨn *n*.

## banditry

#### baa!

**baa!** bèrrr *ideo*.; mɛ́ɛ̀ɛ̀ *ideo*.; rɛ̀rrr *ideo*. **babble** íbìrìbìròn *v*.; imátôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **baboon** tsɔ́r *n*. **baboon (alpha male)** òlìòt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tìmùòz *n*. **baboon (female)** tsɔ́ráŋwa *n*. **baboon (lone male)** òrèɡèm *n*. **baboon troop** kwaár *n*. **baby** ɗiak<sup>a</sup> *n*.; im *n*. **baby carrier** ɗoɗôb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **baby hair** imásíts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **baby primate** kíɗɔlɛ́*n*. **baby sling** ɗoɗôb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **baby talk** imátôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **baby wipe** ŋííɗɛ́sìƙwàz *n*. **back** ʝìr *n*.; ʝìrìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*.; kanɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔ́zɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **back (lower)** ɲɛ́kɨpɛtɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **back (upper)** kan *n*. **back of hand** kwɛtákán *n*. **back of leg** búbuiem *n*. **back out** ɨsʉ́rʉ́mɔ̀n *v*.; raʝánón *v*. **back part** ʝírɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **back side** namɛ́ɗɔ́ɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **back then** ódowicíká kì nùù kì *n*.; ódowicíkó nùk<sup>u</sup> *n*. **back up** ikutúkútés *v*.; ikutúkútòn *v*. **backbone** ɡòɡòròʝòɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **backside** ɔ́zɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔ̂z *n*. **backward** ʝìrìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **backyard** bɔlɔl *n*. **bad** ɡaanón *v*. **bad (make)** ɡaanítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **bad (of many)** ɡaanaakón *v*. **bad eye (have a)** ɗooɲómòn *v*. **badger** ilúlúés *v*. **badly** ɡàànìk<sup>e</sup> *v*.

**badly off** tawanímétòn *v*. **badness** ɡaánàs *n*. **baffled** iɓíléròn *v*.; ɨcɔ́ŋáimetona iká<sup>e</sup> *v*. **bag** ɲɛ́ɓɛ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ofur *n*. **bag (burlap)** ɲéɡuniyá *n*. **bag (cloth)** ɲáwáróófúr *n*. **bag (goat-leather)** riéófúr *n*. **bag (leather)** èw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bag (plastic)** ɲápaalí *n*. **baggage** botitín *n*. **bagworm** mɔɗɔ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bait** ɨmɔɗɛtɛ́s *v*. **bait (bees)** sɨsɨɓɛs *v*. **bake** ʝʉɛ́s *v*. **baked** ʝʉɔ́s *v*. **balance** iríánitetés *v*.; ɨtátɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **Balanites aegyptiaca** tsʉm *n*. **Balanites pedicellaris** ɓòŋ *n*. **bald** ŋoléánètòn *v*. **bald on top** palórómòn *v*. **balefire** ɲáɡaaɗi *n*. **balk** kwɛ́rɛɗɛ́ɗɔ́n *v*.; wasɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **ball** ɲɛ́pɨɨrá *n*. **ball field** ɲakwaanʝa *n*. **ball up** imúnúkukúón *v*. **ball-shaped** ɨlʉ́lʉ́ŋɔ́s *v*. **ball-shaped (make)** ɨlʉ́lʉ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **ballot** kàbàɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bamboo (mountain)** ɲéɡiróy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **banana** ɲómototó *n*. **bandage** ɨmakɛs *v*. **bandit** lotáɗá *n*. **bandit (bush)** ríʝíkààm *n*. **banditry** lotáɗánànès *n*.; ŋirúkóìnànès *n*.

**bang into** íbaɗɛ́s *v*. **bang into repeatedly** íbaɗiés *v*.; tanaŋínáŋesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **bang on** ɨɗatɛs *v*. **bang!** pààɗòk<sup>o</sup> *ideo*. **bank** ɓɔ́kɔ̀ɲ *n*.; kaɓéléɓelánón *v*.; ɲáɓáŋk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bank check** kaúdzokabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **banquet** írésiŋƙáƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bantam** puusúmòn *v*. **bao (game)** ɲékilelés *n*. **baptism** ɓatísimú *n*. **baptismal certificate** ɓatísimúkabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **baptismal name** ɓatísimúêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **baptize** iɓátíseés *v*. **bar** ɲáɓá *n*.; teɡeles *v*.; toƙólésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **bar (wooden)** naƙólít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **barb** omén *n*. **barbeque** ɨtɔlɛs *v*. **barbeque spot** nakíríkɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **barbequed** ɨtɔlɔs *v*. **barbet (ground)** loyeté *n*. **bare** ilérón *v*.; lemúánètòn *v*.; leŋúrúmòn *v*.; sɨlɔ́ʝɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; tuɗúsúmòn *v*. **bare (of a patch)** patsólómòn *v*. **bare (of a tree)** sáɡwàràmòn *v*. **bare foot** ɡɔ̀rìɡɔ̀r *n*. **bare teeth** kwíɲíkɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **barefoot** ɡɔ́ríɡɔ̀rìk<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **barf** ɦyɛnɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; ɦyɛ̀nɔ̀n *v*. **bark** bɔɗɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; íɡòmòn *v*. **bark at** doƙofiés *v*. **bark soap** ʝaobɔɗɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **Barleria acanthoides** ɲólíkàf *n*. **barm** sîb<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**barrack** ɲáɓáràkìs *n*.; ɲeryaŋíɓór *n*. **barrage with words** ídʉrɛ́sá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **barrel (gun)** morókêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **barrel (large)** ɲépípa *n*. **barrel (plastic)** ɲékakúŋ́ɡù *n*. **barrel-shaped** ɗatáɲámòn *v*. **barren** ikólípánón *v*.; osorosánón *v*. **barren (animal or person)** ɲokólíp<sup>a</sup> *n*. **barren person** òsòròs *n*. **barricade** teɡeles *v*.; toƙólésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **barrier (thorny)** ɲéríwi *n*. **base** dɛ *n*.; dɛɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; dziŋ *n*. **base of a boulder** taɓádɛ̀ *n*. **base of a fence** marɨŋídɛ̀ *n*. **base of a mountain** kwarádɛ̀ *n*. **base of beehive tree** kànàxàdɛ̀ *n*. **base of ridge** tsɨɨr *n*. **base of sacred tree** lɔ́ƙɔ́ŋʉ̀dɛ̀ *n*. **Basella alba** lòɓòlìà *n*. **bash** inipes *v*. **basin** ɲáɓáf *n*.; ɲéɓésèn *n*. **basin (gourd)** sèrèy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **basket (winnowing)** zít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bastard** ŋabɔ́bòìm *n*. **bat** lɔ́pɛ́ɗɛpɛ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bat species** watéɡwà *n*. **bateleur** oromén *n*. **bath** féíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bathe** féítetés *v*.; féón *v*. **bathing** féy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bathing stone** ɡwasa na féí *n*. **bathroom** féíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bathtub** itúɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **batis (chin-spot)** iwótsíɡwà *n*.; nàŋʉ̀ràmɓɔ̀ *n*. **battalion** ɲéɓatál *n*. **batter** ipukúpúkés *v*.

**battery** ɡúr *n*.; ɡwas *n*.; ɲéɓeterí *n*. **bawl** xérón *v*. **be (make)** mɨtɨtɛs *v*. **be (not)** beníón *v*.; bɛnɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **be (some size)** ítón *v*. **be (somehow)** ìròn *v*. **be (someone or something)** mìtɔ̀n *v*. **be (somewhere)** ìòn *v*. **be about** tábès *v*. **be alone** ìònà ɗòk<sup>u</sup> *v*.; iona ɛɗá *v*. **be doing** cɛ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **be en route** iona muceék<sup>e</sup> *v*. **be in trouble** iona ŋítsaník<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **be neighbors** narúétinós *v*. **be not yet** sárón *v*. **be on the way** iona muceék<sup>e</sup> *v*. **be solitary** ìònà ɗòk<sup>u</sup> *v*.; iona ɛɗá *v*. **be the only** ìònà ɗòk<sup>u</sup> *v*. **be with** iona ńdà *v*. **bead** ɨɗɛrɛs *v*. **bead (big white)** lokoit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beaded** ɨɗɛrɔs *v*. **beaded vest** ɲáɓol *n*. **beads** ŋabit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beads (strung)** rɔam *n*. **beadwork** ŋabit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beak** aka ɡwaá<sup>e</sup> *n*.; ɡwáák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beam of light** bás *n*.; sʉ́w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bean (red)** màràŋɡwà *n*. **bean variety** marɨŋímóríɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bean(s)** mòrìɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bear** nɛɛ́s *v*.; nɛɛsʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taɗaŋes *v*. **bear a child** ƙwaatetés *v*. **bear down** toƙíróòn *v*. **bear legs first** ɨʝʉlɛtɛ́s *v*.

**bear prematurely** ɨsɔɛtɛ́s *v*. **bear twins** ɨmʉ́ítɛtɛ́s *v*. **bear witness to** itsáɗénés *v*. **beard** ɲɛ́pɛ́nɛk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tɛ̀mʉ̀r *n*. **beast (mythical)** ɲaŋu *n*. **beast(s)** ínw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beat** ɨnɔmɛs *v*. **beat (defeat)** kurés *v*.; kurésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **beat (heart)** ƙádiƙádòn *v*. **beat (outdo)** ɨlɔɛs *v*.; ɨlɔɛtɛ́s *v*. **beat (pulsate)** dìkwòn *v*. **beat (rhythm)** ɨrɛɛsa dikwá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **beat (tired)** ɨlɔ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; ɨlɔ́yɔ́n *v*.; ziálámòn *v*.; zíkímétòn *v*.; ziláámòn *v*. **beat (win)** ɨrɛɛs *v*.; kɔrɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **beat back** ɨɗáfɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɗáfɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **beat down** íbutsés *v*.; ɨɗáfɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨlɔ́ítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **beat each other** tábunós *v*. **beat off** ɨpʉtɛs *v*. **beat out** íbutsés *v*. **beautiful** dòòn *v*. **beautify** daites *v*.; íɡwɨɡwɨʝɛ́s *v*.; naƙwídɛtɛ́s *v*. **beautify oneself** daitetésá así *v*. **beauty** daás *n*. **because** ikóteré *subordconn*.; kóteré *subordconn*. **because (of)** ɗúó *pro*. **because of** ikóteré *prep*.; kóteré *prep*. **Becium species** ɔ́ʝítínícɛmɛ́r *n*. **become (some size)** ítónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **become (somehow)** ironuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **become (someone/something)** mɨtɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **become like** ƙámétòn *v*.; ƙámónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **bed** ɲɛ́kítaɗa *n*.

**bed (animal)** ɗípɔ̀ *n*.; nakús *n*. **bedbugs** ŋítʉ́mìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beddings** kúrúɓáa ni epwí *n*. **bedlam** ɲɔ́ŋɔtsán *n*. **bee** ts'ɨƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bee (carpenter)** dʉrʉdʉr *n*. **bee (ground)** mɔ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bee (stingless)** lɔwɨɲ *n*. **bee (sweat)** lɔwɨɲ *n*. **bee (tree)** mʉ́ƙás *n*. **bee (worker)** naaseɲaŋ *n*. **bee eater** keseníɡwà *n*. **bee larva** sîd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bee larva chamber** sídàhò *n*. **bee queen** lókílóróŋ *n*.; okílóŋór *n*. **bee scout** páupáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bee summoning** wówóʝ<sup>o</sup> *ideo*. **bee swarm (mobile)** ts'ɨƙábòt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bee-eater** cooríɡwà *n*. **beehive** kànàxà *n*. **beehive (ground bee)** kùkùsèn *n*. **beehive (in rock)** wàts'w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beehive (in tree)** hàb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beehive cover** makúl *n*. **beehive hut** Icéhò *n*. **beehive shell** ɗòl *n*. **beer** mɛ̀s *n*. **beer (bottled)** ɲéɓía *n*. **beer (bottom layer)** ɔ́zɛ̀dà mɛ̀sɛ̀ *n*. **beer (breakfast)** lɔkátɔ́rɔ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **beer (for birth ceremony)** mɛsa ƙwaaté *n*. **beer (for naming ceremony)** mɛsa édì *n*. **beer (for sale)** ɲɛ́kɨráɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beer (honey)** sɨs *n*.; ts'ɔƙam *n*.

**beer (leftover)** cueina mɛ́sɛ̀ *n*.; mɛsɛcue *n*. **beer (millet)** ŋamarʉwáy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; rébèmɛ̀s *n*. **beer (stale)** ɗìɗèkwàts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beer (wedding)** ɲalakʉts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beer barm** cúrúkà mɛ̀sɛ̀ *n*. **beer dregs** ɗʉká *n*.; dàʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beer dregs (in a pot)** dómóɔ̀zà mɛ̀sɛ̀ *n*. **beer head** ikeda mɛ́sɛ̀ *n*. **beer hunger** mɛ̀sɛ̀ɲɛ̀ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **beer porridge** rùt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beer pot** mɛ̀sɛ̀dòm *n*. **beer yeast** cúrúkà mɛ̀sɛ̀ *n*. **beeswax (black)** sɔs *n*. **beeswax (chewed)** sàsàr *n*. **beetle (brown jewel)** dùràts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **beetle (bruchid)** dʉmʉ́ná mòrìɗò<sup>e</sup> *n*. **beetle (burrowing ground)** lɔ́ŋízɨŋîz *n*. **beetle (dung)** dʉmʉ́n *n*. **beetle (water)** dʉɗɛ́r *n*. **beetle larva (tiger)** sikusába *n*. **before** ɗàmʉ̀s *subordconn*.; ɗɛ̀mʉ̀s *subordconn*.; kwààk<sup>e</sup> *n*.; wàx *n*.; wàxʉ̀ *n*. **before dawn** ɲaɓáít<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **beg** itsenes *v*.; wáán *v*. **beg from each other** wáánínɔ́s *v*. **beg relentlessly** itseniés *v*. **beg relentlessly (begin to)** itsenietés *v*. **beggar** wáánààm *n*. **beggar (persistent)** tikorotót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **begging** wáán *n*. **begin** iséétòn *v*.; isóón *v*.; itsyákétòn *v*.; toɗóón *v*. **beginning point** itsyákétònìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **behave badly** tarates *v*.; taratiés *v*. **behavior** ɲɛpɨtɛ *n*. **behind** ʝìr *n*.; ʝìrìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*.; ʝìrʉ̀ *n*.; kanɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kànɛ̀dɛ̀k <sup>ɛ</sup> *n*.; kanɨtínʉ́ *n*.

**behind bars (jailed)** zíkɔ́s *v*. **being** ɦyekes *n*. **belabor** ɨɗɔtsɛs *v*. **belch** xèr *n*.; xerétón *v*.; xérón *v*. **belief** ɲanʉ́pít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **believable** tɔnʉpam *n*. **believe** tɔnʉpɛs *v*. **believer** tɔnʉpɛsíám *n*. **bellicose** cɛmɨcɛmɔs *v*. **bellow** ábʉ̀bʉ̀ƙɔ̀n *v*.; béúrètòn *v*.; ɨkílɔ́n *v*.; xérón *v*. **belly** bùbù *n*.; ɡwàʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **belly (of a pot)** bakútsêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **belly button** ƙɔ̀ɓ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bellyache** áts'ɛ́sà bùbùì *n*. **belongings** kúrúɓâd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kúrúɓáicík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **below** kɔ́ɔ́kíʝ<sup>o</sup> *n*.; nɔ́ɔ́kíʝ<sup>o</sup> *n*. **belowground** ɗis *n*. **belt** ɲámisíp<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲémisíp<sup>a</sup> *n*. **belt (beaded)** ɲátóè *n*. **bemoan** ƙɔ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*.; topóɗón *v*. **bench** ɲɛ́ɓɛ́ɲc *n*.; ɲófóm *n*. **bend** itúkúɗètòn *v*.; itúkúɗòn *v*.; nɔƙɨnɔ́ƙɔ́n *v*.; tɔɓɨlɛs *v*.; tukuɗes *v*. **bend over** dʉ́ɡʉ̀mɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; rétítésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **bend sideways** kwɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **bendily** lɛ̀ts'<sup>ɛ</sup> *ideo*.; nàƙw<sup>a</sup> *ideo*.; nà<sup>u</sup> *ideo*.; nɔ̀ƙ ɔ *ideo*. **bendy** lɛts'ɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; naƙwádòn *v*.; naúdòn *v*.; nɔƙɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **benefit** ɨkɛ́ítɛtɛ́s *v*. **bent** dɔ́ɡɔ̀lɔ̀mɔ̀n *v*.; tukúɗón *v*. **bent back** tɛ́zɛ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*. **bent forward** koɗósón *v*. **bent over** dʉ́ɡʉ̀mɔ̀n *v*.; ƙúzùmòn *v*.; rétón *v*.; tɔɓɨlɛsa así *v*.

**berate** dɔxɛ́s *v*.; dɔxɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **Berchemia discolor** ɗewen *n*. **beseech** iƙenes *v*. **beside** ɨɓákɔ́n *v*.; ŋabér<sup>o</sup> *n*. **beside (move)** ɨɓákɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **besmear** iɲóɲóés *v*. **bestialist** tirésíama ínó<sup>e</sup> *n*. **betray** tolúétòn *v*.; tolúónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **betray each other** tolúúnós *v*. **betrayer** ŋítúrumúám *n*.; tolúónìàm *n*. **better** maraŋités *v*.; maraŋítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **better (get)** doonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iŋáléètòn *v*.; maráŋónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; toíónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; xɔ́dɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **better (make a bit)** ɓarɨɓárɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **better slightly** ŋwaníŋwánɨtɛ́s *v*. **between** sɨsɨkák<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **beverage** wetam *n*. **bewail** topóɗón *v*. **beware** tɔtsɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **bewildered** tɔmɛrímɛ́rɔ̀n *v*. **bewitch** ipeɗes *v*.; sʉɓɛ́s *v*. **bewitch by pointing** ɗóɗiés *v*. **bewitch by the evil eye** ɨɗɛmɛs *v*. **bewitcher** ìpèɗààm *n*.; sʉɓɛ́síàm *n*. **bhang** ɲábaŋɡí *n*. **Bible** Ɲáɓáíɓɔ̀l *n*. **bicep** cwɛtéém *n*. **bicep/tricep** ɲorótónitíém *n*. **bicker** iƙúmúnós *v*.; ɨɲʉ́ɲʉ́rɔ̀n *v*.; ŋʉ́zʉmánón *v*. **bicycle** ɲamɨɨlɨ *n*. **biddy** ɡwaŋwa *n*. **biddy (chick)** ɲɔ́kɔkɔróím *n*. **Bidens pilosa** tʉ̀fɛ̀rɛ̀ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **big** zòòn *v*.

**big (become)** ítónà dìdìk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **big (of many)** zeikaakón *v*. **big day** ódowa ná zè *n*. **big man** ámáze *n*.; ámázeám *n*. **big people** roɓazeik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **big person** ámáze *n*. **bigger (become)** iwánétòn *v*.; zoonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **bigger (make a bit)** ɓarɨɓárítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **bigger (make)** iwanetés *v*.; zeites *v*.; zeitésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **bigness** zeís *n*. **bike** ɲamɨɨlɨ *n*. **bile** bìɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bill** ɡwáák<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kaúdzokabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bill (monetary)** ɲónót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **billfold** ɲɔ́pɔ́c *n*. **billion** ɗòlà kòn *n*.; ɲéɓílìòn *n*. **billow** ipúróòn *v*. **billow up** ipúréètòn *v*. **biltong** ŋátɔɔsa *n*. **bind** ɨmakɛs *v*.; ɨrɨɗɛtɛ́s *v*.; zíkɛ́s *v*. **bind the stomach** ɨrɨɗɛsá bùbùà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **bind up** zíkɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zɨkɛtɛ́s *v*. **bine** ɨrɨɗɛs *v*. **binge** iwótsóòn *v*. **binoculars** ɲáɓaraɓín *n*. **bird** ɡwa *n*. **bird (domestic)** ɡwaa na awá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **bird (female)** ɡwaŋwa *n*. **bird (male)** ɡwácúrúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bird (nocturnal)** mukúáɡwà *n*. **bird species** àdɛ̀nɛ̀s *n*.; bíro *n*.; cicídè *n*.; ɗɨɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; dàbìʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; dòɗìdòɗìɡwà *n*.; fetíɡwà *n*.; fírits'ár *n*.; itsól *n*.; ʝílífɨfí *n*.; kìlòlòɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kiyér *n*.; kólór *n*.;

lorokoníɡwà *n*.; lotiwúót<sup>a</sup> *n*.; napóɗè *n*.; ɲíkwaamwíyá *n*.; ɲɔ́kɔɗɔɔŋɔ́r *n*.; ɔ̀fàɡwà *n*.; óƙírot<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔríyɔ́ *n*.; sʉ́ƙʉ́sʉƙáɡwa *n*.; tsóɗitsóno *n*. **bird tail** tsʉ́ɓ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bird-scarer** kɔɛsíàm *n*. **birdhouse** ɡwáho *n*. **birth** ƙwaát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **birth relation** ɦyeínósá na ƙɔ́ɓà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **birthing complications** ƙwaata ná ɡààn *n*. **biscuit (sweet)** ɲéɓisikót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bisect** ɨwáwáɗɛ́s *v*.; pakés *v*. **bishop** ɲépiskóópì *n*. **bishop bird (black-winged red)** tsól *n*. **bishop bird (red/yellow)** loɓúrútùt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bitch** ŋókíŋwa *n*. **bite** áts'ɛ́s *v*.; ƙídzɛ̀s *v*. **bite each other** ƙídzɨnɔ́s *v*. **bite hard** áts'ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **bite repeatedly** ƙídzatiés *v*. **bitter** fàɗòn *v*. **bitter (but edible)** taɗaɗáŋón *v*. **bitter (make)** faɗites *v*. **bitter (slightly)** ɓakɨɓákɔ́n *v*. **bitter thing** kèrèmìdz<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bivouac** napérít<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲákamɓí *n*. **blabber** ilemílémòn *v*. **blabbermouth** ɡáʒadɨŋwa *n*. **black** buɗámón *v*. **black (of many)** buɗamaakón *v*. **black (very)** cuc<sup>u</sup> *ideo*.; múɗèr *ideo*.; tíkⁱ *ideo*. **Black Jack** tʉ̀fɛ̀rɛ̀ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **black person** buɗámónìàm *n*. **black with white cheeks** kɨɗapánɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **black with white rump** kedíánètòn *v*. **black-and-white** kábìlànètòn *v*.

**blackboard** ɲáɓáo *n*. **blacken** kɔrɛtɛ́s *v*.; kɔrɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɛwɛrɛs *v*. **blackened** kɔrɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **blackmail** ɨŋaalɛ́s *v*. **blacksmith** ìtyàkààm *n*. **bladder** xàr *n*. **bladder area** heʝú *n*. **blade** ɗàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **blade (fan)** suɡuráɗáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **blade (propeller)** suɡuráɗáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **blame each other falsely** tapáínɔ́s *v*. **blame falsely** tapɛɛs *v*. **bland** cucuéón *v*.; ɗɛ̀ƙwɔ̀n *v*.; ʝɔ̀lɔ̀n *v*.; muʝálámòn *v*. **blanket** ɡubés *v*.; ɲéɓurankít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **blanket (cotton)** ɲákamariɗúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **blanket (light)** tírìƙà *n*. **blanket (Maasai style)** lorwaneta *n*. **blanket over** ɡubésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **blaspheme** ébetiés *v*. **blather** íbìrìbìròn *v*. **blaze a trail** ɨpʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔta muceé *v*. **bleb** ɔ́ʝáìm *n*. **bleed** tɔyɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **bleed for drinking** tsɔrɛ́s *v*. **bleed for healing** kɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **bleed from nose** ƙòlòn *v*. **blend** iɗyates *v*.; iɲales *v*.; ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɛ́s *v*.; itsulútsúlés *v*. **blend (grains)** ikáɗóés *v*. **blended** ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ̀n *v*.; ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ́s *v*. **bless** ɨmwaímwɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; tatiés *v*. **blessed** tatiós *v*. **blesser** tatiesíám *n*. **blind** múɗúkánón *v*.

**blink** íbɛ̀ɗìbɛ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*.; irwapírwápòn *v*. **blister** bubuxánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ileɓíléɓòn *v*.; ɔ́ʝáìm *n*. **blistered** bubuxánón *v*. **bllgh bllgh (boiling)** ƙwɛ̀ʝ ɛ *ideo*. **bloated** teɓúsúmòn *v*. **bloated from overeating** xɛxánón *v*. **block** ɗɨnɛ́s *v*.; ɨɓatɛs *v*.; ɨƙɨɛs *v*.; ɲéɓulók<sup>a</sup> *n*.; teɡeles *v*.; tɨts'ɛ́s *v*. **block off** toƙólésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **block repeatedly** ɨɓatíɓátɛ́s *v*. **block the road** teɡelesa ɲerukuɗeé *v*. **block up** tɨts'ɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tits'ímétòn *v*. **blocked** ɗɨnɔ́s *v*.; tɨts'ɔ́s *v*. **blockheaded** lɛrɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **blood** sè *n*. **blood (coagulated)** ŋazul *n*. **blood covenant** iɓólínósa na séà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **blood herb** seacɛmɛ́r *n*. **blood red** tsòn *ideo*. **blood relation** ɦyeínósá na séà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **blood vessel** seamucé *n*.; tsòrìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bloodthirsty person** sèààm *n*. **bloom** ɨɔ́kɔ́n *v*. **blossom** ɨɔ́kɔ́n *v*.; ŋátur *n*. **blow** fútés *v*.; fútón *v*. **blow (a projectile)** ɗɛ́tɛ́s *v*. **blow (of breeze)** ipiipíòn *v*. **blow (waste)** eletiésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɲekes *v*.; iɲékésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɲekíɲékés *v*. **blow away** fútésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **blow nose** rʉ́tɛ́s *v*. **blow off** fútésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **blow on gently** borotsiés *v*. **blow up** taɲɛ́ɔ́n *v*.; xuanón *v*.; xuxuanitetés *v*.; xuxuanón *v*. **blow up (explode)** toɗúón *v*. **blubber** ceím *n*.

**blue-gray** bósánòn *v*.; kábusubusánón *v*. **blunder (verbally)** eletiesá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **blunt** duŋúlúmòn *v*.; líídòn *v*.; tufádòn *v*. **bluntly** lì *ideo*.; tùf *ideo*. **blurt news** eletiesá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **blush** ɓʉnʉ́mɔ́nà sèà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **bluster** íɡòmòn *v*. **board** ɲáɓáo *n*.; otsés *v*. **boast** íɡòmòn *v*.; ɨwʉ́lɔ́n *v*. **boasting** itúrónìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **boat** itúɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bob** iupúúpòn *v*. **bodiliness** nébùnànès *n*. **body** nêb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **body hair** nébùsìts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **body of water** cúénêb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **body part** ɲekiner *n*. **body snatcher** tukutesíáma ts'óóniicé *n*. **boggily** fɔ̀ts'<sup>ɔ</sup> *ideo*. **boggy** fɔts'ɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **bogus** láŋ *n*. **boil** féés *v*.; íɡulaʝitetés *v*.; íɡùlàʝòn *v*.; itsúrítetés *v*.; itsúrón *v*.; ƙwɛʝɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ƙwɛʝíƙwɛ́ʝɔ̀n *v*.; tún *n*.; wádòn *v*. **boil (large)** ɲáɓús *n*. **boiling** ƙwɛʝɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ƙwɛʝíƙwɛ́ʝɔ̀n *v*. **boing!** tùd<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **Bokora person** mɔƙɔrɔ́ám *n*.; Ŋíɓɔ́kɔráám *n*. **bolt carrier** bùbùàƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **boma** ɓór *n*. **bombard** ídʉrɛ́s *v*. **bombard with spears** bɛrɛ́s *v*. **bombard with words** ídʉrɛ́sá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **bombinate** ilólúés *v*. **bond** nɔtsɔ́mɔ́n *v*.

**bone** ɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bone (cancellous)** ɲɛ́ɲam *n*. **bone (costal)** ŋabéríɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bone (inner ear)** bòsìɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bone (nasal)** aƙatíɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bone (occipital)** nàmɛ̀ɗɔ̀ *n*. **bone (pubic)** didisíɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bone (shoulder)** sawatɔ́ɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bone (spongy)** ɲɛ́ɲam *n*. **bone (supraorbital)** ekúɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bone (temporal)** bòsìɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bone (zygomatic)** akáƙúm *n*. **bone below sternum** toroɓóɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bone marrow** hɛ̀ɡ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **boneheaded** lɛrɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **bonfire** ɲáɡaaɗi *n*. **bony** ɡɔ́ɡɔ̀rɔ̀mɔ̀n *v*.; iróƙóòn *v*.; itóƙóƙòòn *v*.; kwédekwedánón *v*. **book** ɲáɓúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **book of prayers** ɲáɓúka wáánà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **boom** ɗukuɗúkón *v*. **boom (voice)** ɔ́bɛ̀s *v*. **boom!** pɛ̀s *ideo*. **booster tower** ɲéɓusitá *n*. **boot** ŋáɓutús *n*. **border** cíkóroy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bore** ɨlɔ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; ɨpɨrípírɛ́s *v*.; pulutiés *v*. **bored** bɔ́rɔ́n *v*.; ɨlɔ́yɔ́n *v*. **bored (become)** bɔrɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **bored (drilled)** tsàpòn *v*. **borehole** ɲatsʉʉma *n*. **borehole casing** ɲatsʉʉmánêb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **borehole footing** ɲatsʉʉmádɛ̀ *n*. **borehole handle** ɲatsʉʉmákwɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **borehole pipe** ɲatsʉʉmáárí *n*. **borehole shaft** ɲatsʉʉmáhò *n*. **borehole water** ɲatsʉʉmácúé *n*.

## boring

**boring** itópénòn *v*.; ʝɔ̀lɔ̀n *v*. **born again (religiously)** hoɗetésá así *v*. **born handless** duŋúlúmòn *v*. **borrow** iɗenes *v*.; iɗenetés *v*.; wáánɛtɛ́s *v*. **borrow from each other** wáánínɔ́s *v*. **Boscia angustifolia** ɓàʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Boscia coriacea** ɡɛbɛʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Boscia salicifolia** ròr *n*. **boss** ámáze *n*.; ámázeám *n*.; ámázeáma teréɡì *n*. **botch** hamʉʝɛ́s *v*. **both** ɡáí *quant*. **bothersome** fìfòn *v*.; ɨtsánánòn *v*. **bottle (glass)** ɲétsúpa *n*. **bottle (plastic)** ɲɛ́rɔɓɨrɔ́ɓ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bottlecap game** ŋ́karakocóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bottom** ɔ́zɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔ̂z *n*. **bottom layer of beer** ɔ́zɛ̀dà mɛ̀sɛ̀ *n*. **bottom of pot/pan** dómóɔ̀z *n*. **bottomless** xakútsúmòn *v*. **boubou (slate-colored)** kukuɗets<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bough** dakúkwɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bouillon** seekw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **boulder** taɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **boulder (flat)** ɡɨzá *n*.; lolataɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **boulder base** taɓádɛ̀ *n*. **bounce** íbotitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; íbotitetés *v*.; íbòtòn *v*. **bounce along** ɨŋɔ́písɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **bounce off** iɗótón *v*. **bouncily** tùf *ideo*.; tùs *ideo*. **bouncy** tufádòn *v*.; tusúdòn *v*. **bound** iɗótón *v*.; íɡɔ̀rɔ̀bɔ̀n *v*.; ɨrɨɗɔs *v*.; zíkɔ́s *v*. **bound up together** zíkízɨkánón *v*.

**boundaries (having)** cíkóróìkànànès *n*. **boundary** cíkóroy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **boundary (garden)** ɲókorimít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **boundedness** cíkóróìkànànès *n*. **bow (head)** turúnétòn *v*.; turúnón *v*. **bow (weapon)** ɲakaw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bowed** dɔ́ɡɔ̀lɔ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **bowed over** rétón *v*. **bowel** bùbùàƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bowl (gourd)** kàɓàɲ *n*. **bowl (of child)** imáƙɔ́fɔ́*n*. **bowl-shaped** sakánámòn *v*.; tsuƙúlúmòn *v*. **box** ɲásaɗukú *n*.; tanaŋes *v*. **box in** rʉ́ɛ́s *v*. **boy** ɲámal *n*.; sore *n*. **boy (baby)** ɓɨs *n*. **boy (little)** soréím *n*. **boy (teenage)** ŋísɔ́rɔkɔ́ám *n*. **boys (teenage)** ŋísɔ́rɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; pànɛ̀ɛ̀s *n*. **bozo** ɲɛ́ɛ́s *n*. **bra** ɲákɨláƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **brace** íbunutsés *v*.; ɨrʉ́rʉ́ɓɛ́s *n*.; ƙaƙates *n*. **bracelet (coiled)** ɲɛ́kílɔɗa *n*. **bracelet (gold)** ɲámaritóít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bracelet (white leather)** ɲácáɗa *n*. **brag** íɡòmòn *v*.; ɨwʉ́lɔ́n *v*. **bragging** itúrónìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **braid** bɛrɛ́s *v*.; sikwés *v*. **braid up** sikwetés *v*. **brain** ɗam *n*. **brake pedal** titiritésíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **branch** dakúkwɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; kwɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; taŋatsárón *v*.; tɛlɛ́tsɔ́n *v*.; toŋélón *v*. **branch pile (dry)** ràm *n*. **brand** ɨmátsárɛ́s *v*.; ɨtsʉŋɛs *v*.; ɲámátsar *n*.

**brassiere** ɲákɨláƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **brave** itítíŋòn *v*. **bray** werétsón *v*. **bread** tɔbɔŋ *n*. **bread (flat)** ɲécapatí *n*. **break** badonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; cɛɛ́s *v*.; cɛɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɗɛsɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; ɗusés *v*.; ɗusúmón *v*.; ɗusutes *v*.; ɨkɛ́ŋɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; ŋʉrɛ́s *v*.; ŋʉrʉ́mɔ́n *v*.; tɔŋɛɗɛs *v*. **break (make)** badítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **break (of day)** ɓelémón *v*. **break apart** ɗɛsɛ́ɗɛ́sánón *v*.; ɨʝʉƙʉ́ʝʉ́ƙɛ́s *v*. **break away** tatsáɗón *v*.; tɔpɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **break away (and come)** tɔpɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **break away (and go)** tɔpɛ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **break due to weight** xuƙúmétòn *v*. **break into** itúwéés *v*. **break into pieces** ɓɨlíɓílɛ́s *v*.; ɨɓɛsíɓɛ́sɛ́s *v*.; ɨtɛítɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ŋɨlíŋílánón *v*. **break into song** tofóróƙétòn *v*. **break new ground** taɗates *v*.; túburés *v*. **break off** ɗusésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɓɛkíɓɛ́kɛ́s *v*.; pɛsɛlɛs *v*.; pɛsɛ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; pokés *v*.; poketés *v*.; pokómón *v*.; wakés *v*.; wɛts'ɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; wɛts'ɛ́s *v*.; wɛts'ɛtɛ́s *v*. **break off in groups** ŋɨlíŋílánón *v*.; pókíetésá asíɛ́kédìè kɔ̀n *v*. **break off in pieces** ɨwɛts'íwɛ́ts'ɛ́s *v*.; tomuɲes *v*.; wakatiés *v*.; wakáwákatés *v*.; wets'etiés *v*. **break out (of skin)** iŋárúrètòn *v*.; morétón *v*. **break the law** ŋʉrɛ́sá ìtsìkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **break up** ɨʝʉƙʉ́ʝʉ́ƙɛ́s *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛ́s *v*.; tɔpwaɲípwáɲɛ́s *v*. **break up (a group)** toɓwaŋes *v*. **break wind** fenétón *v*.

**breakable** ɛɔmɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ŋʉɓʉ́dɔ̀n *v*.; pokódòn *v*.; tɛɛmɛ́mɔ̀n *v*.; wɛts'ɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **breakably** ɛ̀ɔ̀m *ideo*.; ŋʉ̀ɓ<sup>ᶶ</sup> *ideo*.; pòk<sup>o</sup> *ideo*.; wɛ̀ts'<sup>ɛ</sup> *ideo*. **breakage point** ɗusutesíáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **breaker** ŋʉrɛ́síàm *n*. **breakfast** ŋƙáƙá na baratsó<sup>e</sup> *n*. **breast** îdw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **breast (area)** bakuts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **breast (cut of meat)** làf *n*. **breast areola** ídoeɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **breast milk** ámáìdw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **breast twitch** lɔkɨsíná *n*. **breastbone** ɡɔɡɔm *n*.; toroɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **breastbone (of a chicken)** bɨbɨʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **breastfeed** naƙwɛ́s *v*.; naƙwɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; naƙwɨtɛs *v*. **breastmilk (have)** cɛ̀rɔ̀n *v*. **breath** sʉ̀p <sup>a</sup> *n*. **breathe** ɨɛ́ŋɔ́n *v*.; sʉ́pɔ́n *v*. **breathe fitfully** ɗíɗítɔ̀n *v*. **breathe heavily** fúútòn *v*. **breathe in** sʉpɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **breathe out** sʉ́pɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **breeze** suɡur *n*. **brew** otés *v*.; tsapés *v*.; waatɛ́s *v*. **brew (mead)** ts'ɔƙɛ́s *v*. **brew beer** tsapésá mɛ̀sɛ̀*v*.; waatɛ́sá mɛ̀sɛ̀ *v*. **brewski** mɛ̀s *n*. **bribe** ɨlʉŋʉ́lʉ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **brick** ɲéɓulók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bride** bɔƙátín *n*. **bride (return a)** xɛɛsʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **bridegroom** bɔƙátíníèàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **brideprice** buƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **brideprice (extract)** buƙitetés *v*.

**brideprice gift** buƙotam *n*. **brideprice payer** buƙúám *n*. **bridge** àrònìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɔɗɔrɔcá *n*.; tɛ̀wɛ̀r *n*. **bridge of nose** sarɨsar *n*. **brigandry** ŋirúkóìnànès *n*. **bright** ɡwɛɲɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; ɨmɛ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **bright (of sky)** tatsɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **brilliant** ɡwɛɲɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; ɨmɛ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **bring** detés *v*.; ɨakɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨʝʉkɛtɛ́s *v*. **bring all of** ɨsʉɲɛtɛ́s *v*. **bring alongside** ɨnapɛtɛ́s *v*.; napɛtɛ́s *v*. **bring back** raʝetés *v*. **bring beside** ɨnapɛtɛ́s *v*.; napɛtɛ́s *v*. **bring down** ruɓutetés *v*. **bring matters to a close** kɔkɛtɛ́sá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **bring out** pulutetés *v*. **bring slowly** ɨɛmɛtɛ́s *v*. **bring to a boil** itsúrítetés *v*. **bring together** itóyéés *v*. **bring up** ilímítés *v*.; tasɛɛs *v*. **bristling** bʉlʉbʉlɔs *v*. **bristly** bʉlʉbʉlɔs *v*. **British colonial government** ɡɛrɛ́sà *n*. **brittle** bɔɲɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ɛɔmɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ɨwɛlɛ́wɛ́lánón *v*.; ŋʉɓʉ́dɔ̀n *v*.; pɛsɛ́pɛ́sánón *v*.; pokódòn *v*.; wɛts'ɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **brittlely** bɔ̀ɲ *ideo*.; ɛ̀ɔ̀m *ideo*.; ŋʉ̀ɓᶶ *ideo*.; pòk<sup>o</sup> *ideo*.; wɛ̀ts'<sup>ɛ</sup> *ideo*. **broad** laŋírímòn *v*.; laŋírón *v*.; zòòn *v*. **broad (of many)** zeikaakón *v*. **broad-bladed** fakádòn *v*. **broad-bladedly** fàk<sup>a</sup> *ideo*. **broadcast** tɛwɛɛs *v*. **broaden** zoonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**broke (go)** ŋʉrʉ́mɔ́n *v*. **broken** bàdòn *v*.; ŋʉrɔ́s *v*. **broken (get)** ŋʉrʉ́mɔ́n *v*. **broken beyond repair** tɛ̀s *ideo*. **broken out (of skin)** iŋárúròn *v*.; katúrúturánón *v*. **broken up** ŋʉrʉ́ŋʉ́ránón *v*. **brood** ƙʉ́ƙín *n*.; siŋírón *v*. **broom** ʝan *n*.; ʝɛn *n*. **broomgrass** ʝan *n*.; ʝɛn *n*. **broth** ɲɔ́ɓɔ́ka *n*.; seekw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **brother (his/her/its)** leat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **brother (my)** ɛdɛ́*n*. **brother (your)** léó *n*. **brother-in-law (brother's wife's brother)** uɡwam *n*. **brother-in-law (her husband's brother)** ntsínámúí *n*. **brother-in-law (his brother's wife's brother)** ntsúɡwám *n*. **brother-in-law (his wife's brother)** ntsúɡwám *n*. **brother-in-law (his/her child's spouse's father)** ntsíɲót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **brother-in-law (his/her sister's husband's brother)** ntsúɡwám *n*. **brother-in-law (husband's brother)** námúí *n*. **brother-in-law (my brother's wife's brother)** ɲ́cuɡwám *n*. **brother-in-law (my husband's brother)** ɲ́cinamúí *n*. **brother-in-law (my sister's husband)** ɲ́cuɡwám *n*. **brother-in-law (my wife's brother)** ɲ́cuɡwám *n*. **brother-in-law (sister's husband's brother)** uɡwam *n*.

**brother-in-law (sister's husband)** ntsúɡwám *n*.; uɡwam *n*. **brother-in-law (wife's brother)** uɡwam *n*. **brother-in-law (your brother's wife's brother)** buɡwám *n*. **brother-in-law (your child's spouse's father)** biɲót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **brother-in-law (your husband's brother)** binamúí *n*. **brother-in-law (your sister's husband's brother)** buɡwám *n*. **brother-in-law (your sister's husband)** buɡwám *n*. **brother-in-law (your wife's brother)** buɡwám *n*. **brotherhood** leatínánès *n*. **brotherliness** leatínánès *n*. **brow bone** ekúɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **brown** muƙíánètòn *v*.; ɔŋɔ́ránètòn *v*. **brown (dark)** kɨpʉ́ránètòn *v*.; ts'aráfón *v*. **brown-skinned** ɗìwòn *v*. **brown-skinned person** ɗìwònìàm *n*. **bruise** ƙwár *n*.; rùròn *v*. **brush** ɨƙwɛrɛs *v*.; séɓés *v*.; sʉ́ƙʉ́tɛ́s *v*.; sʉ́ʉ́tɛ́s *v*.; tsekís *n*.; tsekísíàƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **brush (scrub)** ɲecaaƙo *n*. **brush (thick)** môɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **brush aside** ɨpalípálɛ́s *v*. **brush away** séɓésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **brush off** itútúés *v*.; itútúésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; séɓésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **brush out** ɨƙwɛ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **brushed** ɨƙwɛrɔs *v*. **brutal** ɨsílíánón *v*. **brute(s)** ínw<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**bubble** íɡùlàʝòn *v*. **bubble (make)** íɡulaʝitetés *v*. **buck (dollar)** ɲɔɗɔ́la *n*. **buck-toothed** ɨŋísímɔ̀n *v*. **bucket** ɲáɓákɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛ́ɓákɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bucket (metal)** ɲépeelí *n*. **bud** tún *n*. **buffalo** ɡàsàr *n*. **buffalo bull** eûz *n*. **buffalo calf** ɡàsàràìm *n*. **buffalo cow** ɡasaraŋwa *n*. **buffalo thorn tree** tílàŋ *n*. **bug** ilúlúés *v*.; ƙʉts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bug-eyed** ɓɛlɛ́rɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **build** bɛrɛ́s *v*.; toyeetés *v*. **build on the ground** ɨkamɛtɛ́s *v*. **build up (of a termite mound)** tabúón *v*. **builder** bɛrɛ́síàm *n*.; ŋífunɗíàm *n*. **building (modern)** ɲeryaŋíhò *n*. **bulbous** bulúƙúmòn *v*.; lɔrɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **bulbously** lɔ̀r *ideo*. **bulbul (common)** òtsìɓìl *n*.; tsìɓìl *n*. **bulge** tɨbíɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **bulging** bulúƙúmòn *v*.; lɔrɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; tsʉrʉ́ɗʉ́mɔ̀n *v*.; tɨbíɔ́n *v*. **bulgingly** lɔ̀r *ideo*. **bulkily** bɛ̀f *ideo*. **bulky** ɓutúrúmòn *v*.; bɛfʉ́dɔ̀n *v*.; bɛfʉ́kʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **bull** cúrúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bulldoze** towutses *v*. **bulldozer** towútsónìàm *n*. **bullet** bʉbʉn *n*.; eɗed<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲámal *n*. **bullet hole** ɲámalíák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bullet wound** bʉbʉnɔ́ɔ́ʝ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **bullrush** ìsìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bum** lɛŋɛ́s *v*.; lɛŋɛ́síàm *n*.; ɲakárámɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*.

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**bump** íbaɗɛ́s *v*.; ɨɓaɲɛs *v*.; ɨɛ́bɛ̀s *v*.; ɨɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*.; toyeres *v*. **bump (skin)** síts'ádɛ̀ *n*. **bump off (kill)** ɨɗɛɛs *v*.; ɨɗɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **bump repeatedly** íbaɗiés *v*. **bumpy** ƙumúƙúmánón *v*. **bumpy (of skin)** katúrúturánón *v*. **bunch** ɓòtòŋ *n*.; tutukesíáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; zɨkam *n*. **bunch (of bees)** ɲénéne *n*. **bunch up** tutuketés *v*. **bunched up** tutukánón *v*. **bundle** ɨɗɨlɛs *v*.; méy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; zɨkam *n*. **bundle (of crops)** ɲénéne *n*. **bungle** hamʉʝɛ́s *v*. **bunk** ɨɓááŋàsìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bunny** tulú *n*. **buoy** ilélébètòn *v*. **burble** ábʉ̀bʉ̀ƙɔ̀n *v*.; ábʉ̀bʉ̀ƙɔ̀n *v*. **burden** bot<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɨnʉɛs *v*.; isites *v*. **burdensome** ìsòn *v*. **burglar** dzúám *n*. **burgle** dzuesés *v*.; dzuesetés *v*. **buried** tʉnʉkɔs *v*. **burlgary** dzú *n*. **burn** ɨtsʉŋɛs *v*.; kʉpɛ́s *v*.; kʉpɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ts'aɗíɔ́ʝ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **burn (blistered)** ɲéleɓuléɓu *n*. **burn (of eyes)** ŋaɓɨŋáɓɔ́n *v*.; ŋàɓɔ̀n *v*. **burn (of pain)** ɓɛɨɓɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **burn a little** ɨrɔɗírɔ́ɗɛ́s *v*. **burn around** ɨɗɛɨɗɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **burn off (land)** iróróbes *v*. **burn poorly** ɨkáwílɔ̀n *v*. **burn to ashes** wuɗétón *v*. **burn up** ɨtsʉ́ŋɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**burnt to ashes** wùɗòn *v*.; xawííts'<sup>ɨ</sup> *ideo*. **burp** xèr *n*.; xerétón *v*.; xérón *v*. **burrow** ak<sup>a</sup> *n*. **burst** ɓilímón *v*.; toɗúón *v*. **bury** búdès *v*.; búdesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; muɗés *v*.; tʉnʉkɛs *v*. **bury (make)** tʉnʉkɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **bury a bird** muɗésá ɡwaá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **bury a stink-bug** muɗésá loɡeréɲoé *v*. **bury life of one's children** muɗésá ɦyekesíé wicé *v*. **bury medicine** muɗésá cɛmɛ́ríkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **bus** ɲáɓás *n*. **bush** ríʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bush barbet** kɔkíríkɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bush country** ríʝíkaaʝík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bush(es)** tsekís *n*.; tsekísíàƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bushbaby** ɡwan *n*. **bushbuck** kʉláɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bushbuck (female)** natsíɓɨlí *n*. **bushbuck (male)** òɗòmòr *n*. **bushbuck leaf** kʉláɓákàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bushcamp** napérít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bushpig** bòròk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bushpig boar** borokucúrúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bushpig piglet** bòròkùìm *n*. **bushpig sow** borokuŋwa *n*. **bushy** tsèkòn *v*. **business** dzîɡw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **bustard** hɔ́tɔ̀ *n*. **busy** íɡùʝùɡùʝòn *v*. **but** kòt<sup>o</sup> *coordconn*. **butcher** hoés *v*.; hoesíàm *n*.; tɔ̀ŋɔ̀lààm *n*.; tɔŋɔlɛs *v*. **butchery** hoesího *n*. **butt** ɔ̂z *n*.; tɔɗɔ́pɔ́n *v*.

**butt (of gun)** dɛɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **butt cheek** komos *n*. **butt in** íbʉbʉŋɛ́s *v*.; íbʉbʉŋɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **butter** íbɔtsam *n*. **butter (seed)** ɲówoɗí *n*. **butter flask** ɲéɓur *n*. **butterfly** béɗíbeɗú *n*.; bóɗíboɗú *n*. **buttock** komos *n*. **buttock underside** kwatsíém *n*. **buttocks (have flat)** taɓóɲómòn *v*. **button** ɲáʝaará *n*. **buy** dzíɡwès *v*.; dzíɡwetés *v*. **buy off** ɨlʉŋʉ́lʉ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **buyer** dzíɡwààm *n*.; dzíɡwèsìàm *n*. **buzz around** ilólúés *v*. **buzzard (augur)** alálá *n*. **by foot** dɛ̀ìk<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **by night** mukú *n*. **by what path?** nday<sup>o</sup> *n*. **bypass** ɨsʉkɛs *v*.; sʉ́kɛ́s *v*. **cabbage** ɲákáɓìc *n*. **cabinet** ɲákábàt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cache** irwanes *v*.; laɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cackle** ɨkɛ́kɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **cactus species** ɲɛ́ɲɛwán *n*. **Cadaba farinosa** mét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; súr *n*. **cadaver** loukúéts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛ́lɛl *n*. **cadaverous** iróƙóòn *v*.; itóƙóƙòòn *v*.; kwédekwedánón *v*. **cadge** lɛŋɛ́s *v*. **cadger** lɛŋɛ́síàm *n*. **café** ɲéótèl *n*. **cage (trap)** ɲáɓáo *n*. **cajole** ɨmámɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **calabash** kàŋɛ̀r *n*.

**calendar** ɲákalɛ́nɗà *n*. **calf** kɔrɔ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **Calisa edulis** turunet<sup>a</sup> *n*. **call** óés *v*. **call (of animals)** ƙɔ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*. **call (in alarm)** íbòfòn *v*. **call (name)** óés *v*. **call continuously** óísiés *v*. **call each other** óímós *v*. **call for rain** dʉbɛ́s *v*. **call here** oetés *v*. **call off** ŋííɗɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tasálétòn *v*.; tasálón *v*. **call on the phone** iwésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iwetés *v*. **call repeatedly** óésés *v*. **call sweetly** ɨmámɛ́ɛtɛ́s *v*. **callous** ɓulúrúmòn *v*. **calm** tisílón *v*.; toikíkón *v*. **calm down** ɨʝɛ́mɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itiketésá ɡúróe kíʝák<sup>e</sup> *v*.; toíésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zɛƙwɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; zɛƙwɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **calm down the heart** cucuéítésuƙota ɡúró<sup>e</sup> *v*. **calm dowwn** ɗipímón *v*. **calm person** ɡúróàm *n*. **camel** ɡwaíts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲákáal *n*. **camp** napérít<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲákamɓí *n*. **camp (garden)** ɲóɓóot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **camp kitchen** ŋƙáƙáhò *n*. **campaign** was *n*. **campaign ads** ɲáɓás *n*. **can** topéɗésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **can (large)** ɲéɗépe *n*. **can (metal)** ɲɛ́kɛ́n *n*. **cancel** ŋííɗɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tasálétòn *v*.; tasálón *v*. **cancel (make)** ŋííɗítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **candidacy** was *n*.

cartilage

**candidate** wasɔ́ám *n*. **candidiasis** losúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **candle wax** sɔs *n*. **candy** ɲátamɨtám *n*. **cane** ɨɗɨtsɛs *v*.; ɨnɔmɛs *v*.; kasír *n*.; sɛ̀w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cane (hooked)** ɲótooɗó *n*. **cane rat** ŋʉr *n*. **canine tooth** bàdìàm *n*. **cannabis** lɔ́tɔ́ɓa ná zè *n*. **cannibal** áts'ɛ́sìàmà ròɓà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **cannon** komótsɛ́ɛ̀b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **canteen (gourd)** nasɛmɛ́*n*. **Canthium lactescens** kómoló *n*. **Canthium species** dodík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kàrɛ̀ *n*.; milékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **canvass (an area)** ɨkáyɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **cap** ɲákopiyá *n*. **cap (giraffe-tail)** ɲɔ́tsɔ́ɓɛ *n*. **cap (human hair)** ɲóɓókot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cap (ignition)** ɔ́zɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **capability** ɲapéɗór *n*. **capable of** topéɗésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **capillary** tsòrìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Capparaceae species** tsàl *n*. **Capparis tomentosa** lókúɗukuɗét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **capture** dʉ́bɛ̀s *v*.; ɨkamɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **car** kàèìm *n*.; ɲómotoká *n*. **car (small)** pɔ́ɗɛ̀ *n*. **caracal** naɨtakípʉ́rat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **carbon black** ɲémúɗets<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲémúɗuɗu *n*. **carcass** ɗòl *n*. **card (identity)** ɲákáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **card (Kenyan ID)** ɲɛkɨpanɗɛ *n*. **card (playing)** ɲákáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**cardboard (thin)** ɲɛ́páìl *n*. **Cardiospermum corindum** tìl *n*. **cards (playing)** ɲákáɗìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **care** ɨkatsɛs *v*.; ɨmɨsɛs *v*. **care for** bɔnɛ́s *v*.; ɨrɨtsɛ́s *v*. **care for (the sick)** maitetés *v*. **care for oneself** ɨrɨtsɛ́sá así *v*. **care-free person** ɨɓámɔ́nìàm *n*. **careful** tɔtsɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **carefully** hɨíʝ<sup>a</sup> *adv*.; hɨíʝ<sup>ɔ</sup> *adv*. **carelessly** càc<sup>ɨ</sup> *adv*.; fùts'àts'<sup>a</sup> *ideo*.; tsàr *ideo*. **caress** ɨɓɔníɓɔ́nɛ́s *v*.; iɓoníɓóniés *v*.; ɨwáwɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **caretaker** bɔnɛ́ám *n*.; ɨrɨtsɛ́síàm *n*.; itelesíám *n*. **caretaking** bɔn *n*. **cargo** bot<sup>a</sup> *n*.; botitín *n*. **Carica papaya** ɲápaɨpáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **carinated** toŋórómòn *v*.; toróŋómòn *v*. **carissa shrub** turunet<sup>a</sup> *n*. **carnivore** loúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **carpenter** ɲáɓáòìkààm *n*. **carrier** tsídzèsìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **carrion** itam *n*. **carrot** kárʉ̀ts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **carry away on the head** tsídzesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **carry by hand** taɓakés *v*. **carry in arms** taɓakés *v*. **carry many of** rúdzès *v*. **carry on shoulder** tʉ́zʉŋɛ́s *v*. **carry on the back** édès *v*. **carry on the head** tsídzès *v*. **carry on the head (make)** tsídzitetés *v*. **carry together** ilélébés *v*. **carry under** ɨlʉkɛs *v*. **cartilage** ŋɔrɔɓɔɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**cartilaginous** rɔɓɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **cartridge** ɲéɓurocó *n*.; ɲɛsɛpɛɗɛ *n*. **carve** sotés *v*.; sotetés *v*. **case (legal)** ɲékés *n*. **cash** kaúdzà nì ɓèts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **casing** hò *n*. **casing (borehole)** ɲatsʉʉmánêb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **casing (shell)** ɲéɓurocó *n*.; ɲɛsɛpɛɗɛ *n*. **cassava** ɲómoŋɡó *n*. **Cassia hildebrandtii** ɲasal *n*. **Cassia singueana** lɔ́kɛ́rʉ́ *n*. **cast** ɡóózés *v*. **cast (for divination)** ipés *v*. **cast away** ɡóózesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hábatsésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **cast down** hábatsetés *v*. **cast sandals (in divination)** ipésá taƙáíkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **cast stones (in divination)** ipésá ɡwàsìkà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **cast this way** ɡóózetés *v*. **castor-oil plant** ɨmánán *n*. **castrate** ɨƙɛ́lɛ́mɛ́s *v*. **casual** faɗétón *v*. **cat** púùs *n*. **cat's-tail** ìsìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **catapult** ɲapaaru *n*. **cataract** kɛ̀s *n*. **catch** dʉ́bɛ̀s *v*.; ɨkamɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨkamɛtɛ́s *v*.; sáɡwès *v*. **catch (up with)** rítsɛ́s *v*. **catch a whiff** wetésá kɔíná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **catch fire** aeétón *v*.; lɛ́ʝɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **catch off guard** bóɡès *v*.; itúúmés *v*. **catch one's breath** ɨɛ́ŋɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**catch sight of** enésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tataɲes *v*. **catch the attention of** ɨtʉ́lɛ́ɛtɛ́s *v*. **catechism** ɲákatékísìmù *n*. **catechist** ŋíkatikisítààm *n*. **categorize** ɨsíílɛ́s *v*. **cater for** íɡɔɲɛ́s *v*. **Catha edulis** ɲémurúŋ́ɡù *n*. **Catholic church** Katólìkà *n*. **Catholic person** Katólìkààm *n*. **Catholic priest** páɗɛ̀r *n*. **Catholicism** Katólìkà *n*. **cattle** ɦyɔ̀ *n*. **cattle disease** lɔlɛ́ɛʉ́ *n*. **cattle herd** ɦyɔ̀bàr *n*. **Caucasian** ɓèts'ònìàm *n*.; ɲémúsukit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cause abdominal pain** ɲimíɲímàtòn *v*. **cause pain** áts'ɛ́s *v*. **cause problems** ɓuƙetésá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **cause problems for** ɨtsánítɛtɛ́s *v*. **cause torment for** ɨtsanítsánɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **cauterize** itsues *v*. **cautious** toikíkón *v*. **cavalier** faɗétón *v*. **cave** pakw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cave (small)** pàɗw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cave (vertical)** ɲáɗúy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cave entrance** pakóásák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cave interior** pakóáƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **caved in** paɗókómòn *v*. **cavern (vertical)** ɲáɗúy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cavernous** wòò *ideo*. **cavity (abdominal)** bùbùàƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cavity (oral)** ak<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cease** bɔlɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **cease (blowing or boiling)** tilímón *v*. **ceaseless** rítsírɨtsánón *v*. **cedar (African pencil)** asʉnán *n*.

**catch scent of** mídzatetés *v*.

charmer

**ceiling (upper)** lɔɓîz *n*. **celebrate** ɨnʉmʉ́nʉ́mɛ́s *v*.; ɨnʉ́nʉ́mɛ́s *v*.; iyóómètòn *v*. **celebration** ɲápáti *n*. **cellular network** suɡur *n*. **Celosia schweinfurthiana** sɔ́ɡɛ̀kàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cement** ɲésímìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **census** ɲɛkɨmar *n*. **cent** ŋáɓɔ́ɔla *n*.; ŋásɛntáìèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **center** ekw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; sɨsɨk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; sɨsíkɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **center of snare** siméékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **center point** ekw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **centipede** ƙɔ́dɔxɔ́*n*. **central part** bakútsêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cents** ŋásɛntáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cereal** eɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ceremonial meal** írésiŋƙáƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ceremony (conduct a)** írés *n*. **certainly** kárɨká *adv*. **cervical vertebrae** ɦyʉƙʉmʉ́ɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **cervix** dòɗìèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cessation** was *n*. **cestode** apéléle *n*. **chafed** ɲɛɗɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **chafedly** ɲɛ̀ɗ ɛ *ideo*. **chaff dust** ŋawíl *n*. **chaffs** nakariɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **chain** zɔ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **chained** zɔ́tɔ́n *v*. **chair** kàràts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **chairperson (of village)** ámázeáma awá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **chalk** ɲɛ́cɔ́ka *n*. **chalkboard** ɲáɓáo *n*. **chalky (dry)** pʉrákámòn *v*.; pʉráŋámòn *v*.; pʉsɛ́lɛ́mɔ̀n *v*.

**challenge (verbally)** nɛpɛƙanitetés *v*. **chamber (bee larva)** sídàhò *n*. **chameleon** híƙɔ́*n*. **chance** ŋawɨlɛs *v*. **chance upon** taƙámón *v*. **change** beníónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɓéléés *v*.; iɓéléìmètòn *v*.; icéɲʝeés *v*.; icéɲʝèìmètòn *v*.; ilotses *v*.; ilotsímétòn *v*. **change (money)** toɓwaŋes *v*. **change allegiences** tolúétòn *v*.; tolúónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tolúútésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **change course** wɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **change decisions** ilotsesa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **change one's direction** iɓéléésuƙota así *v*. **change position** ɨsʉ́tɔ́n *v*. **change statements** iɓelíɓélésa tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **change the story** iɓelíɓélésa tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **change the subject** ɨʝʉlɛsa tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **chaotic (beocome)** iŋóɗyáìmètòn *v*. **chapati** ɲécapatí *n*. **chapeau** ɲákakar *n*. **chapel** ɲɛ́cápɔ̀l *n*. **chapped** ɓɛlɛ́ɓɛ́lánón *v*. **chapter** ɔ́dɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **char** kɔrɛtɛ́s *v*.; kɔrɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **charcoal** leûz *n*.; ɲámakáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **charge (accuse)** ɨsíítɛ́s *v*. **charge (attack)** toƙíróòn *v*. **charge (electrically)** cɨɨtɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hábitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ŋƙɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; wetitésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **charge (order)** ɨtsɨkɛs *v*. **Charismatic** Ŋímorokóléìàm *n*. **charitable** waŋádòn *v*. **charm** sʉ́bɛ̀s *v*.; sʉ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **charmer** sʉ́bɛ̀sìàm *n*.

#### charred

**charred** kɔrɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **chase** ɨfalífálɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɔŋɛs *v*. **chase after** ɨlɔ́ŋɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; irukes *v*.; irúkésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **chase away** ikutses *v*.; ikútsésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **chase down (the throat)** itikes *v*. **chase off** ikutses *v*.; ikútsésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **chattily** ɗɛ̀m *ideo*.; pòx *ideo*. **chatty** ɗɛmɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ɗɛmɨɗɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; ɨkʉ́tʉ́kánón *v*.; poxódòn *v*. **chaw** ts'àf *n*. **cheap** batánón *v*. **cheat** ɨmɔɗɛs *v*.; ɨmɔ́ɗɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **check (bank)** kaúdzokabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **check (mark)** totsetes *v*. **check on** ɨfátɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; láɡalaɡetés *v*. **check out** ɡonés *v*.; ɦyeités *v*.; ɨfátɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iséméés *v*.; iséméetés *v*.; láɡalaɡetés *v*.; tɨrɨfɛs *v*.; tɨrɨfɛtɛ́s *v*. **check out (here)** ɡonetés *v*. **check out (there)** ɡonésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **check out thoroughly** tirifiés *v*. **checkers** ɲɛ́ɗʉráp<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cheek** ɔ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **cheek (butt)** komos *n*. **cheekbone** akáƙúm *n*. **cheep cheep!** ƙíɛƙíɛƙíɛ *ideo*. **cheese** ɲéɗíol *n*. **cheetah** ɲárará *n*. **chef** kɔŋɛ́síàm *n*. **chemical** cɛ̀mɛ̀r *n*. **Chenopodium opulifolium** tsamʉya *n*. **cherish** mínɛ́s *v*. **chest** bakuts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **chest (inner)** ɡúr *n*. **chest (storage)** ɲásaɗukú *n*.

**chest disease** ɲeɗekea bákútsìkà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **chest hair** bakutsísíts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **chew** áts'ɛ́s *v*.; ɨɲáɗʉ́tɛ́s *v*. **chew (tobacco)** ɨmátáŋɛ́s *v*.; mataŋɛs *v*. **chew extractively** ts'afɛ́s *v*. **chew on** ɲɛɓɛ́s *v*. **chew roughly** ɨkaŋíkáŋɛ́s *v*.; ɨŋaíŋɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨŋáŋɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **chewily** kàŋ *ideo*.; kwàⁱ *ideo*. **chewy** dɨrɨɲíɲɔ́n *v*.; kaŋádòn *v*.; kwaídòn *v*. **chick** ɡwáím *n*.; ɲɔ́kɔkɔróím *n*. **chicken** ɲɔ́kɔkɔr *n*. **chicken backbone** ɲéturuƙúƙu *n*. **chicken coop** ɲɔ́kɔkɔrɔ́hò *n*. **chickenpox** ɲɛtʉnɛ *n*.; puurú *n*. **chide** dɔxɛ́s *v*.; dɔxɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **chief** ámáze *n*.; ámázeám *n*.; ɲéríósit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **chief (crew)** ámázeáma teréɡì *n*. **chief (parish)** ɲékúŋut<sup>a</sup> *n*. **chief (subcounty)** ɲɛʝákáɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **chief elder** ámázeáma awá<sup>e</sup> *n*.; diyoama ná zè *n*. **child** im *n*. **child (foreign)** ɦyòìm *n*. **child (his/her/its)** ntsíím *n*. **child (my)** ɲ́cììm *n*. **child (of someone)** ámáìm *n*. **child (your)** biím *n*. **child's bowl** imáƙɔ́fɔ́*n*. **childhood** imánánès *n*.; wicénánès *n*. **childishness** imánánès *n*.; wicénánès *n*. **childless** ikólípánón *v*.; osorosánón *v*. **childless person** ɲokólíp<sup>a</sup> *n*.; òsòròs *n*. **childlikeness** imánánès *n*.; wicénánès *n*. **children** wik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **children (young)** kómósikaa ɓets'aakátìk<sup>e</sup> *n*.

**chill** cucuéítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **chill (damp)** cucue *n*. **chill out** zɛƙwɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **chilly** cucuéón *v*. **chin** tatʉ́n *n*. **chinches** ŋítʉ́mìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **chink against** íɡatsɨɡatsɛ́s *v*. **chip** ŋɛlɛ́s *v*.; pɛsɛlam *n*.; pɛ́sɛ́lamed<sup>a</sup> *n*.; pɛsɛlɛs *v*.; tɛŋɛlɛs *v*. **chip (wood)** kíɓɛ́zam *n*. **chip in** tɔ́ƙɛ́s *v*. **chip off** ŋɛlɛ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; pɛsɛ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; wɛts'ɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; wɛts'ɛ́s *v*.; wɛts'ɛtɛ́s *v*. **chip off (bark)** iɓóɓólés *v*. **chip off in pieces** wets'etiés *v*. **chip repeatedly** ɨwɛts'íwɛ́ts'ɛ́s *v*. **chirp chirp!** ƙíɛƙíɛƙíɛ *ideo*. **choir** ɲákwáya *n*. **choke** ɨkɛtɛs *v*.; iketiés *v*. **cholera** kɔlɛ́rà *n*. **chomp** iŋomes *v*.; ƙídzɛ̀s *v*. **choose** ɗʉmɛtɛ́s *v*.; iɗókóliés *v*.; ɨƙɛlɛs *v*.; ɨƙɛlɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɲʉmɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔsɛɛtɛ́s *v*.; xɔ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **choosen** xɔ́bɔtɔ́s *v*. **chop in pieces** ŋurutiés *v*. **chop up in pieces** ŋurutiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **chop!** pùà *ideo*. **chopped in pieces** ŋurutiós *v*. **chopper** naƙílɨƙíl *n*. **chorus** ɲákwáya *n*. **chosen** ƙanotós *v*. **Christian** Ŋíkiristóìàm *n*. **Christian name** ɓatísimúêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Christianity** ŋíkiristóìnànès *n*. **Christlikeness** ŋíkiristóìnànès *n*.

**Christmas service** nuélì *n*. **chronic** kɔ̀wɔ̀n *v*. **chronically ill** maimoos *v*. **chronically ill person** maimoosíám *n*. **chubbily** dɛ̀ʝ ɛ *ideo*. **chubby** dɛʝɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **chuckle** ɡaɡaanón *v*. **chug** ɡéɡès *v*.; ɨʝíírɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **chunk** ʝulam *n*. **chunk (small)** ʝulamáím *n*. **chunky** ŋʉmʉ́ŋʉ́mánón *v*. **church** ɲakuʝíhò *n*.; ɲéɡelesíà *n*.; wáánàhò *n*. **churn** íbɔbɔtsɛ́s *v*.; íbɔtsɛ́s *v*.; íbɔtsɛ́sá así *v*.; íɡùlàʝòn *v*. **chyme** ey<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɡaɗár *n*.; ŋkʉ́ʝít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cicada** tswíɨtswí *n*. **cicatrix** ƙwár *n*. **cigarette** ɲɔsɔkatá *n*. **cinder** bʉbʉn *n*. **cinema** ɲévíɗyòhò *n*. **circle** tɔlʉkɛs *v*.; tɔlʉ́kɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔlʉkɛtɛ́s *v*. **circles in (make)** tɔlʉkʉ́lʉ́kɛ́s *v*. **circular** ɗukúdòn *v*. **circularly** ɗùk<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **circulate** ɨlɔmílɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; irímétòn *v*.; irímítetés *v*.; irímón *v*. **circulate in** irimes *v*. **circumcise** ɨlíŋírɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɨrɛs *v*. **circumcised** lɛŋɛ́rɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **circumvent** tamanɛs *v*.; tamanɛtɛ́s *v*. **circumventing** firifíránón *v*.; wíríwíránón *v*. **circumvolve** ɨlɨrɛs *v*. **circumvolve repeatedly** ɨlɨrílírɛ́s *v*. **Cissus rhodesiae** bɛfácɛ́mɛ́r *n*. **Citrullus species** nàdɛ̀kwɛ̀l *n*.

**citrus fruit** ɲámucúŋ́ƙà *n*. **city** zɛƙɔ́áwa ná zè *n*. **city (capital)** awa ná zè *n*. **civet (African)** mɨnít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **clack** ɨrɔʝírɔ́ʝɛ́s *v*. **clamber** ɨlɛ́pɔ́n *v*. **clamber down** ɨtsɔrɛtɛ́sá así *v*.; ɨtsɔ́rɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **clamber up** ɨlɛ́pɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtsɛ́tsɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **clamp** rɨɗɛ́s *v*.; wɨɗɨɗánón *v*.; wíɗíwɨɗánón *v*. **clamp shut** riɗímétòn *v*. **clan** bònìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **clan (Gaɗukuɲ)** Gaɗukúɲ *n*. **clan (Iléŋ)** Iléŋ *n*. **clan (Komokua)** Kòmòkùà *n*. **clan (paternal)** ɔ́dɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; àsàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **clan (Siƙetia)** Sìƙètìà *n*. **clan (Telek)** Tɛ́lɛ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **clan (Uzet)** Úzɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **clan (Ŋiɓoŋorona)** Ŋíɓɔ́ŋɔrɔna *n*. **clan (Ŋiɗotsa)** Ŋíɗɔ́tsa *n*. **clan (Ɲorobat)** Ɲɔrɔbat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **clan member (Gaɗukuɲ)** Gaɗukúɲùàm *n*. **clan member (Iléŋ)** Iléŋíàm *n*. **clan member (Komokua)** Kòmòkùààm *n*. **clan member (Siƙetia)** Sìƙètìààm *n*. **clan member (Telek)** Tɛ́lɛ́kìàm *n*. **clan member (Uzet)** Úzɛ̀tìàm *n*. **clan member (Ŋiɓoŋorona)** Ŋíɓɔ́ŋɔrɔnáám *n*. **clan member (Ŋiɗotsa)** Ŋíɗɔ́tsáám *n*. **clan member (Ɲorobat)** Ɲɔrɔbatíám *n*. **clap** ɨɗafɛs *v*.

**clap clap!** rààrààrà *ideo*. **clap hands** ɨɗafɛsa kwɛ́tìkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **clapping dance** ɲókorot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **clarify** enitetés *v*. **clash** iƙúmúnós *v*. **clasp** mʉkʉtɛs *v*. **class** ɲɛ́kɨlás *n*.; ɲókós *n*. **class (school)** hò *n*. **classify** ɨsíílɛ́s *v*. **classroom** ɲɛ́kɨlás *n*. **clavicle** ɲálaƙamááìtìɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **claw** soƙóríties *v*.; tíbòlòkòɲ *n*. **claw up** ikúkúrés *v*.; tukutes *v*. **clay (black)** ŋɔra na buɗám *n*. **clay (colored)** ŋɔr *n*. **clay (red)** ŋɔra na ɗíw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **clay (smear with)** ŋɔrɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **clay pot (blackened)** dómá na buɗám *n*. **clay pot (small)** ɲeƙulu *n*. **clean** ɓèts'òn *v*.; fítés *v*.; kɨlíwítánón *v*.; ŋííɗɛ́s *v*.; sʉ́ƙʉ́tɛ́s *v*.; sʉ́ʉ́tɛ́s *v*. **clean (a surface)** ɨkʉlɛs *v*.; ɨkwalɛs *v*.; ɨlɨwɛs *v*. **clean off** ŋííɗɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **clean off (a surface)** ɨkʉ́lɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨlɨwílíwɛtɛ́s *v*. **clean up** ŋííɗɛtɛ́s *v*. **clean up (a surface)** ɨkʉlɛtɛ́s *v*. **cleaned off** ɨlɨwílíwɔ́s *v*. **cleaning rod** sʉ́ƙʉ́tɛ́sítsɨrím *n*. **clear** ɓèts'òn *v*.; bótsón *v*.; fotólón *v*.; ɨɛtɛ́sá ɨsíítɛ́sʉ́ *v*.; kánɔ́n *v*.; kɨlíwítánón *v*.; takánón *v*. **clear (a surface)** ɨkʉlɛs *v*.; ɨkwalɛs *v*.; ɨlɨwɛs *v*. **clear (grass)** íɛ́s *v*.; ireɲes *v*. **clear (of a path)** kɔlánétòn *v*. **clear (of many)** ɓets'aakón *v*.

**clear (of mind)** bótsóna iká<sup>e</sup> *v*. **clear (of weather)** tatsɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **clear (the throat)** hákátòn *v*.; xaƙarés *v*. **clear (visually)** isólólòòn *v*. **clear a path in** ɨɗíɗíwɛ́s *v*. **clear a path through** utés *v*.; utésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **clear away (grass)** iréɲésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **clear off (a surface)** ɨkʉ́lɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨlɨwílíwɛtɛ́s *v*. **clear off (brush)** iɓúɓúés *v*. **clear off (visually)** isólólòètòn *v*. **clear off/up** tatsɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *n*. **clear out** bulútésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **clear out (brush)** iɓúɓúés *v*. **clear up (a surface)** ɨkʉlɛtɛ́s *v*. **clear up (of sickness)** ɨɛ́ɓɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **clear up (visually)** isólólòètòn *v*. **clearable area** kawam *n*. **cleared (of grass)** íɔ́s *v*. **cleared forest** tsɛ̀f *n*. **cleared off** ɨlɨwílíwɔ́s *v*.; topwatímétòn *v*. **clearing** ɓɔɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɗípɔ̀ *n*. **cleft (rock)** tsarátán *n*. **cleft palate** akáts'ɛ́a na pakós *n*. **cleg** ɲɔ́pɔɗɔkʉ́ *n*. **cleg (black)** lɔŋɨzɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **clench** imúnúkukúón *v*.; ɨtɔkɔɗɛs *v*.; mʉkʉtɛs *v*.; wɨɗɨɗánón *v*.; wíɗíwɨɗánón *v*. **clench buttocks** iíɗón *v*. **clench teeth** ƙídzìkɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **clench up** mʉkʉtɛtɛ́s *v*. **clever** nɔɔsánón *v*. **clever person** nɔɔsáàm *n*.

**cleverness** nɔɔ́s *n*. **click disapprovingly** ɨtswɛtítswɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **cliff chat (bird)** akɔ́ŋɨkɔŋ *n*. **clifflike** fuʝúlúmòn *v*. **cliffy** fuʝúlúmòn *v*. **climb** otsés *v*.; tóbìrìbìròn *v*.; totírón *v*. **climb down (that way)** kídzimonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **climb down (this way)** kídzìmètòn *v*.; tsíɡìmètòn *v*. **climb on** otsésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **climb up** otsésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **climb with gear** itséƙéés *v*.; itséƙóòn *v*. **clinch** rɨɗɛ́s *v*.; wɨɗɨɗánón *v*.; wíɗíwɨɗánón *v*. **cling** ɗɛlɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; ƙídzɔ̀n *v*. **cling to** ɨnɔtsɛs *v*.; ɨrʉmɛs *v*.; ŋɔtsɛ́s *v*. **clinic** ɗakɨtár *n*. **clink against** íɡatsɨɡatsɛ́s *v*. **clink!** ƙwíl *ideo*. **clip** ɨrɛɓɛs *v*. **clip (of a gun)** ɲókópo *n*. **clip off** ɨrɛ́ɓɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **clique** kábùn *n*. **clitoris** sɔn *n*. **clitoris head** sɔníík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **clitoris tip** sɔníík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cloak** ɲáléso *n*.; ɲáwáro *n*. **cloak (leather)** xɔŋɔŋ *n*. **clobber** ipukúpúkés *v*. **clock** fet<sup>a</sup> *n*. **clogged** firímón *v*. **close** ɦyɔtɔ́ɡɔ̀n *v*.; ikóóbés *v*.; ikóóbetés *v*.; kɔkɛ́s *v*.; kɔkɛtɛ́s *v*.; kokímétòn *v*.; mʉts'ʉtɛs *v*. **close (make)** kɔkɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **close by** ɦyàtàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **close the eyes** múɗúkánón *v*.

coiled up

**close to each other** ɦyɔtɔ́ɡɨmɔ́s *v*. **close up** mʉts'ʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **close up repeatedly** muts'utiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **closing prayer** wáána na tɛ́zɛ̀tɔ̀nì *n*. **clot** iɗíkétòn *v*.; iɗikitetés *v*. **cloth (small)** ƙwàzàìm *n*. **cloth (waist-)** riɗiesíƙwàz *n*. **cloth(es)** ƙwàz *n*. **clothing** ƙwàz *n*. **clothing (leather)** ínóƙwàz *n*. **clothing (sheep-leather)** ɗóɗòƙwàz *n*. **clotted** iɗíkón *v*. **cloud** ɡìd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲáɗís *n*. **cloud (dark)** ɡida ná buɗám *n*. **cloud (white)** ɡìdà nà ɓèts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cloud cover** kùp<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cloud over/up** ɡobétón *v*.; kupétón *v*.; kupukúpón *v*.; mɔƙɨmɔ́ƙɔ́n *v*. **cloudiness** kùp<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kùpààƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cloudless** kánɔ́n *v*. **cloudy** kùpòn *v*. **club** sɛ̀w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **club (group)** ɲéɡurúf *n*. **clubfooted** ƙɔɔlɔ́mɔ̀nà dɛ̀ìkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; sɔƙɔ́ɲɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **clubhanded** sɔƙɔ́ɲɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **cluck at** ɨƙɛníƙɛ́nɛ́s *v*. **cluck disapprovingly** ɨtswɛtítswɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **cluck!** ƙút<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **clump** ɓòtòŋ *n*. **clumsy** ɨɓaŋíɓáŋɔ̀n *v*.; pɔsɔ́kɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **clunky** pɔsɔ́kɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **cluster** ɓòtòŋ *n*. **co- (my)** ɲ́citaŋá *n*. **co- (plural)** taŋáíkìn *pro*.

**co- (singular)** taŋɛ́ɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *pro*. **co- (your)** bitáŋá *n*. **co-op** ɲéɡurúf *n*. **co-wife** ɛán *n*. **coagulate** iɗíkétòn *v*.; iɗikitetés *v*. **coagulated** iɗíkón *v*. **coal** bʉbʉn *n*. **coarse** ɡwɛrɛ́ʝɛ́ʝɔ̀n *v*. **coat** ɲókóti *n*. **coax** ɨmámɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **coax into coming** ɨmámɛ́ɛtɛ́s *v*. **cobra** loúpal *n*. **cobweb** abûb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cock** ɡwácúrúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cock (weapon)** wakés *v*. **cocking lever** wakésíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cockle-doodle-doo!** kʉkʉ́ʉ́kᶶ *ideo*. **cockroach** lɔmɛ́ʝɛ́kɛlɛ́*n*. **cocky** ɨwɔ́ƙɔ́n *v*. **cocky person** ɨwɔ́ƙɔ́nìàm *n*. **cocoon** mɔɗɔ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **cocoon opening** mɔɗɔ́ɗɔ́èkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **coerce** rɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; rɛɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔrɛɛs *v*. **coerced** toreimétòn *v*. **coexistence (peaceful)** zɛƙwa ná dà *n*. **coffee** ɲákáwa *n*. **cohort** taŋɛ́ɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *pro*. **cohort (your)** bitáŋá *n*. **cohorts** taŋáíkìn *pro*. **coil** ilúƙúretés *v*.; ɨnɔɛs *v*. **coil around** ɨnɔɛtɛ́s *v*. **coil up** ilúƙúrètòn *v*. **coiled** iyérón *v*. **coiled loosely** ŋarúxánòn *v*. **coiled up** ilúƙúròn *v*.

**coin** kaúdzèèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋárɔpɨyéékw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲésimón *n*.; ɲókóìn *n*. **coinhabit** ínínós *v*. **cold** ɨɛ́ɓɔ́n *v*. **cold (become)** ɨɛ́ɓɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; ɨɛ́ɓɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **cold (make)** ɨɛ́ɓítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **cold (virus)** ɲarʉ́kʉ́m *n*. **cold weather** ɨɛ́ɓɔ́na kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **collaborate on** ɨŋáŋárɛtɛ́s *v*. **collapse** badonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; laʝámétòn *v*.; ɲalámétòn *v*.; ɲalámónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ruɓétón *v*.; ruɓonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taɲáléetésá así *v*.; taɲálóòn *v*. **collapse due to weight** xuƙúmétòn *v*. **collapsed** paɗókómòn *v*. **collar** ɦyʉƙʉma ƙwázà<sup>e</sup> *n*.; ikeda ƙwázà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **collar (animal)** rɔɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **collarbone** ɲálaƙamááìtìɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **colleague** taŋɛ́ɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *pro*. **colleague (my)** ɲ́citaŋá *n*. **colleague (your)** bitáŋá *n*. **colleagues** taŋáíkìn *pro*. **collect** ikóóbés *v*.; ikóóbetés *v*.; ɨrírɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨrírɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtsʉnɛs *v*.; ɨtsʉnɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨʉɗɛs *v*.; ɨʉɗɛtɛ́s *v*. **collect (contributions)** bɔsɛtɛ́s *v*. **collect a debt** amʉtsanés *v*. **collect firewood** weesá dakwí *v*. **collect rubbish** ɲaɗaɗés *v*. **college** ɲésukúl *n*.; yunivásìtì *n*. **colloquium** ɲésémìnà *n*. **colonize** ínésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **color** ŋɔr *n*. **colored soil** ɲálámʉɲɛna *n*. **Colossians (biblical)** Ŋíkolosáik<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**colossus** kébàdà *n*.; nábàdà *n*.; nébàdà *n*. **colostrum** ɲóɗós *n*. **coma (be in a)** bàdòn *v*. **comatose** ifáfúkós *v*. **comb** ɨƙwɛrɛs *v*.; ɲɛkɛ́sɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **comb out** ɨƙwɛ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **combatant** cɛmáám *n*. **combative** cɛmɨcɛmɔs *v*. **combed** ɨƙwɛrɔs *v*. **combine** ɗɔtsɛ́s *v*.; ɗɔtsɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɗɔtsɛtɛ́s *v*.; iɗyates *v*.; iɲales *v*. **combine (grains)** ikáɗóés *v*. **Combretium species** tʉ̀tʉ̀f *n*. **come** àtsòn *v*.; ɨnapɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **come (get to)** ɨsʉ́ŋʉ́rɛ́s *v*. **come across** bunétón *v*.; bùnòn *v*.; ɨtsɔŋɛtɛ́s *v*.; ŋawɨlɛs *v*.; taƙámón *v*. **come after** elánétòn *v*. **come alongside** nápɔ́n *v*. **come and go in bunches** ts'ʉ̀wɔ̀n *v*. **come apart** ɗɛsɛ́ɗɛ́sánón *v*.; ɗusúmón *v*. **come around** ɨlɔ́ɗɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; irímétòn *v*. **come back** iɓóɓóŋètòn *v*.; itétón *v*.; tɔrʉ́ɓɔ́n *v*. **come back around** ɨƙʉlʉ́ƙʉ́lɔ̀n *v*. **come back to life** ɦyekétón *v*. **come beside** nápɔ́n *v*. **come by** ɨɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **come by way of** tɔmɛɛtɛ́s *v*. **come close** ɦyɔtɔ́ɡɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **come down** kídzìmètòn *v*.; tsíɡìmètòn *v*. **come early** isókétòn *v*. **come edging** itsoɗiétòn *v*. **come for a visit** ɨlɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **come free** hoɗómón *v*. **come in (of teeth)** morétón *v*.

concave

**come in convoy** ɨtílɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **come in procession** ɨtílɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **come inching** itsoɗiétòn *v*. **come into view** lɛlɛmánétòn *v*.; lɛlɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; pɛlɛ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **come late** íbànètòn *v*.; irípétòn *v*. **come of age** iríétòn *v*. **come off** hoɗómón *v*.; tolómétòn *v*. **come out** pulúmétòn *v*.; tolómétòn *v*. **come out (of stars)** ʝʉ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **come quickly** ikóméètòn *v*. **come successively** torópétòn *v*. **come to (wake)** tsídzètòn *v*. **come to a consensus** bɛrɛtɛ́sá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **come to a stop** wasɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **come together** ikóóbetésá así *v*. **come undone** hoɗómón *v*. **come uninvitedly** imíŋóòn *v*. **come via** tɔmɛɛs *v*.; tɔmɛɛtɛ́s *v*. **come with** elánétòn *v*. **coming into view** lɛlɛmánón *v*. **commander** ɨtsɨkɛsíám *n*. **commandment (divine)** ɨtsɨkɛsa Ɲákuʝí *v*. **Commelina species** ɡùʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **commence** iséétòn *v*.; isóón *v*.; itsyákétòn *v*. **commerce** dzîɡw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **commerce (do)** dzíɡwès *v*. **comminge** itsulútsúlés *v*. **commingle** ídulés *v*.; íduludulés *v*.; ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɛ́s *v*. **commingled** ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ̀n *v*.; ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ́s *v*. **Commiphora africana** ibét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Commiphora campestris** lɔ́lɔwí *n*.

**Commiphora species** tʉlárɔ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*. **commit adultery** ɓúƙón *v*. **commit oneself** ɨmíɗítsɛ́sa así *v*. **commix** ídulés *v*.; íduludulés *v*. **commodities** kúrúɓáicík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **commodity** dzíɡwam *n*.; dzíɡwetam *n*.; dzííƙotam *n*. **common** tɔɔsɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **Communion** Ŋƙáƙá Komúnió<sup>e</sup> *n*. **community** narúét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **compacted** ɗɔtsánón *v*.; ɗɔtsɔ́s *v*.; dirídòn *v*.; tɔrɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **compactedly** dìr *ideo*.; tɔ̀r *ideo*. **companion** itumetésíàm *n*. **company** itumetésíàm *n*.; itúmétòn *v*. **company of girls** ɲèrààƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **compare** iríánitetés *v*.; ƙámítetés *v*. **compare each other** támínɔ́s *v*. **compel** ɨtɨŋɛs *v*. **compete** ɨkátínɔ́s *v*.; ɨlɔ́ímɔ́s *v*.; ɨlɔ́ínɔ́s *v*. **complain** ɨŋʉrʉ́ŋʉ́rɔ̀n *v*.; ƙɔ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*. **comple** ɨtíŋɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **complete** ŋábɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **completed** ŋábɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; nábɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **completely** ʝɨkî *adv*.; kɔ́nítɨák<sup>e</sup> *pro*.; pílè *ideo*.; tsʉ́tɔ̀ *adv*. **compliant** tsolólómòn *v*. **compose (music)** iroketés *v*. **compound** awááƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **comprehend** nesíbes *v*. **compress** ɨrɨɗɛtɛ́s *v*.; rɔɲɛ́s *v*. **compressed** ɨrɨɗɔs *v*.; tɔrɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **computer** ɲókompyútà *n*. **comrade** taŋɛ́ɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *pro*. **comrades** taŋáíkìn *pro*. **con** ɨmɔɗɛs *v*. **concave** sakánámòn *v*.; tsuƙúlúmòn *v*.

consume

**concave (flatly)** ɓɛtɛ́lɛ́mɔ̀n *v*.; fɛtɛ́lɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **conceal** búdès *v*.; búdesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɗɛɛs *v*.; ɨɗɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ipáŋwéés *v*.; tɨts'ɛ́s *v*.; tɨts'ɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **conceal matters** kɔkɛ́sá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **conceal oneself** budés *v*. **concealed** budésón *v*.; búdòs *v*. **concede** óɡoés *v*. **conceited** itúrón *v*. **concern (topic)** tábès *v*. **concerned** ísánòn *v*. **concerned (become)** ísánonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **conciliate** ɨsílítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **conclude matters** kɔkɛtɛ́sá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **conclusion** ɲémíso *n*. **condense (of water)** ikópíòn *v*. **condense (water)** tsɨpɨtsípɔ́n *v*. **cone of tobacco** bɔrɔƙɔƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lɔ́tɔ́ɓabɔrɔƙɔ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **confess** tɔkíɔ́n *v*. **confine** ɨƙalíƙálɛ́s *v*.; ɨrɨɗɛs *v*.; ɨrɨɗɛtɛ́s *v*. **confirm** nɨnɛtɛ́s *v*. **confirm the case** enésá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **confirmation (religious)** ɲékipeyés *n*. **Confirmation (Confirmation)** koferemáásìò *n*. **conflagration** kóméts'àɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **conflate** ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɛ́s *v*.; itsulútsúlés *v*. **conflated** ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ̀n *v*.; ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ́s *v*. **conflict** ɲéƙúruƙur *n*.; ɲɛ́píɗɨpɨɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **conflict (cause)** irémóòn *v*. **confound** iƙures *v*. **confounded** iƙúrúmétona iká<sup>e</sup> *v*. **confuse** iƙures *v*.; ilotses *v*.

**confused** iɓíléròn *v*.; ɨcɔ́ŋáimetona iká<sup>e</sup> *v*.; iƙúrúmétona iká<sup>e</sup> *v*.; lɔŋɔanón *v*. **confused (become)** lɔŋɔanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **congeal** iɗíkétòn *v*.; iɗikitetés *v*.; tɔsɔ́ɗɔ́kɔ̀n *v*. **congeal when cooled** ɨpʉ́kákòn *v*. **congealed** iɗíkón *v*. **congested (nasally)** ɗɨnɔ́s *v*. **Congo** Kóŋɡò *n*. **congregate** ikóóbetésá así *v*.; ɨrírɛ́ɛtɛ́sá así *v*.; iryámíryámètòn *v*.; itóyéésa así *v*.; ɨtsʉ́nɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; itukánón *v*. **congregation** ɲatʉ́kɔ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **connect** ɗɛsɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; imánétòn *v*.; imánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔŋɛtɛs *v*.; tɔŋɛ́tɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; toropes *v*.; tɔrʉtsɛs *v*. **conserve** ɨmɨnímínɛ́s *v*. **consider** tamátámatés *v*.; tamɛtɛ́s *v*.; tamítámiés *v*. **consonant** ŋurutiesá tódà<sup>o</sup> *n*. **constant** rítsírɨtsánón *v*. **constellation (five-star)** Ɲerawik<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Tùtùk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **constellation (seven-star)** Lorokonídàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **constellation (six-star)** Torikaika Rié *n*. **constellation (Southern Cross)** Ɲémusaláɓà *n*. **constipated** firímón *v*.; tíbɨɗɛ́sɔ́n *v*.; tɨbíɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **constrained** ɨrɨɗɔs *v*. **constrict** ɨrɨɗɛs *v*.; ɨrɨɗɛtɛ́s *v*.; riɗímétòn *v*. **constricted** ɨrɨɗɔs *v*.; rɔ́ƙɔ́rɔƙánón *v*. **construct** bɛrɛ́s *v*.; toyeetés *v*. **construct (a saying)** taɗápítetés *v*. **consume** ɗáɗítés *v*.; ɨɓalíɓálɛ́s *v*.; ŋƙáƙés *v*.; ŋƙɛ́s *v*.

cored out

**contain** ɨrɨtsɛ́s *v*. **container (big)** kúbùr *n*. **contemn** tsíítés *v*. **contemplate** ɲɛɓɛ́s *v*.; tamátámatés *v*.; tamítámiés *v*. **contemplative** tamɛ́síàm *n*. **contend** ɨlɔ́ímɔ́s *v*.; ɨlɔ́ínɔ́s *v*.; kóríètòn *v*. **contentious** deƙwideƙos *v*. **continue** itemes *v*.; itemetés *v*. **contort** imákóitetés *v*. **contorted** imákóòn *v*. **contorted (become)** imákwéètòn *v*. **contract** riɗímétòn *v*.; tɔ́ɗɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **contract (cramp)** ɨtɨɓítíɓɔ̀n *v*. **contract (work)** kabaɗa na teréɡì *n*.; teréɡikabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **contracted** tɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **contradict** déƙwítetés *v*.; nɛpɛƙanitetés *v*. **contribute** tɔ́ƙɛ́s *v*. **contribute resources** ɗɔtsɛ́sá ɦyekesí *v*. **contributions (extract)** bɔsɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **contuse** rùròn *v*. **contusion** ƙwár *n*. **convene** ikíkóanón *v*.; itukánón *v*. **converge** itóyéésa así *v*. **conversation** ɲékukwá *n*. **converse** ɨɛ́nɔ́n *v*.; tódinós *v*. **convex** tsʉrʉ́ɗʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **convulse** ɨmímíʝɛ́s *v*. **Conyza species** ɲɛ́ʉrʉmɛmɛ́*n*. **coo (of infants)** ɨŋɨníŋínɔ̀n *v*. **cook** itiŋés *v*.; kɔŋɛ́síàm *n*. **cook by boiling** féés *v*. **cook by stirring** kɔŋɛ́s *v*. **cook for friends** féésa íditíní *v*.

**cook out (poison)** natsɛ́s *v*. **cook quickly** hataikánón *v*. **cook up** ɨɗɔ́ɗɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **cooked well** ɗʉmʉ́dɔ̀n *v*. **cooked medium** tsɛɓɛ́kɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **cooked tough** haʉ́dɔ̀n *v*. **cooked very tough** hàᶶ *ideo*. **cooker** ɲɛsɨŋƙɨrɨ *n*. **cookie** ɲéɓisikót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cooking hut** ɲéʝiɡón *n*. **cooking place** itiŋésíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cooking stick** kɔŋɛ́sídàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cooking stone** caál *n*. **cool** cucuéón *v*. **cool down** cucuéétòn *v*.; cucuéítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; cucuéónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɗipímón *v*. **cool down (emotionally)** ɨɛ́ɓítɛ́sʉƙɔta ɡúró<sup>e</sup> *v*. **cool down (food)** ɨkáʉ́tɛ́s *v*. **cool down the heart** cucuéítésuƙota ɡúró<sup>e</sup> *v*. **cool off** cucuéétòn *v*.; cucuéónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **coop (chicken)** ɲɔ́kɔkɔrɔ́hò *n*. **cooperate** ɗɔtsánón *v*.; ɗɔtsánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **cooperate on** ɨŋáŋárɛtɛ́s *v*. **coordinate** ilíráitetés *v*. **coordinated** ilíróòn *v*. **cope with** totseres *v*. **coppice (round)** ɲalʉ́kɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **copulate with** tirés *v*. **copy** iŋitiés *v*.; toputes *v*.; toputetés *v*. **cord** sim *n*. **Cordia sinensis** ɲóɗomé *n*. **cordon-bleu (red-cheeked)** ŋíkaɗiiɗí *n*. **core** ekwed<sup>a</sup> *n*. **core out** iɓóɓórés *v*. **cored out** iɓóɓórós *v*.

covenant

**Corinthians (biblical)** Ŋíkoríntoik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **corn** màlòr *n*.; màlòrìèɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲaɓʉra *n*. **corncob** ɲaɓʉraídàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **corncobs (leftover)** ɨraɲ *n*. **corner** ɲɔkɔɔna *n*.; rʉ́ɛ́s *v*. **corner of the eye** ɗoɗékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **corpse** loukúéts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛ́lɛl *n*. **corral** ɓór *n*.; ikoŋetés *v*.; ɨkwɛtíkwɛ́tɛ́s *v*.; ƙalíƙálɛ́s *v*.; sáɡwès *v*. **correct** ɨtsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨtsírɔ́n *v*.; iyóón *v*.; tsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tsírɔ́n *v*.; tɔɓɛɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔɓɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **correct (typcially)** toɓéíón *v*. **corridor** bácík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **corroborate** nɨnɛtɛ́s *v*. **corrode** iróróòn *v*.; sɨmírɔ́n *v*. **corroded** sɨmɨránón *v*. **corrupt** iƙurúƙúròn *v*.; ɨlʉŋʉ́lʉ́ŋɛ́s *v*.; ɨráŋʉ́nánón *v*. **corruption** ɲéƙúruƙur *n*. **cosmos** kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cost** ɲéɓéy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **costlessness** tsàm *n*. **cot** ɲɛ́kítaɗa *n*. **coterie** kábùn *n*. **cotton** ɲápáma *n*. **coucal** múɗuɗú *n*. **cough** ɔ̀f *n*.; ɔ̀fɔ̀n *v*. **councillor** ŋurutiesíama mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*.; ɲákáńsɔ̀là *n*. **counsel** táŋɛ́s *v*.; taŋɛtɛ́s *v*. **counsel each other** táŋínɔ́s *v*. **count** ɨmaarɛ́s *v*. **counterfeit** láŋ *n*. **country** kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **county** ɲákáúńtì *n*.

**courageous** itítíŋòn *v*. **courgette** lomuƙe *n*. **courier** dɛáám *n*. **course** isépón *v*.; ɲókós *n*. **court** ɲókót<sup>a</sup> *n*.; sits'és *v*. **court each other** síts'ímós *v*. **court fee** kárátsìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **courthouse** ɲókót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cousin (his/her father's brother's child)** babatíím *n*. **cousin (his/her father's brother's son)** leat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cousin (his/her father's sister's child)** tatatíím *n*. **cousin (his/her mother's brother's child)** momotíím *n*. **cousin (his/her mother's sister's child)** tototíím *n*. **cousin (mother's brother's child)** momóìm *n*. **cousin (mother's sister's child)** totóìm *n*. **cousin (my father's brother's child)** ŋɡóím *n*. **cousin (my father's brother's son)** ɛdɛ́ *n*. **cousin (my father's brother's wife's child)** yáŋììm *n*. **cousin (my father's sister's child)** tátàìm *n*. **cousin (your father's brother's child)** bábòìm *n*. **cousin (your father's brother's son)** léó *n*. **cousin (your father's sister's child)** tátóím *n*. **covenant** iɓoletés *v*.

**cover** ɡubés *v*.; kɔkɛ́s *v*.; kɔkɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɨts'ɛ́s *v*. **cover (a corpse)** sínɛ́s *v*. **cover (an area)** ɨɗɛŋɛs *v*.; ɨkáyɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **cover (an opening)** tʉɓʉnɛ́s *v*. **cover (flat)** ɲápár *n*. **cover (termites)** mɔkɛ́s *v*. **cover oneself** kɔkɛ́sá así *v*. **cover up** bukúrésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɡubésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɨts'ɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **cover up issues** kɔkɛ́sá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **coverall (leather)** kɔ́lɔ́ts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **covered** iɗéŋímètòn *v*. **covered (get)** tuɓunímétòn *v*. **covered in sores** sómomóʝón *v*.; tɔmɔ́tɔ́mánón *v*. **covert** búdòs *v*. **covetous** ts'íts'ɔ́n *v*. **cow** ɦyɔŋwa *n*. **cow (Ankole)** Ŋíɲaŋkóléɦyɔ́*n*. **cow (elephant)** oŋoriŋwa *n*. **cow leather** ɦyɔjejé *n*. **cow milk** ɦyòìdw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cow udder** ɦyòìdw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cow urine** tsét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cow(s)** ɦyɔ̀ *n*. **cow-leather shoe** ɦyɔtaƙáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **coward** xɛɓásíàm *n*. **cowardice** xɛɓás *n*. **cowardly** ʝàƙw<sup>a</sup> *ideo*.; ʝaƙwádòn *v*.; wúrukukánón *v*.; xɛ̀ɓɔ̀n *v*. **cowbell** ɲákááɗoŋot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cowdung** ɦyɔ̀èts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cowfly** lótsóts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cowherd** còòkààm *n*. **cowhide** ɦyɔjejé *n*.

**cowpea leaves** Icémóríɗókàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cowpeas** Icémóríɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cowskin** ɦyɔjejé *n*. **crack** ɓɛlɛ́s *v*.; ɓɛlɛtɛ́s *v*. **crack (react)** tokúétòn *v*.; tokúréètòn *v*. **crack (sound)** ɗɛɗɛanón *v*.; ɨrɔʝírɔ́ʝɛ́s *v*.; rɛɗɛɗánón *v*. **crack apart** itotoles *v*. **crack in pieces** ɨráráƙɛ́s *v*. **crack knuckles** ɨrɔʝírɔ́ʝɛ́sá kɔrɔ́kíkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **crack open** ɓelémón *v*.; ɨƙɛ́ƙɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **crack open (bones)** ikokes *v*. **crack slightly** beemón *v*. **crack!** ɦyòm *ideo*. **cracked** ɓaaɓánón *v*.; ɓɛlɛ́ɓɛ́lánón *v*.; ɓɛlɔ́s *v*.; médemedánón *v*.; takátákánón *v*. **cracked skin (on feet)** ɲaɓaɓa *n*. **cracker** ɲéɓisikót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **crackle** ɗɛɗɛanón *v*.; rɛɗɛɗánón *v*. **crackly** xà<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **crackly (in sound)** xaúdòn *v*. **craft** bɛrɛtɛ́s *v*. **craft (a saying)** taɗápítetés *v*. **craftiness** nɔɔ́s *n*. **crafty** nɔɔsánón *v*. **crag** ɲɛ́ɛ́sɛ *n*. **Craibia laurentii** kaûdz<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cram** ɨsɨkɛs *v*.; rʉtsɛ́s *v*.; rʉtsɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **cramp** ɨtɨɓítíɓɔ̀n *v*. **cramp (abdominally)** tɔkɔɗíkɔ́ɗɔ̀n *v*. **cramp up** imúnúkukúón *v*. **cranium** ikóɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔka iká<sup>e</sup> *n*. **crap** nts'áƙón *v*. **crash (sound)** tɔtɔanón *v*. **crash through brush** ɗáɗítésa ríʝá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **Crataeva adansonii** ɲéyoroeté *n*.

cross-eyed

**craving (have a)** ɨrɔ́rɔ́kánón *v*. **craw** ɡwà *n*. **crawl** akúkúròn *v*.; tolíón *v*. **crawl up** ikókórés *v*. **crawl up this way** ikókóretés *v*. **craziness** leɡé *n*.; lejé *n*.; lejéèd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lejénánès *n*.; ŋkérép<sup>a</sup> *n*. **crazy** iworós *v*. **crazy (go)** doʝánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **crazy person** lejéàm *n*. **cream off** ɨʝɨlɛtɛ́s *v*. **crease** zeket<sup>a</sup> *n*. **creased** rʉʝanón *v*.; rʉʝʉrʉ́ʝánón *v*.; turúʝón *v*.; zamʉʝánón *v*. **creasy** turuʝúrúʝánón *v*. **create** ɨɗɨmɛtɛ́s *v*.; iroketés *v*.; tɔsʉɓɛs *v*. **create peace** fítésa kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *v*.; ɨlɔ́tɛ́sʉƙɔta kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **created** ɨɗɨmɔtɔ́s *v*. **creation** kíʝá na ɨɗɨmɔtɔ́s *n*. **creator** ɨɗɨmɛ́síàm *n*.; ɨɗɨmɛtɛ́síàm *n*.; tɔsʉɓɛtɛ́síàm *n*. **creature** ɨɗɨmɔtɔ́s *n*. **credible** tɔnʉpam *n*. **credit** iɗenes *v*.; iɗenetés *v*.; kál *n*. **creek** ìàwìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **creep** aƙʉ́ƙʉ́rɔ̀n *v*.; ƙʉts'áám *n*.; totséɗón *v*. **creep up** íbɛ̀ɗìbɛ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*. **creep up on** tɔlɛ́lɛ́ɛtɛ́s *v*. **creeper** ɲɛ́lɔ́kɨlɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **crescent-shaped** toɗóánètòn *v*. **crest (bird)** ɲálem *n*. **crested** tsowírímòn *v*. **crevice (rock)** tsarátán *n*. **crew** ɲáʝore *n*.

**cricket** ʝòrìʝòr *n*. **cricket (armoured)** ɨkɔ́kɔ́yà *n*. **crier** weretsíám *n*. **crime** tɛ́ŋɛ́r *n*. **criminal** ɲɔ́mɔkɔsáàm *n*.; tɛ́ŋɛ́rìàm *n*. **crimp** zeket<sup>a</sup> *n*. **crimson** tsòn *ideo*. **cringe** ŋaxɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **crinkle** zeket<sup>a</sup> *n*. **crinkled** rʉʝanón *v*.; turúʝón *v*.; zamʉʝánón *v*. **crinkly** turuʝúrúʝánón *v*. **cripple** ŋwàxɔ̀nìàm *n*. **crippled** ŋwàxɔ̀n *v*. **crock (soot)** ɲémúɗets<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲémúɗuɗu *n*. **crocodile** ɲetíɲáŋ *n*. **crombec (woodland)** natúɗusé *n*. **crook** itúkúɗètòn *v*.; itúkúɗòn *v*.; tukuɗes *v*. **crook (cane)** ɲótooɗó *n*. **crook (climbing)** ƙɔ̀ɗɔ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **crook (staff)** ɲɛ́sɛɛɓɔ́*n*. **crooked** ɡɔ́lɔ́ɡɔlánón *v*.; ríbiribánón *v*.; tukúɗón *v*. **crooked (corrupt)** iƙurúƙúròn *v*. **crooked neck (have a)** lɔkɔɗíkɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **crop** ɡwà *n*.; isésélés *v*. **crop up** tʉwɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; tʉ̀wɔ̀n *v*. **crops (nearly ripe)** porór *n*. **cross** kámáránón *v*.; kámáránónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ŋʉrɛ́s *v*.; ɲémusaláɓà *n*.; tɔkɛ́ɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **cross over** ɡórés *v*.; íɡorés *v*.; íɡorésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **cross over a spear** ɡóriesá ɓɨsá<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **cross repeatedly** ɡóriés *v*.; íɡoriés *v*. **cross to that side** aronuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **cross to this side** arétón *v*. **cross-eyed** kámáránón *v*.; ríbiribánón *v*.

**crossing** àrònìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **crossing (river)** ôd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ódèèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **crossroad** bézèkètìkìn *n*. **Crotalaria lachnocarpoides** ɨɛƙɨɛƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **crotch** lɔkɔ́r *n*. **crotch of a tree** bɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; bɔ̀kɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **Croton dichogamus** ɓólìs *n*. **crouch** dɛ́ɡɛ̀mɔ̀n *v*.; rábʉ̀xɔ̀n *v*.; tsɔ́nɔ́n *v*. **crow** ikwóón *v*. **crow (pied)** kʉ́ràk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **crowbar** ɲotolim *n*. **crowd** itsuɗútsúɗés *v*.; ituɗútúɗés *v*.; ɲéɓúku *n*.; ɲerípírìp<sup>a</sup> *n*.; òdìòs *n*. **crowded together** lolotánón *v*.; tutukánón *v*. **crown (bird)** ɲálem *n*. **crown of head** ikáɡwarí *n*. **crud** ts'âɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cruddy** itútsón *v*.; ts'áɡòn *v*. **crumble** ɗukúmétòn *v*.; ɗukúmón *v*.; ɲalámétòn *v*.; ɲalámónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taɲáléetésá así *v*.; taɲálóòn *v*.; tɔpwaɲípwáɲɛ́s *v*. **crumble off** pɛsɛ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **crumbly** bùɲ *ideo*.; buɲádòn *v*.; ɨwɛlɛ́wɛ́lánón *v*.; pɛsɛ́pɛ́sánón *v*. **crumbly dry** tsaʉ́dɔ̀n *v*. **crumbly substance** búɲèn *n*. **crumbly-dryly** tsàᵘ *ideo*. **crumby** ŋʉmʉ́ŋʉ́mánón *v*. **crumple** laʝámétòn *v*.; tʉmʉɗʉŋɛs *v*. **crumple up** tʉmʉɗʉŋɛtɛ́s *v*. **crunch** ɨʉmʉ́íʉ́mɛ́s *v*. **crunch (food)** iruɓes *v*. **crunch (sound)** ɨrɔʝírɔ́ʝɛ́s *v*. **crunch crunch** ƙɛ̀ƙ ɛ *ideo*.; tsʉ̀bɛ̀ɗ ɛ *ideo*.

**crunchily** xà<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **crunchy** karʉ́ts'ʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **crunchy (in sound)** xaúdòn *v*. **crush** iɗoses *v*.; ɨlɛɗɛs *v*.; ɨtsakɛs *v*. **crush (win)** kɔrɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **crush into powder** itsomes *v*. **crush up** ɨtsakítsákɛ́s *v*. **crust** ɔmɔ́x *n*. **crusted over** rɔ́bɔ̀ɗɔ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **crusty** rɔ́bɔ̀ɗɔ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **cry** ƙɔ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*.; werets<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cry (make)** ƙɔɗɨtɛs *v*. **cry breathily** xíƙwítós *v*. **cry easily** dzálón *v*.; ɨɲɛ́ɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **cry out** bɔ́rɔ́rɔ̀n *v*.; werétsón *v*.; werétsónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **crystallize** ɲaʉ́dɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **crystallized** ɲaʉ́dɔ̀n *v*. **crystallizedly** ɲàᶶ *ideo*. **cucumber** kɔlɨl *n*. **cucumber grass** kɔlɨlíkú *n*. **cucumber juice** kɔlɨlícúé *n*. **cucumber seed** kɔlɨlíékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Cucumis dipsaceus** tsɔ́ráɗoɗôb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Cucumis figarei** loɗeɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **cultivatable** tɔkɔbam *n*. **cultivate** tɔkɔ́bɛs *v*. **cultivate (make)** tɔkɔ́bɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **cultivate early** ɨɗɔ́rɛ́ʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **cultivated** tɔkɔ́bɨtɔtɔ́s *v*. **cultivation** tɔ̀kɔ̀b a *v*. **cultivation (early)** ìɗɔ̀r *n*. **cultivator** tɔ̀kɔ̀bààm *n*. **cumbersome** pɔsɔ́kɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **cuneal** lɨkíɗímɔ̀n *v*. **cunning** nɔɔ́s *n*.; nɔɔsánón *v*. **cup** ɲókópo *n*.

#### cupboard

**cupboard** ɲákábàt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Cupressus lusitanica** asʉnán *n*. **cure** maraŋítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; mínɛ́s *v*. **curl** ilúƙúretés *v*. **curl around** imanímánés *v*. **curl up** ilúƙúrètòn *v*.; tusuketés *v*.; tusúkón *v*. **curl up (to rest)** touríánòn *v*. **curled up** ilúƙúròn *v*. **current issues** kíʝámɛ̀n *n*. **current of air** suɡur *n*. **curse** ébetiés *v*.; ìlàm *n*.; ɨlamɛs *v*.; itsenes *v*.; kɔ́tɛ́s *v*. **curse with a difficult birth** ɨkɛɗɛs *v*. **cursed** ɨlamɔs *v*. **cursed (of a birth)** ɨkɛɗɔs *v*. **curser of natural resources** tɛ́bɛsɨama kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **curses** ŋítsen *n*. **curtain (doorway)** ɲétiriƙá *n*. **curve** ilúkúɗòn *v*. **curve backward (of horns)** toryóŋón *v*. **curved forward** soƙolánón *v*. **curvy** tukúɗúkuɗánón *v*. **cushion** ɲápalís *n*.; ɲápalís *n*. **cuspid** bàdìàm *n*. **cuss out** ébetiés *v*.; kɔ́tɛ́s *v*. **Cussonia arborea** boxoƙorét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **custom** ɲatal *n*.; ɲeker *n*. **customer** dzíɡwààm *n*.; dzíɡwèsìàm *n*. **cut** ɗɛsɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; ɗusúmón *v*.; ɗusutes *v*.; hoés *v*.; ɨkɛ́ŋɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; ŋʉrɛ́s *v*.; ŋʉrɔ́s *v*.; tɔŋɛɗɛs *v*. **cut (of meat)** ɲekiner *n*. **cut (vegetation)** ɨɗɛtɛs *v*.; ɨrɛʝɛs *v*. **cut a circle** tɔlʉkɛtɛ́s *v*.

**cut a ring in** ɨlíŋírɛ́s *v*. **cut across** piɗés *v*. **cut around** ɨlíŋírɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɨrɛs *v*. **cut away** iƙémíƙémés *v*.; ŋʉrɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **cut bluntly** ifitífítés *v*. **cut down** ruɓutetés *v*. **cut dully** iŋulúŋúlés *v*. **cut in (verbally)** itoɓes *v*. **cut in chunks** ʝulés *v*. **cut in conversation** itoɓítóɓésa tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **cut in pieces** ŋurutiés *v*.; ŋurutiós *v*. **cut in slices** írés *v*.; irikíríkés *v*. **cut in strips** ɨɗɨɗɛs *v*. **cut in two** ɨwáwáɗɛ́s *v*. **cut into** hoetés *v*. **cut noisily** ɨwɔxíwɔ́xɛ́s *v*. **cut off** ŋʉrɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ŋurúmétòn *v*. **cut off (branches)** iteɗes *v*. **cut off (verbally)** iƙofes *v*. **cut off completely** fùt<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **cut out** ɓilés *v*.; hoetés *v*. **cut out (exlude)** tɔlʉ́kɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **cut out respiratory organs** itórópés *v*. **cut short** ŋurúmétòn *v*. **cut through** ɓʉ́nɛ́s *v*.; ɓʉnɛtɛ́s *v*. **cut up** hoetés *v*.; ŋʉrɛtɛ́s *v*.; ŋʉrʉ́ŋʉ́ránón *v*. **cut up in pieces** ɨŋɨlíŋílánón *v*.; ɨŋɨlíŋílɛ́s *v*.; ŋurutiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **cut with a blade** kawés *v*. **cuttable** ɓʉnɛtam *n*. **cutting of grass** sɨláxìŋ *n*. **cycle** ɨrɔmɛs *v*. **cylindrical** ɗatáɲámòn *v*. **Cynachium species** ɲákamɔ́ŋɔ *n*. **Cynodon dactylon** mʉrɔn *n*. **Cyperus alternifolius** bùsùbùs *n*.

**Cyperus distans** ɡòmòʝòʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Cyphostemma junceum** ɲɛ́caal *n*. **daily life** zɛƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dam** tábàr *n*.; tɨts'ɛ́s *v*. **dam up** itéƙélés *v*.; tɨts'ɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tits'ímétòn *v*. **damage** kwɛts'ɛ́s *v*. **damaged (get)** kwɛts'ɛ́mɔ́n *v*. **dammed** tɨts'ɔ́s *v*. **damn** ɨlamɛs *v*. **damned** ɨlamɔs *v*. **damnǃ** ɗʉ̀rʉ̀ *n*. **damp** ɗɔ̀ƙɔ̀n *v*. **damp (become)** ɗɔƙɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dampen** ɗɔƙítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dance** dikw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; dikwétón *v*. **dance (clapping)** ɲókorot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dance (ecstatic)** ʝàkàlʉ̀kà *n*. **dance (like to)** dikwidikos *v*. **dance (stork-style)** dikwa na tsokóbè *n*. **dance (style of)** ɲɛ́lɛmá *n*. **dance and sing** óìdìkwòn *v*. **dance at danceground** dikwétóna ŋabɔ́bɔ̀ɔ̀ *v*. **dance hall** dikwáhò *n*. **dance toward** ilépón *v*. **dance with singing** wááka dikwitíní *n*. **dance with stomping** ìpàs *n*. **dance-walk** ɨpásɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **danceground** ŋabɔ́bɔ̀ *n*. **dancing** ɲaɓolya *n*. **danger** ɡaánàs *n*.; ɲárém *n*. **dangerous** ɡaanón *v*. **dangle** alólóánitetés *v*.; alólóánón *v*.; alólóés *v*. **dapple** ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɛ́s *v*.

**dappled** ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ̀n *v*.; ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ́s *v*. **dark** buɗámón *v*. **dark (of many)** buɗamaakón *v*. **darken** kaikóón *v*.; kurukúrétòn *v*.; witsiwítsétòn *v*. **darkness** bùɗàm *n*. **darkness (pitch)** ɲákámus *n*. **dart** ɓɨsáím *n*.; ɨrʉtsɛsa así *v*. **dart away** ɨpʉ́mɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dart off** ɨpʉ́mɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dart out** ɨpʉ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **dash** dzɛ̀rɔ̀n *v*. **dash away** ɨpʉ́mɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dash off** ɨpʉ́mɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dash out** ɨpʉ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **dassie** kwɨnɨƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **date** sits'és *v*. **date (desert)** òwà *n*. **date each other** síts'ímós *v*. **Datura stramonium** lɔmɔ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*. **daub** ɨwarɛs *v*. **daubed** ɨwarɔs *v*. **daughter** ʝàɡw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲàràm *n*. **daughter (his/her)** ʝáɡwèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **daughter-in-law** bɔƙátín *n*.; imácék<sup>a</sup> *n*. **daughters** ɲèr *n*. **dauntless** itítíŋòn *v*. **dawn** ɓelémón *v*.; ítóna kíʝée ts'ɛɛ *v*.; pɛlɛ́mɔ́na fetí *v*.; tsòòn *v*.; tsoonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; walámón *v*. **dawn cooly** wéreƙéƙón *v*. **dawn red** ɨpɨrípírɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **day** ódòw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **day after tomorrow** kétsóibaráts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **day before yesterday** nótsóò nòk<sup>o</sup> *n*. **daybreak** pɛlɛ́mɔ́na fetí *v*. **daze** ɨrakɛs *v*.; ɨrákɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

#### dazed

**dazed** ɨʝárɔ́n *v*.; ʝarámétòn *v*.; tɔmɛrímɛ́rɔ̀n *v*. **deacon** ɨrɨtsɛ́síàm *n*. **dead (almost)** inunúmónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dead people** ts'óóniik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dead person** bàdònìàm *n*. **deaf** ilios *v*.; mìɲɔ̀n *v*. **deaf person** ámá nà mìɲ *n*.; bositíníàm *n*. **deal out** ɨmɔlɛs *v*. **deal with** nɛɛ́s *v*.; nɛɛsʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; totseres *v*. **deal with each other** totsérímós *v*. **death (natural)** badona ná jèjèⁱ *n*. **debate** nɛpɛƙánón *v*. **debile** bʉláʝámɔ̀n *v*.; daƙwádòn *v*. **debt** amʉ́ts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kál *n*. **debtor** amʉ́tsáàm *n*.; amʉ́tsáàm *n*. **decay** ɗutúɗútánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; lolómónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; masánétòn *v*.; mʉsánétòn *v*. **decayed** ɗatáɗátánón *v*.; ɗutúdòn *v*. **decayed (very)** ɗùt<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **decaying** ɗutúɗútánón *v*. **decease** ɨríɗɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **deceased** bàdònìàm *n*.; tás *n*. **deceive** ɨmɔɗɛs *v*. **decelerate** tosipetés *v*. **December** Ìɓùɓù *n*.; Raraan *n*. **decide on** ɲʉmɛtɛ́s *v*. **decked out** naƙwídɔ̀n *v*. **declare** síránòn *v*. **decline** míʝés *v*.; rárímòn *v*. **decompose** ɗutúɗútánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; mʉsánétòn *v*. **decomposed** ɗatáɗátánón *v*.; ɗutúdòn *v*. **decomposing** ɗutúɗútánón *v*.

**decorate** isires *v*.; naƙwídɛtɛ́s *v*. **decorate with beads** ɨɗɛrɛs *v*. **decorated** isiros *v*. **decorated with beads** ɨɗɛrɔs *v*. **decoration** ŋásír *n*.; ɲewale *n*. **decrease** rárímetés *v*.; rárímòn *v*. **decrease in number** ƙwaɗonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **decrease in size** kwátsónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **decrease size** kwatsítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **decreased** bɨráʉ́tɔ̀n *v*. **decrepit** ɡɔ́ɡɔ̀rɔ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **decrepitly** ɡɔ̀ɡɔ̀r *ideo*. **deep** ɓòɓòn *v*. **deep (very)** wòò *ideo*. **deep asleep** nʉsʉ́dɔ̀n *v*. **deepen** ɓoɓonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **deeper (become)** ɓoɓonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **deeply** dùù *ideo*. **defame** itúrúmés *v*. **defeat** ɨlɔɛs *v*.; ɨlɔɛtɛ́s *v*.; ipíyéésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; kurés *v*.; kurésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **defeated** iloimétòn *v*. **defecate** nts'áƙón *v*. **defecate often** iɓutúɓútòn *v*. **defecation spot** nts'áƙáàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **defend** cookés *v*.; ɨɛtɛ́s *v*. **defender** còòkààm *n*.; ɨɛtɛ́síàm *n*. **deficient** ɨɗákɔ́n *v*.; taɗatsánón *v*. **deflate** ɓilímón *v*.; tɔ́ɗɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **deflated** fɔrɔ́ts'ɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; tɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **deflect** ɨɓatɛs *v*.; ɨƙɨɛs *v*. **deflect repeatedly** ɨɓatíɓátɛ́s *v*. **deformed** rétón *v*. **deformed (of an eye)** ɗooɲómòn *v*. **degree** kêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dejected** ɨsɔ́nɛ́sɔ̀n *v*.

**delay** asínón *v*.; inípónítésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtíɔ́n *v*.; itúmésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; titiretés *v*. **delegate** irotes *v*. **deliberate** iyótsóós *v*. **delicacy** ɡwadam *n*.; ɲɛmʉna *n*. **delicate** yɛmɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **delicate (thin)** bɛɗɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **delicately** yɛ̀m *ideo*. **delicious** ritídòn *v*. **deliciously** rìtⁱ *ideo*. **delight** ɨlákásítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨmʉ́mʉ́ɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **deliver a child** ƙwaatetés *v*. **demolish** ipáríés *v*.; ɨtɔ́tɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **demon** ɲɛkípyɛ́*n*. **demon possession** leɡé *n*.; lejé *n*.; lejéèd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lejénánès *n*.; ŋkérép<sup>a</sup> *n*. **demon-possessed person** lejéàm *n*. **demons** ŋípyɛn *n*. **demonstrate** ɗoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itétémés *v*. **den** ak<sup>a</sup> *n*. **denied** rébìmètòn *v*. **denigrate** itúrúmés *v*. **denizen** zɛƙɔ́ám *n*. **denomination (religious)** ɲéɗíni *n*. **dense** rɔ́mɔ́n *v*. **dense (become)** moɡánétòn *v*. **dense (of a thicket)** moɡánón *v*. **dense (of undergrowth)** bòmòn *v*. **dent** luɗés *v*.; rábaɗamitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dented** luɗúmón *v*.; rábàɗàmòn *v*. **dented (get)** rábaɗamonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dentifrice** ɲókólíƙèt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dentist** tolésíàm *n*. **denuded** sɨlɔ́ʝɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **deny** dimés *v*.; rébès *v*.

**departed (dead)** tás *n*. **depend on** ɨƙɔŋɛs *v*. **dependable** ikékéɲòn *v*. **dependant** ɦyekesíám *n*. **dependence** bɔnánés *n*. **dependent** bɔnán *n*. **depict** iwetés *v*. **depleted** ikarímétòn *v*. **deplore** topóɗón *v*. **deploy** eréɡes *v*. **depraved** ɨráŋʉ́nánón *v*. **depress** luɗés *v*. **depressed** ɨsɔ́nɛ́sɔ̀n *v*.; sìŋòn *v*. **deprive** rébès *v*. **deprived** rébìmètòn *v*. **deracinate** ɗués *v*.; ɗuetés *v*.; rués *v*. **deranged** iworós *v*. **derelict** kɔlɔlánón *v*. **deride with a sucking sound** ts'ʉ́ʉ́tɛ́s *v*. **descend** ɗipímón *v*.; kídzìmòn *v*. **descend (out of sight)** lakámétòn *v*.; lakámón *v*. **descend (that way)** kídzimonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **descend (this way)** kídzìmètòn *v*.; tsíɡìmètòn *v*. **descend into chaos** iŋóɗyáìmètòn *v*. **desert** ɡóózés *v*.; ɡóózesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; nalɔŋɨzat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **desert date** tsʉm *n*. **desert date (fruit)** òwà *n*. **desert dated (ripe)** kwílɨlí *n*. **desert rose** dɛrɛ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ʝɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **deserted** ɡóózosuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **designs** ŋáƙɨran *n*. **desire** ƙanetés *v*.; wíránés *v*. **desist** bɔlɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **desk** ɲéméza na íƙìrà<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*.

**despise** ɨlɛ́lɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ts'ábès *v*.; tsíítés *v*.; takaɗes *v*. **despise each other** ɨlɛ́lɛ́ɨmɔ́s *v*.; ts'ábunós *v*. **despoil** taɓales *v*. **dessicated** seƙelánón *v*. **destitute** ikúrúfánón *v*.; iɓúlíánón *v*. **destitute person** iɓúlíánónìàm *n*.; ikúrúfánóníàm *n*. **destroy** ináƙúés *v*.; ináƙúetés *v*.; ipáríés *v*.; ɨtɔ́tɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **destroy violently** ɡaɗɛ́s *v*. **destroyed** ináƙúós *v*.; ináƙúotós *v*. **detachment (military)** ɲɛ́ɗɨtác *n*. **detain** itúmésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **detect** takanités *v*. **detective** tɨrɨfɛtɛ́síàm *n*. **detergent** ɲásaɓuní *n*. **detergent (laundry)** hómò *n*.; ɲéómò *n*. **determined** ɨkázànòòn *v*.; ɨmʉ́káánón *v*. **detest** ɨlɛ́lɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ts'ábès *v*.; tʉlʉŋɛs *v*. **detest each other** ts'ábunós *v*. **detour** wɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **detour widely** ƙeƙérón *v*. **devastate** ɨsílíánɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **develop** bɛrɛ́s *v*.; zeites *v*.; zeitésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **developed** ikeimétòn *v*. **deviate** imámáɗós *v*.; itípéés *v*.; iwitités *v*. **devil** Siitán *n*. **devilry** badirét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **devise** iroketés *v*. **devote onself** ɨmíɗítsɛ́sa así *v*. **devotee** mínɛ́sìàm *n*.; túbèsìàm *n*. **devour** ɗáɗítés *v*.; ŋƙáƙésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **devout person** ɲakuʝíám *n*.

**dew** siƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dewlap** ɓòlìɓòl *n*. **Dhaasanac people** Ŋíɗóŋiro *n*. **diagnose** ɨpɨmɛs *v*. **diaper** ets'íƙwâz *n*. **diaphragm** kàɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **diarrhate** harítɔ́n *v*. **diarrhea** hár *n*. **diarrhea (chunky)** hárá na ɡwɛrɛʝɛ́ʝ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **diarrhea (have explosive)** ifulúfúlòn *v*. **diarrhea (have liquidy)** harítɔ́na pɨɔ *v*. **diarrhea (have)** harítɔ́n *v*. **diarrhea (liquid)** hárá na tílɨw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **diarrhea (severe)** hárá ná zè *n*. **diarrheal** dulúmón *v*. **diarrheal mucus** háríɡaɗár *n*. **dice** ŋurutiés *v*. **dice up** ŋurutiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **diced** ŋurutiós *v*. **Dichrostachys cinerea** ɡʉ̀r *n*. **dictionary** ɲéɗíkìxònàrì *n*. **did not** máa *adv*. **Didinga language** Ŋííɗɨŋátôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Didinga man** kɛ́xɛ́sìàm *n*. **Didinga person** lɔ́tɔ́ɓààm *n*.; Ŋííɗɨŋáám *n*.; ɲémurúŋ́ɡùàm *n*. **die** bàdòn *v*.; badonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɛ́zɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **die (make)** badítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **die (of many)** ts'óón *v*. **die down** ɗipímón *v*. **die off** bulonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; raraanón *v*. **die off (of many)** ts'óónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **die out** bulonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **die out (of fire)** ts'oonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **die out (of many)** ts'óónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **die suddenly** ɨtʉ́lɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **diesel** ceím *n*.

#### differ

**differ** ʝalánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **different** ʝaláʝálánón *v*.; ʝalánón *v*. **different (become)** ʝalánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **differentiate** ʝalanites *v*. **difficult** imákóòn *v*.; itíónòn *v*. **difficult (become)** imákwéètòn *v*.; kurósúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **difficult (make)** imákóitetés *v*. **difficulty** ŋátíónis *n*. **dig** úɡès *v*. **dig (for water)** tawaɗes *v*. **dig by scratching** ikúkúrés *v*. **dig out** ikuɗúkúɗés *v*.; tukuretés *v*.; tukutetés *v*.; úɡetés *v*. **dig randomly** ɨtsɛɗítsɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*. **dig up** tukures *v*.; tukutes *v*.; úɡetés *v*. **digest** ŋɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **digested** ŋɔ́ɔ́s *v*. **digger** ɲɛ́tɛrɛƙɨtaa na kwɛtá<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*.; tɛ́bɛsɨama ʝʉmwí *n*. **digging stick** fen *n*. **digit** kɔrɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **digit (number)** ɲánamɓá *n*. **digress** hakonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɓátɛ́sʉƙɔta mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **dik-dik (Gunther's)** ɲól *n*. **dik-dik mushroom** ɲólíkɨnám *n*. **dik-dik thornbush** ɲólíkàf *n*. **dilapidated** kɔlɔlánón *v*. **dilate** ɨmɨɗímíɗɛ́s *v*. **diluted** sɨlaɓánón *v*. **dim** kaikóón *v*. **dim (in intellect)** buɗámón *v*. **dim (of eyesight)** buɗámón *v*. **dim (of many)** buɗamaakón *v*. **diminish** rárímetés *v*.; rárímòn *v*.

**ding** rábaɗamitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dinged** rábàɗàmòn *v*. **dinged (get)** rábaɗamonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dining area** ŋƙáƙáày<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dinner** ŋƙáƙá na wídzò<sup>e</sup> *n*. **Dioscorea species** ewêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Diospyros scabra** ɡodiyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dip** ilumes *v*.; ilúmésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iúpón *v*. **dip away** iúpónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dip down** iúpétòn *v*. **dip into** iɗipes *v*. **dip out (liquid)** ábʉbʉƙɛ́s *v*. **dipper** ƙɔ́r *n*. **dipteran** dililits'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **direct** ɨtsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; iyoes *v*.; tsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔɓɛɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔɓɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **direction** xán *n*. **dirt** ʝʉm *n*. **dirt (red)** boŋórén *n*. **dirt mixed with grain** ɓɔɗáʝʉ́m *n*. **dirt-poor** iɓúlíánón *v*. **dirt-poor person** iɓúlíánónìàm *n*. **dirtiness** ts'âɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dirty** buɗámón *v*.; ɨráŋʉ́nánón *v*.; kaɓúrútsánón *v*.; ŋɔrɔ́ɲɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; ɲɔŋɔ́rɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; ts'áɡòn *v*. **dirty (of many)** buɗamaakón *v*. **disability** ŋwaxás *n*. **disabled** ŋwàxɔ̀n *v*. **disabled person** ámá nà ŋwàx *n*.; ŋwàxɔ̀nìàm *n*. **disagree** nɛpɛƙánón *v*. **disappear** buanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨíɗɔ́n *v*.; kúbonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; wɨɗímɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **disappear (make)** buanítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iwítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **disappeared** buanón *v*. **disc (aluminum)** ɲépéɗe *n*.

#### discard

**discard** hábatsésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hábatsetés *v*. **discern** ɦyeités *v*. **discharge** ɓɔ́rítɔ̀n *v*.; ídzès *v*.; ídzesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ídzòn *v*.; taŋasɛs *v*. **discharge (mucupurulent)** dɔ̀x *n*. **discharge continuously** ídziidziés *v*. **disciple** dɛáám *n*. **disclose** ilééránitetés *v*. **disco** dikwáhò *n*. **discontent** lɔlɔanón *v*. **discord** ɲéƙúruƙur *n*.; ɲɛ́píɗɨpɨɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **discourage** faɗites *v*.; ɨkarɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɔ́ítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **discover** enés *v*.; takanités *v*. **discovery** nòìn *n*. **discriminate** ɨlɔ́ɗíŋɛ́s *v*. **discrimination** ɲoloɗiŋ *n*. **discriminatory** ɨlɔ́ɗíŋánón *v*. **discuss** ɨɛ́nɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; ɨɛ́nɔ́n *v*. **discuss details** ituetésá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **discuss matters (as a group)** itukanetésá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **discussion** ɲékukwá *n*. **disdain** ɨlɛ́lɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; tsíítés *v*.; takaɗes *v*. **disease** màyw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲeɗeke *n*. **disease (liver)** ɲeɗekea sakámá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **disease (mild)** ɲeɗekéím *n*. **disease of chest** ɲeɗekea bákútsìkà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **disembowel** ɓilésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **disgorge** xerétón *v*. **disgrace** iryámítetésá ŋiléétsìk<sup>e</sup> *v*.; ŋilééts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **disgraced (become)** iryámétona ŋiléétsìk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **disgracefulness** ŋiléétsìnànès *n*. **disgust** ɨlɛ́lɛ́ítɛtɛ́s *v*.

**dish out** ɡárés *v*.; ɨmɔlɛs *v*. **dish up** ɡárés *v*. **dish-rack** lɔpɨtáá na ƙófóikó<sup>e</sup> *n*. **dishevel** imóɲíkees *v*.; imóɲíkeetés *v*. **dishonest** yʉanón *v*. **disintegrate** ɗukúmétòn *v*.; ɗukúmón *v*. **disintegrating** ɨɲɨlíɲílánón *v*. **dislocate** toletés *v*. **dislocate (joint)** ƙwɨʝɛ́s *v*. **dislocated** ƙwɨʝímɔ́n *v*. **dislocated (become)** tolómétòn *v*. **dislocated (get)** ɓuumón *v*. **dislodge** iloílóés *v*.; toletés *v*. **dislodged (become)** tolómétòn *v*. **dismantle** ɨʝʉƙʉ́ʝʉ́ƙɛ́s *v*. **disobedience** ɲɛ́sɛ́ƙɔ *n*. **disobedient** ɨsɛ́ƙɔ́ánón *v*. **disobedient person** ɲɛ́sɛ́ƙɔ́ám *n*. **disorderly** lɔŋɔanón *v*. **disorderly (become)** lɔŋɔanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **disorientation (topographical)** ŋíjokopí *n*. **dispel** itwares *v*. **dispense** kisanes *v*.; kísés *v*.; tɔkɔrɛs *v*.; tɔkɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔkɔ́rʉ́kɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **disperse** alámááránón *v*.; ɓʉnʉ́mɔ́n *v*.; ɓʉnʉtɛ́s *v*.; ɨlámááránón *v*.; itwares *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lánón *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛ́s *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛtɛ́s *v*.; kisanes *v*.; kísés *v*.; toɓwaŋes *v*.; tɔkɔrɛs *v*.; tɔkɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔkɔ́rʉ́kɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dispersed** ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɔ́s *v*. **dispersion** kís *n*. **displace** dzuƙés *v*.; ilóʝésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨlɔ́líɛ́s *v*. **displace away** dzuƙésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **displace this way** dzuƙetés *v*. **displease** íɡaɗɛ́s *v*.

## disprove

**disprove** ɨsalɛs *v*.; ɨsalɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨsalɨtɛ́s *v*. **disproven** ɨsálímétòn *v*. **disputation** ɲelerum *n*. **dispute** dèƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dispute (of many)** ilérúmùòn *v*. **disregard** bálábálatés *v*.; balɛ́s *v*.; balɛtɛ́s *v*. **disrespect** tatés *v*. **disrupt** íbʉbʉŋɛ́s *v*.; íbʉbʉŋɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **disruptive** rɛ́bɔ̀n *v*. **dissatisfied** lɔlɔanón *v*. **dissatisfy** íɡaɗɛ́s *v*. **dissect** pakés *v*. **dissimilar** ʝalánón *v*. **dissipate** alámááránón *v*.; ɨlámááránón *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lánón *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛtɛ́s *v*. **dissipated** ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɔ́s *v*. **dissolve** ɨlɔƙɛs *v*.; laʝámétòn *v*. **dissolve (in mouth)** ɨnʉƙʉ́nʉ́ƙwɛ́s *v*. **dissuade** táŋɛ́s *v*.; taŋɛtɛ́s *v*. **distance** ɨɛƙás *n*.; ɨɛƙítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zikíbàs *n*. **distance (in miles)** máìrɔ̀ɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **distant** ìɛ̀ƙɔ̀n *v*. **distant (slightly)** ɨɛƙíɛ́ƙɔ̀n *v*. **distended** teɓúsúmòn *v*. **distill** tsɨpɨtsípɔ́n *v*. **distinguish** ʝalanites *v*. **distort** imákóitetés *v*. **distort (truth)** isuɗes *v*.; isuɗetés *v*. **distorted** imákóòn *v*.; rétón *v*. **distorted (become)** imákwéètòn *v*. **distract** ɡwelítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hakaikitetés *v*.; itúmúránitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **distracted** itúmúránón *v*.

**distractible** dʉmɛ́ɗɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **distressed (become)** ɨlárímétòn *v*.; ɨlwárímétòn *v*. **distribute** kisanes *v*.; kísés *v*.; tɔkɔrɛs *v*.; tɔkɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔkɔ́rʉ́kɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **distribution** kís *n*. **distributor** kísáàm *n*.; kisanesíám *n*. **district** ɲéɗísítùrìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **District Commissioner** ɗiisí *n*. **disturb** ɨtsanɛs *v*. **disturbed** walɨwálɔ́n *v*. **disunited with each other** teretiinós *v*. **ditch** cúémúcè *n*.; hábatsésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hábatsetés *v*. **diverse** ʝaláʝálánón *v*. **diversionary tactic** ɲépípa *n*. **divert** itípéés *v*.; iwitités *v*. **divide** pakés *v*.; taɲáléés *v*.; terés *v*. **divide in two** tɔŋɛ́ɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **divide mathematically** tɔkɔrɛs *v*. **divide out** kisanes *v*.; kísés *v*.; tɔkɔrɛs *v*.; tɔkɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔkɔ́rʉ́kɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **divide up** hoetés *v*.; kisanes *v*.; kísés *v*.; taɲáléetés *v*.; terétéránitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tereties *v*.; tɔkɔrɛs *v*.; tɔkɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔkɔ́rʉ́kɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **divide up an animal** teretiesá ínó<sup>e</sup> *v*. **divided amongst each other** teretiinós *v*. **divided in pieces** ŋurutiós *v*. **divided up** terétéránón *v*.; teretiós *v*. **divination** faɗás *n*. **divine** fàɗòn *v*. **diviner** fàɗònìàm *n*. **divinity** ɲakuʝínánès *n*. **division (military)** ɲéɗivíxìòn *n*. **division (space)** naƙʉ́lɛ́*n*.

**divorce** hoɗés *v*.; terémón *v*.; terémónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **divulge** kwɛts'ɛ́s *v*. **divulged** kwɛts'ɛ́mɔ́n *v*. **divvy up** hoetés *v*. **dizziness** taítayó *n*. **dizzy** imáúròn *v*. **do** itíyéés *v*.; itíyéetés *v*. **do again** iɓóŋón *v*.; iɲaƙes *v*.; iɲoƙes *v*.; iɲóƙésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **do aimlessly** ɨpɛípɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **do away with** ɡʉts'ʉrɛs *v*.; ɡuts'uriés *v*.; itsúrúés *v*. **do business** dzíɡwès *v*.; itsúrútseés *v*. **do faster** ɨmʉ́mʉ́rɛ́s *v*. **do in** ɨtsʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **do in patches** xʉ́rɛ́s *v*. **do like** iretes *v*. **do not** eʝá *adv*.; máa *adv*. **do partially** ɨlɨŋɛs *v*. **do patchily** xʉ́rɛ́s *v*. **do poorly** ɨtáƙálɛ́s *v*. **do properly** iyomes *v*. **do quickly** ɨɓʉrʉ́ɓʉ́rɔ̀n *v*. **do streakily** ɨlɨŋɛs *v*. **do wrongly** hamʉʝɛ́s *v*. **do(es) not** ńtá *adv*. **do-nothing** ɲakárámɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **doable** ikásíetam *v*.; itíyéetam *n*. **doctor** ɗakɨtárìàm *n*. **doctor (animal)** ɗakɨtárɨama ínó<sup>e</sup> *n*. **document** kàbàɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲákaratás *n*. **doddering** kamudurudádòn *v*. **doddery** dúnésòn *v*.; itúléròn *v*. **doddery (become)** itúléronuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dodge** kɨɗɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**dodge repeatedly** iwitíwítòn *v*. **Dodoth County** Ɗàsòƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Dodoth dialect** Gwáɡwaicétôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Dodoth people** Cɔ́ƙɔ́tɔ̀m *n*. **Dodoth person** Cɔ́ƙɔ́tɔ̀mɛ̀àm *n*.; Gwáɡwààm *n*. **doe (goat)** rieŋwa *n*. **dog** ŋók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dog (female)** ŋókíŋwa *n*. **dog (male)** ŋókícikw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dog (wild hunting)** tsoe *n*. **dog poop** ŋókíèts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dogfly** ŋókítsùts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dole out** ɨɲíɲínɛ́s *v*. **Dolichos kilimandscharicus** túḿbàb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Dolichos oliveri** dàlìs *n*. **dollar** ɲɔɗɔ́la *n*. **Dombeya goetzenii** xuxûb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Dombeya quinqueseta** warɨwar *n*. **domestic animal** ínwá na awá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **domestic violence** ɡaɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **domesticate** bɔnɛ́s *v*. **domical** loŋórómòn *v*. **dominate** ɔ́bɛ̀s *v*. **donate** dónés *v*.; dónésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **donate sporadically** donitiésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **done** itíyáìmètòn *v*. **done (finished)** ŋábɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; nábɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **done (get)** itíyéetés *v*. **donkey** ɗìɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **donkey (female)** ɗiɗeŋwa *n*. **donkey (male)** ɗiɗecúrúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **donkey (young)** ɗìɗèìm *n*. **donor** dónésìàm *n*. **doomed** ɨlamɔs *v*. **door** àsàk<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**door body** àsàkànèb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **doorframe** ɲɛ́fɨrɛ́m *n*. **doorstep** lòkìtòŋ *n*.; lòrìòŋòn *n*. **doorway** àsàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dormouse** ɲáaɲún *n*. **dot** bàsɔ̀n *v*.; iɗolíɗólés *v*. **dotted** iɗolíɗólòn *v*.; merixánón *v*. **double-crosser** tolúónìàm *n*. **doubt** iŋáyéés *v*.; itóŋóòn *v*. **doubt matters** itóŋóiesá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **doubtful** iƙóƙós *v*. **dough** dʉbam *n*. **doughily** nìr *ideo*. **doughy** nɨrídɔ̀n *v*. **douse** ɨɛ́ɓítɛtɛ́s *v*. **dove** bîb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dove (red-eyed)** túrúƙuƙú *n*. **down** ɡíɡìròk<sup>e</sup> *n*.; kíʝák<sup>e</sup> *n*.; kɔ́ɔ́ kíʝ<sup>o</sup> *n*.; nɔ́ɔ́kíʝ<sup>o</sup> *n*. **down (drink)** ɨʝíírɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **down (food)** lakatiés *v*.; lukutiés *v*. **down (gulp̠ )** itúlákáɲés *v*. **down-striped** ɨƙwɛrɔs *v*. **downcast** iʝúrúròn *v*.; ɨsɔ́nɛ́sɔ̀n *v*. **downcast (of eyes)** iʝúrúʝúròn *v*. **downfall** rumet<sup>a</sup> *n*. **downgrade** rárímetés *v*. **downward** ɡíɡìròk<sup>e</sup> *n*.; iʝúrúròn *v*.; kɔ́ɔ́ kíʝ<sup>o</sup> *n*. **downward (gaze)** iʝúrúʝúròn *v*. **downward place** ɡíɡìr *n*. **doze off** ɨlʉ́zɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **draff** ɗʉká *n*.; dàʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **drag** fɔ́fɔ́tɛ́s *v*.; ɨfɔɛs *v*. **drag along** béberiés *v*.

**drag away** béberésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **drag off** béberésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **drag oneself** ɨfɔɛsa así *v*. **dragonfly** ɗàɗàɡwà *n*. **drain** ídzòn *v*. **drain blood** ts'olítésuƙota séà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **drainage area** ɲɛrɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **drama** wááka na támɔtɔ́s *n*. **drape** ɨlɔ́ɡɔtsɛ́s *v*. **draw** eminés *v*.; ɨƙɛrɛs *v*.; iwetés *v*. **draw (attract)** tɔmɨnɛs *v*. **draw (signs)** ɨƙɨrɛs *v*. **draw apart** eminiés *v*. **draw away** eminésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **draw back** ɨsʉ́rʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **draw near** ɦyɔtɔ́ɡɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **draw off** eminésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **draw out** béberés *v*.; eminetés *v*. **draw out speech** ɨɛ́nítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tóítetés *v*. **draw saliva** ɨmʉʝʉ́mʉ́ʝɔ̀n *v*. **draw up** eminetés *v*. **DRC** Kóŋɡò *n*. **dread** paupáwón *v*. **dream** asínítòn *v*. **dreamer** asínítònìàm *n*. **dregs** ɗʉká *n*.; dàʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **drenched** ts'alídòn *v*. **drenchedly** ts'àl *ideo*. **dress** ŋábès *v*.; ɲékiteitéy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dress up** ŋábitetés *v*.; naƙwídɛtɛ́s *v*. **dressed (get)** ŋábitetés *v*. **dressed up** naƙwídɔ̀n *v*. **dressed up (very)** nàƙw<sup>ɨ</sup> *ideo*. **dresser (fine)** ɲásírìàm *n*.

**dribble** ɨɗɔ́nɔ́n *v*.; ɨmɨlɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨpɨnípínɔ̀n *v*.; ts'olites *v*.; ts'olítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ts'òlòn *v*.; tɔlɛ́lɛ́ɔ̀n *v*. **dried out** mɔ̀sɔ̀n *v*.; seƙelánón *v*. **dried up** kɔlɔlánón *v*. **drift** ɨlɔ́líɛ́sá así *v*. **drift away** ilélébonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **drift off** hakonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **drifter** botibotosíám *n*. **drill** ɨpɨrípírɛ́s *v*.; pulutiés *v*. **drilled** tsàpòn *v*. **driller** pulutiesíàm *n*. **Drimia altissima** bʉlʉbʉlát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **drink** wetam *n*.; wetés *v*. **drink (carbonated)** ɲɔ́sɔ́ɗa *n*. **drink (give)** wetités *v*.; wetitésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **drink (orange)** ɲɛ́kwɨɲcá *n*. **drink (strong)** kombót<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tule *n*. **drink a lot of** tolepetés *v*. **drink like a cow** bútés *v*. **drink slowly** ɨwɛtɛs *v*. **drink to last drop** ɨʝíírɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **drink too much** wɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **drink with a straw** ɓíɓítɛ́s *v*. **drinkable** wetam *n*. **drinker** wetésíàm *n*. **drinking straw** ɲálamorú *n*. **drip** ɨƙɨlíƙílɔ̀n *v*.; ɨlɨmɛsa así *v*.; ɨlímɔ́n *v*.; ɨmɨlɛtɛ́s *v*.; itáɓóòn *v*.; ts'òlòn *v*. **drip (of rain)** tatíón *v*. **drip continuously** ɨɗɔ́nɔ́n *v*. **drive** ɨfalífálɛ́s *v*. **drive (a vehicle)** hɔnɛ́s *v*. **drive (animals)** hɔ́nɛ́s *v*. **drive away** hɔnɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **drive off** hɔnɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**drive out (here)** hɔnɛtɛ́s *v*. **drive out animals** hɔnɛtɛ́sá ínó<sup>e</sup> *v*. **drive through** ututetés *v*.; xutés *v*.; xutésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **drive through repeatedly** ututiés *v*. **driven** ɨmʉ́káánón *v*. **driver** ŋíɗɛrɛpáìàm *n*. **driver's license** kabaɗa na hɔnɛ́síɛ̀ kàèè *n*. **driving permit** kabaɗa na hɔnɛ́síɛ̀ kàèè *n*. **drizzle** ɨlɨmílímɔ̀n *v*.; ɨsɛ́ísɛ́ɔ̀n *v*.; itáɓóòn *v*.; ɲɛ́límɨlɨm *n*.; ts'olites *v*.; ts'olítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ts'òlòn *v*. **drongo (fork-tailed)** bɛ̀ʉ̀r *n*.; mɛ̀ʉ̀r *n*. **drool** iʝókón *v*. **droop** ɨƙɔ́nɔ́nɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **droop (of eyelids)** irwápón *v*. **droopy** ratatáɲón *v*. **drop** ɗaɗátésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨmɨlɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; tɛɨƙɔ́tɔ̀n *v*.; tɛɨtɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɛɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; tuɓutes *v*. **drop down** ɨɗíɔ́n *v*. **drop in numbers** tsakitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **drop into** iɗoes *v*. **drop off** rárímòn *v*. **drop-off** látsó *n*. **droppings** ets'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dropsy** sír *n*. **drought** ɲɔrɔn *n*.; tsóóna kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **drowsy** ɨlʉ́zɔ̀n *v*.; iyalíyálòn *v*. **drug** cɛ̀mɛ̀r *n*. **drum** iwóts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲéɓur *n*. **drum (large)** ɲépípa *n*. **drum (plastic)** ɲékakúŋ́ɡù *n*. **drum (talking)** ɲɛ́ɗíɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **drunk** ɛ́sáàm *n*.; ɛsánón *v*. **drunkard** ɛ́sáàm *n*.

**drunken talk** ɛ́sátòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **drunkenness** ɛ́s *n*. **dry** tsáítés *v*.; tsóón *v*. **dry (partially)** mɔsímɔ́sɔ̀n *v*. **dry and crumbly** tsaʉ́dɔ̀n *v*. **dry and dusty** puɗádòn *v*. **dry and thick (of grass)** sakátánòn *v*. **dry by cooking** kɛ́xɛ́s *v*. **dry out** lolómónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; mɔsɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tsáítésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tsóónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dry over fire** ɨlílíɛ́s *v*. **dry season** ôdz<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ódzatsóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dry season leaves** ódzàkàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dry season rain** ódzadidí *n*. **dry up** tsaiƙótòn *v*.; tsáítésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tsóónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **drying rack** lɔɓaɓal *n*. **dryly** ɗàk<sup>a</sup> *ideo*.; wòròƙòƙ<sup>o</sup> *ideo*.; yɛ̀l *ideo*. **dryly as dust** pùɗ<sup>a</sup> *ideo*. **dubious** iƙóƙós *v*. **duck** iúpón *v*.; ɲáɓata *n*.; rʉʝɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **duck away** iúpónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **duck down** dɛ́ɡɛ̀mɔ̀n *v*.; iúpétòn *v*. **duck up and down** iupúúpòn *v*. **dude** ɲɛ́ɛ́s *n*. **due to** ikóteré *prep*.; kóteré *prep*. **due to (the fact that)** ɗúó *pro*. **due to the fact that** ikóteré *subordconn*.; kóteré *subordconn*. **duel** ɲèùrìà *n*.; ɲeuríétòn *v*. **duiker (common)** ŋamur *n*. **dull** duŋúlúmòn *v*.; iʝíŋáánón *v*.; líídòn *v*.; tufádòn *v*. **dull (boring)** itópénòn *v*.; ʝɔ̀lɔ̀n *v*. **dull (in intellect)** buɗámón *v*.

**dull (of blades)** fitídòn *v*. **dully** lì *ideo*.; tùf *ideo*. **dully (of blades)** fìtⁱ *ideo*. **dumb** ɨɓááŋɔ̀n *v*.; mɨɲɔna íkèdè *v*. **dump** ƙúdès *v*. **dump (garbage)** bɔlɔl *n*. **dump out** iɓutúɓútés *v*.; ixóxóƙés *v*.; ixuƙúxúƙés *v*.; ixúxúƙés *v*.; ƙúdesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ƙúdetés *v*. **dump over** bukúrésuƙota así *v*. **dump truck** ƙúdèsìàm *n*.; ɲétípa *n*. **dung** ets'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dung (cow)** ɦyɔ̀èts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dunk (baptize)** iɓátíseés *v*. **duplicate** toputes *v*.; toputetés *v*. **duramen** ɡúréda dakwí *n*. **during the day** ódò<sup>o</sup> *n*. **during the evening** wîdz<sup>o</sup> *n*. **during the night** mukú *n*. **during twilight** xɨŋat<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **dusk** xɨŋat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; xɨŋatétón *v*. **dusky** míɡiriɡíránón *v*. **dust** bur *n*.; ízuzués *v*.; kabas *n*.; kábàsìn *n*.; xɛɛ́s *v*.; xɛɛsʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; xɛɛtɛ́s *v*. **dust (airborn)** bú *n*. **dust (of chaff)** ŋawíl *n*. **dust bath (of birds)** bùts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dust cloud** bú *n*. **dust devil** lòtàbùsèn *n*. **dust off** itútúés *v*.; itútúésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **duster** ɲáɗasɨtá *n*. **dusty-dry** puɗádòn *v*. **duty (work)** ɲetits<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dwarfish** puusúmòn *v*. **dwelling** zɛƙɔ́áw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dye black** tɛwɛrɛs *v*.

#### dying

**dying** inunúmétòn *v*.; inunúmónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **dying in numbers** rutukuɲ *ideo*. **dynamite** ɲáɓarút<sup>a</sup> *n*. **dyspepsia** dimésá bubue ŋɔɛsí *n*. **each one** kéŋán *n*.; kíníŋàn *n*.; ŋàn *pro*. **eager** olódòn *v*. **eagle** loƙól *n*. **eagle (long-crested)** kílíkɨlɨká *n*. **ear** bòs *n*. **ear hair** bòsìsìts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ear hole** bòsìèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ear infection** ɲɛ́míɗɨmɨɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **earler** wàxʉ̀ *n*. **earlier** ŋɔ́rɔ́n *v*. **earlier time** wàx *n*. **earlier today** nák<sup>a</sup> *adv*. **earlobe scar** ɲɛ́tɛ́lɨtɛl *n*. **early** ɛ̀kwɔ̀n *v*. **earn a living** bɛ́ɗɛ́sa ɦyekesí *v*. **earring** ɲɛ́tílɨtɨl *n*. **earth** ʝʉm *n*.; kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **earth (scorched)** kàròƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **earthquake** ɲéríkirik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **earthworm** ídèmèìm *n*. **earwax** ŋókíèts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲéɗípor *n*. **earwig** natélétsìò *n*. **ease (in place)** ɨɛpɛs *v*. **ease down** ɨɛpɛtɛ́s *v*. **ease off** ɨɛ́pɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*.; ɨɛ́pɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **ease off with** ɨɛ́pɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **ease over** ɨɛpɛsa así *v*. **ease up** iŋáléètòn *v*.; ɨwɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **ease up on someone** ɨɛpɛsa asíɛ́ámák<sup>e</sup> *v*. **east** fetíékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **easterly direction** fetíékuxan *dem*.

**easterner** fetíékùàm *n*. **easy** batánón *v*.; ɔfɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **easy (to seduce)** batánón *v*. **easy to manage** olódòn *v*. **eat** ŋƙáƙés *v*.; ŋƙɛ́s *v*. **eat a lot of** tolepetés *v*. **eat all** áts'ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **eat gingerly** ɨláláŋɛ́s *v*. **eat live termites** ƙídzɛsa dáŋá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **eat too much** wɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **eat up** áts'ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ŋƙáƙésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **eatable** ŋƙam *n*. **eatery** ɲéótèl *n*. **eating** ŋƙáƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **eating place** ŋƙáƙáày<sup>a</sup> *n*. **eclipse (lunar)** badona aráɡwaní *n*. **eclipse (solar)** badona fetí *n*. **economize** ɨmɨnímínɛ́s *v*. **ecstasy (be in)** ɨrákɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **ecstatic (become)** ɛfɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **edema** sír *n*. **edge** itsóɗón *v*.; kwayw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kweed<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲimanitésíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **edge (cliff)** látsó *n*. **edge over here** itsoɗiétòn *v*. **edges** kwàìn *n*. **edgy** rukurúkón *v*. **edible** ŋƙam *n*. **educate** isómáitetés *v*. **education** ɲósomá *n*. **effloresce** ɲaʉ́dɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **egg** ɓìɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **egg on** ɨsʉ́sʉ́ɛ́s *v*.; itsótsóés *v*. **egg yolk** ɗukes *n*. **eggplant** tùlèl *n*. **eggsack** ɓiɓáhò *n*. **eggshell** ɔfɔrɔƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**egocentric** reídòn *v*. **egress** pulúmétòn *v*. **egret** ɲɛɓɔŋ *n*. **Egyptian thorn** kɨlɔ́rít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **eight** tude ńdà kìɗì àɗ<sup>e</sup> *num*. **eight o'clock** ɲásáatɨkaa leɓetsátìk<sup>e</sup> *n*. **eighteen** toomíní ńda kiɗi túde ńdà kìɗì àɗ<sup>e</sup> *n*. **eighty** toomínékwa túde ńdà kìɗì àɗ<sup>e</sup> *n*. **either … or …** mísɨ … mísɨ … *coordconn*. **ejaculate** ƙúdetésá ɗíró<sup>e</sup> *v*. **elaborate** ɨmɨɗímíɗɛ́sa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **elaborate on** ɨɲɛɛs *v*.; taɲɛɛs *v*. **eland** basaúr *n*. **eland (female)** dzàbùl *n*. **eland (male)** karám *n*. **eland visceral fat** tʉkán *n*. **elbow** ƙʉlɛ́*n*. **elder** dìyòàm *n*.; ʝákám *n*.; ŋurutiesíama tódà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **elder (chief)** ámázeáma awá<sup>e</sup> *n*.; diyoama ná zè *n*. **elder who judges** bɨlamʉ́síàm *n*. **elder's first food** tʉ́w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **elderliness** ʝákámànànès *n*. **elderly** dúnésòn *v*. **elderly (of many)** dunaakón *v*. **elderly (the)** dunaakóniik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **elderly person** dúnésìàm *n*. **elders** ʝák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **elders (obese)** ɨʝʉkɛsííka búbùìkà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **eldership** ʝákámànànès *n*. **eldest child** tíɡàràmàts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **elect** ƙanotós *v*.; tɔsɛɛtɛ́s *v*.; xɔ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **elect government officials** xɔ́bɛtɛ́sá ɲápukání *v*.

**elected** xɔ́bɔtɔ́s *v*. **elephant** òŋòr *n*. **elephant (female)** oŋoriŋwa *n*. **elephant bull** kílíŋìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **elephant grass** òŋòrìkù *n*. **elephant gun** ɲáturuɡéy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **elephant trunk** ɡìɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; òŋòrìkwɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **elephant tusk** òŋòrìkwàyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Eleusine coracana** rêb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **elevate** ɓuƙés *v*.; íbokés *v*.; ɨkɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨkɛɛtɛ́s *v*. **elevate (make)** ɨkɛ́ítɛtɛ́s *v*. **elevated** ɨkɔɔtɔ́s *v*. **eleven** ńda nébèè kɔ̀n *n*.; toomíní ńdà kɛ̀ɗì kɔ̀n *n*. **eleven o'clock** ɲásáatɨkaa tudátìk<sup>e</sup> *n*. **elicit** tɔɓɛ́ɲɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **elicit speech** ɨɛ́nítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tóítetés *v*. **elliptical** semélémòn *v*. **elude** ɨɓʉtsɛs *v*.; ɨɓʉtsɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **emaciated** iróƙóòn *v*.; itóƙóƙòòn *v*.; lotímálèmòn *v*. **embankment** ɓɔ́kɔ̀ɲ *n*. **embarrass** ɓets'itetés *v*.; iryámítetésá ŋiléétsìk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **embarrassed** kweelémòn *v*. **embarrassed (become)** ɨɛ́ɓɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; iryámétona ŋiléétsìk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **embellish** daites *v*.; íɡwɨɡwɨʝɛ́s *v*.; isires *v*. **embellished** isiros *v*. **ember** bʉbʉn *n*. **embitter** faɗites *v*. **emblems** ŋáƙɨran *n*. **embodiment** nébùnànès *n*. **embrace** ɨrʉmɛs *v*.; tɔtʉnɛs *v*. **embrace each other** ɨrʉ́mʉ́nɔ́s *v*.; tɔtʉ́nʉ́mɔ́s *v*.

**embrocate** kwírɛ́s *v*.; tsáŋés *v*. **embroider** isires *v*. **embroidered** isiros *v*. **embryo** eɗed<sup>a</sup> *n*. **emerge** lɛlɛmánétòn *v*.; lɛlɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; pɛlɛ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; pulúmétòn *v*. **emerge (of termites)** ƙídzɔ̀n *v*. **emerging** lɛlɛmánón *v*. **emissary** eréɡesíám *n*. **emit** ɓɔ́rítɔ̀n *v*.; ídzès *v*.; ídzesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ídzòn *v*.; itsues *v*.; itsuetés *v*. **emit continuously** ídziidziés *v*. **emit nocturnally (semen)** ƙúdesa ɗíróe así *v*. **employ** ɓuƙítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; eréɡes *v*.; ikásíitetés *v*.; teréɡanitetés *v*. **employee** ɲákásìàm *n*.; teréɡìàm *n*. **employer** ámázeáma teréɡì *n*.; ɓuƙítésuƙotíám *n*. **employment** ɲákási *n*.; terêɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **empty** bótsón *v*.; bùlòn *v*. **empty by shaking** ɨwɔkɛs *v*. **empty out** bulonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; bulútésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **empty sound** fùù *ideo*. **empty-handed** kwɛtíkín<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*.; seát<sup>o</sup> *n*. **empty-handedly** ɡwèlèʝ<sup>e</sup> *ideo*. **emulate** iŋitiés *v*. **emulsify** ɨlɔƙɛs *v*. **en route** múkò *n*. **encampment** ɲákamɓí *n*. **encircle** ɨrɨkɛs *v*.; ɨríkɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨrɨkɛtɛ́s *v*.; tamanɛs *v*.; tamanɛtɛ́s *v*. **encircle repeatedly** tamaniés *v*. **enclose** ɨpʉ́pʉ́ŋɛ́s *v*.; ɨpʉ́pʉ́ŋɛtɛ́s *v*. **enclose (termites)** mɔkɛ́s *v*.

**encounter** imánétòn *v*.; imánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ŋimánétòn *v*.; ɲimánétòn *v*.; ɲimánón *v*. **encourage** ɨmʉ́káitetés *v*. **encroach** sáítòn *v*. **encrusted** rɔ́bɔ̀ɗɔ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **encumber** ɨnʉɛs *v*.; isites *v*. **end** ŋurúmétòn *v*.; ɲémíso *n*. **end of the world** tasálétona kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **ending** ɲémíso *n*. **endure** ɨmʉ́kɔ́ɔ̀n *v*.; nɛɛ́s *v*.; nɛɛsʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taɗaŋes *v*.; topíánètòn *v*. **enemies** lɔŋɔ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **enemy** lɔŋɔ́tɔ́m *n*. **energetic** ɨɓɛ́rɔ́ánón *v*.; ɨkwɨɲíkwíɲɔ́n *v*.; iona ńda sea ni itsúr *v*.; kʉrʉ́kʉ́rɔ́s *v*.; kwɨɲídɔ̀n *v*. **energetically** kwìɲ *ideo*. **enfold** tʉmʉɗʉŋɛs *v*.; tʉmʉɗʉŋɛtɛ́s *v*. **engage** sits'és *v*. **engage each other** síts'ímós *v*. **engagement** ìʉ̀m *n*. **engine** ɡúr *n*. **English language** Ɓets'oniicétôd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ŋímusukúìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **enhaloed** itówóòn *v*. **enhance** maraŋités *v*.; maraŋítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **enjoy** iyóómètòn *v*.; tsamɛ́s *v*. **enlarge** ɨɲɛɛs *v*.; iwanetés *v*.; iwánétòn *v*.; taɲɛɛs *v*.; zeites *v*.; zeitésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **enlarge (a hole)** iƙúƙúrés *v*. **enlarge (a small hole)** ɨmɨɗímíɗɛ́s *v*. **enlarge slightly** ɓarɨɓárítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɓarɨɓárɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **enlist** xɔ́bɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **enmity** lɔŋɔ́tánànès *n*.

**enough** itémón *v*.; ŋábɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; nábɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **enrich** barítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **enroll** xɔ́bɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **ensared (become)** kotsonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **enshroud** ikáburés *v*. **enslavement** ŋiléɓúìnànès *n*.; ŋɨpɔ́táìnànès *n*. **ensnare** kotsítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; sáɡwès *v*. **ensnared** kòtsòn *v*. **entangle** sáɡwès *v*. **entangled** sáɡoanón *v*. **enter** ɓuƙétón *v*.; ɓuƙítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɓùƙòn *v*.; ɓuƙonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ilumetésá así *v*. **enter (make)** ɓuƙítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **entertain** fekitetés *v*.; ɨmʉ́mwárés *v*. **entertaining** ɛ̀fɔ̀n *v*. **enthusiastic** olódòn *v*. **entice** ɨmɔɗɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨsʉ́ŋʉ́rɛ́s *v*. **entire** ɗàŋìɗàŋ *quant*.; mùɲ *quant*.; mùɲùmùɲ *quant*.; tsíɗ<sup>ɨ</sup> *quant*.; tsíɗɨtsíɗ<sup>ɨ</sup> *quant*. **entirely** ɓut<sup>u</sup> *ideo*.; boted<sup>o</sup> *n*. **entities** kúrúɓâd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **entity** kɔ́rɔ́ɓâd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **entourage member** túbesiama ámázeámà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **entrails (inspect)** ɦyeitésá arííkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **entrance** ak<sup>a</sup> *n*. **entrap** kotsítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **entrapped** kòtsòn *v*.; sáɡoanón *v*. **entrapped (become)** kotsonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **entreat** iƙenes *v*. **enumerate** ɨmaarɛ́s *v*. **envelope** ɲáɓaasá *n*. **envious** ɨrákáánón *v*.

**envious (make oneself)** ɨrakɛsa así *v*. **environment** kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **envision** asínítòn *v*. **envoy** eréɡesíám *n*. **envy** ɨrákáánás *n*. **enwrap** ikáburés *v*.; tʉmʉɗʉŋɛs *v*.; tʉmʉɗʉŋɛtɛ́s *v*. **Ephesians (biblical)** Ŋíepesóík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **epicardium** máxìŋ *n*. **epistle** ɲáɓáruwa *n*. **equal** iríánòn *v*. **equal (become)** iríánonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **equal (make)** iríánitetés *v*. **equalize** ikwáánitetés *v*.; iríánitetés *v*. **equate** ikwáánitetés *v*.; iríánitetés *v*.; iríánonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **eradicate** bulútésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **Eragrostis braunii** ɦyɔ̀ʝàn *n*. **Eragrostis superba** ɲamaɗaŋíkú *n*. **erase** iɲíɲíés *v*. **eraser** ɲáráɓa *n*. **eraser (chalkboard)** ɲáɗasɨtá *n*. **erect** ɨtsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨtsírɔ́n *v*.; tsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tsírɔ́n *v*.; wasɨtɛs *v*. **erection (have an)** kwídètòn *v*.; kwídòn *v*. **erode** iƙúƙúrés *v*. **erosion** bɔ̀rɔ̀ts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; dìdìàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **err** hakonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔsɛ́sɔ́n *v*. **errand-runner** eréɡesíám *n*. **error** ɲasécón *n*.; ɲɔ́mɔkɔsá *n*. **erudite** nɔɔsánón *v*. **erudition** nɔɔ́s *n*. **erupt** ɓilímón *v*.; dulúmón *v*.; toɗúón *v*.; tuƙúmétòn *v*. **erupt (in flames)** lɛ́ʝɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **Erythrina abyssinica** ɨtítí *n*. **escalate** iɗíkétòn *v*.; iɗikitetés *v*.

**escape** iɓutsúmétòn *v*.; iwálílòn *v*.; tɔpɛ́ɔ́n *v*.; ùtòn *v*.; utonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **escape (and come)** tɔpɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **escape (and go)** tɔpɛ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **escarpment** ɓo *n*. **escarpment edge** ɓóák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **escort** iníámésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **escort (government)** túbesiama ámázeámà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **esophagus** moróká na kwáts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **especially** zùk<sup>u</sup> *adv*. **essence** ekwed<sup>a</sup> *n*. **etchings** ŋáƙɨran *n*. **Ethiopia** Isópìà *n*.; Sópìà *n*. **ethnic group** dìyw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲákaɓɨlá *n*. **Ethur language** Ŋítéɓurítôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **eucalypt** ɲɛ́pɔrɛ́sìtà *n*. **Eucalyptus species** ɲɛ́pɔrɛ́sìtà *n*. **Euclea schimperi** èmùsìà *n*. **Euphorbia bussei** isókóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Euphorbia candelabrum** mʉ̀s *n*. **Euphorbia prostrata** lóɗíkórócɛmɛ́r *n*. **Euphorbia tirucalli** ɨnw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Europe** Ɓets'oniicékíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Uláyà *n*. **European** ɓèts'ònìàm *n*.; ɲémúsukit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **European language** Ɓets'oniicétôd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ŋímusukúìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **evade** ɨɓʉtsɛs *v*.; ɨɓʉtsɛtɛ́sá así *v*.; iɓutsúmétòn *v*. **evade repeatedly** iwitíwítòn *v*. **evaluate** iniŋes *v*. **evangelist** ɨtátámɛ́síàm *n*. **evangelize** ɨtátámɛ́s *v*. **evaporate** buanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ipúréètòn *v*.; tsaiƙótòn *v*.; tsóónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **evasive** firifíránón *v*.; wíríwíránón *v*.

**even** ɨkʉlɛs *v*.; ɨkwalɛs *v*.; nááƙwa *n*.; tònì *prep*. **even if** átà *subordconn*.; tònì *subordconn*. **even out** ɨkʉlɛtɛ́s *v*. **evening** wîdz<sup>a</sup> *n*. **evening near sunset** wídzèèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **evening time** wîdz<sup>o</sup> *n*. **ever** tsʉ̀tᶶ *adv*. **every person** kéám *n*.; níám *n*. **everywhere** ts'íínúó *n*. **evidence** ɲekísíɓìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **evident** takánón *v*. **evidently** tsábò *adv*. **evil** ɡaánàs *n*.; ɡaanón *v*. **evil (of many)** ɡaanaakón *v*. **evil eye (having the)** ekúnánès *n*. **evil-eye gazer** ekúám *n*. **eviscerate** ɓilésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **evoke** tɔɓɛ́ɲɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **Evolvus alsinoides** ídocɛmɛ́r *n*. **ewe** ɗóɗoŋwa *n*. **exacerbate** rúbès *v*. **exactly** dàn *adv*.; rò *adv*. **exaggerate** ɨmɨɗímíɗɛ́sa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; tasaɓesa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **exalt** itúrútés *v*. **examination** ɲɛ́tɛ́sìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **examination room** ɦyeítésihò *n*. **exasperate** ɨwíwínɛ́s *v*. **excavate** úɡès *v*.; úɡetés *v*. **excavator** ɲɛ́tɛrɛƙɨtaa na kwɛtá<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*.; òŋòrìkwɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; tɛ́bɛsɨama ʝʉmwí *n*. **exceed** ɨlɔɛs *v*.; ɨsʉkɛs *v*.; sʉ́kɛ́s *v*. **exchange** ilókótsés *v*.; ɨxɔtsɛs *v*.; xɔ́tsɛ́s *v*. **exchange (money)** toɓwaŋes *v*. **exchange words** bezekanitetésá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*.; ilókótsésa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.

excise

**excise** ɓilés *v*. **excise (teeth)** tɛŋɛlɛs *v*. **exclude** tɔlʉ́kɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **excrement** ets'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **excuse** óɡoés *v*. **excused** óɡoós *v*. **exempt** óɡoés *v*.; óɡoós *v*. **exercise** itétémés *v*. **exercise (the body)** ƙɔƙatés *v*. **exhalation** sʉ̀p <sup>a</sup> *n*. **exhale** sʉ́pɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **exhaust** ts'ûd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **exhaust pipe** ts'údemucé *n*. **exhausted** bitsétón *v*.; ikarímétòn *v*.; ziálámòn *v*.; zíkímétòn *v*.; ziláámòn *v*. **exhausted (become)** ziláámètòn *v*. **exhaustion** baƙáík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛ́kítɔ́wɔ́*n*. **exhibit** ɲekísíɓìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **existence** ɦyekes *n*.; zɛƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **exit** pulúmón *v*. **exonerate** ɨɛtɛ́sá ɨsíítɛ́sʉ́ *v*. **exorbitant, high in price** itíónòn *v*. **exorcist** kɔ́tɛ́sìàm *n*. **exorcize** hɔnɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; kɔ́tɛ́s *v*.; tɔɗɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **exorcize spirits** kɔ́tɛ́sa súɡùrìkà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **expand** ɨɲɛɛs *v*.; iwanetés *v*.; iwánétòn *v*.; taɲɛɛs *v*.; taɲɛ́ɔ́n *v*.; tʉwɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; tʉ̀wɔ̀n *v*.; xuanón *v*.; xuxuanón *v*. **expand on the issues** ɨmɨɗímíɗɛ́sa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **expanded** ɨatɔs *v*. **expect** kɔɛ́s *v*.; kɔɛtɛ́s *v*. **expedition** ɲásápari *n*. **expel** ídzès *v*.; ídzesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨlɔ́líɛ́s *v*. **expel continuously** ídziidziés *v*.

**expend** isítíyeés *v*. **expense** ɲéɓéy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **expensive** itíónòn *v*.; ŋìxɔ̀n *v*. **experience (gain)** nɔɔsánétòn *v*. **expiate** iɓutes *v*. **expire** bitsétón *v*.; ɨríɗɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **expire (die)** tɛ́zɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **explain** enitetés *v*. **explode** ɓilímón *v*.; toɗúón *v*. **exploit** ɨnɔmɛtɛ́s *v*. **expose** ɗoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ilééránitetés *v*.; ilététaitetés *v*. **exposed** ilééránón *v*.; ilététòòn *v*.; tuɗúsúmòn *v*. **expound on** ɨɲɛɛs *v*.; taɲɛɛs *v*. **exsufflate** rʉ́tɛ́s *v*. **extend** zikíbitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **extend (hands)** taɓɛɛs *v*. **extend up** zikíbitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zikíbonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **extensor (muscle)** ɲépísikitíém *n*. **exterminate** kánɛ́s *v*. **extinct (go)** bulonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; kanímétòn *v*. **extinguish** ts'eites *v*.; ts'eítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **extirpate** ɗués *v*.; ɗuetés *v*.; rués *v*. **extol** itúrútés *v*.; tamɛɛs *v*. **extort** rɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; rɛɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔrɛɛs *v*. **extorted** toreimétòn *v*. **extra** ɨɓámɔ́n *v*.; ʝɛʝɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **extract** béberés *v*.; faɗetés *v*.; tɔkɛtɛs *v*.; tɔkɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔkɛtɛtɛ́s *v*.; tolés *v*.; toletés *v*.; tuɓutetés *v*.; tuutes *v*.; tuutetés *v*. **extract (evil charms)** totues *v*. **extract brideprice** buƙitetés *v*. **extract repeatedly** tolotiés *v*. **extremity (arm-like)** kwɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **exude** tɔfɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*.

**exult** iwóŋón *v*.; taɓólón *v*. **exultant** taɓolos *v*. **exuviate** fòlòn *v*. **eye** ekw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; iséméés *v*.; iséméetés *v*. **eye disease** lokiyo *n*. **eye jaundice** xídɔna ekwitíní *v*. **eyeball** ɡɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **eyebrow** ekúkɔ́ɔ́kwarósíts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ekúsíts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **eyeglasses** ɲékiyóìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **eyelash** ekúsíts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **eyelid** ɡɔrɔ́x *n*. **eyesight (have poor)** múɗúkánón *v*.; ŋwaxɔna ekwitíní *v*. **fable (animal)** emuta ínó<sup>e</sup> *n*. **face** takár *n*.; takárɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **face back to back** ƙʉƙʉmánón *v*. **face each other** maímós *v*. **face in one direction** ɨtɛ́ɛ́rɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **face one direction** ɨtɛ́ɛ́rɔ̀n *v*. **facial incisions (make)** dzeretiés *v*. **fade** buanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fade (of color)** kitsonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; sɛkɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **Fadigura species** fàɗìɡùr *n*. **fail** ɨlaʝíláʝɛ́s *v*.; iɲétsóòn *v*.; iyétsóòn *v*.; rúmánitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; rúmánòn *v*.; totóánonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fail (make)** rúmánitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fail to cross paths** bezekánón *v*. **fail to get** fàlòn *v*. **fail to meet** bezekánón *v*. **failure** rumet<sup>a</sup> *n*. **failure of a season** tasálétona kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **faint** ɨɲʉ́ɲʉ́ánón *v*.; rèŋòn *v*.

**faint-hearted** ʝaƙwádòn *v*.; wúrukukánón *v*. **fair** dòòn *v*. **fairy** kíʝáìm *n*. **faith** ɲanʉ́pít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **faith (religion)** ɲéɗíni *n*. **faith in (have)** tɔnʉpɛs *v*. **fake** ɨtsárʉ́ánón *v*.; láŋ *n*. **falcon** tsìts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fall** ruɓétón *v*.; ruɓonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; rúmánòn *v*.; rumet<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; tɛɨƙɔ́tɔ̀n *v*. **fall (make)** rúmánitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɛɨtɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɛɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **fall apart** ɗukúmétòn *v*.; ɗukúmón *v*. **fall back** isíɗéètòn *v*.; maɗámón *v*. **fall behind** isíɗéètòn *v*. **fall continuously in numbers** tsákíètòn *v*. **fall down** laʝámétòn *v*. **fall down (crumble)** ɲalámétòn *v*.; ɲalámónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taɲáléetésá así *v*.; taɲálóòn *v*. **fall down repeatedly** téíètòn *v*. **fall for (in love)** isémúreés *v*. **fall from up high** xɛ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; xɛmɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fall gently** raraanón *v*. **fall in love with** isémúreés *v*. **fall in numbers** tsakétón *v*. **fall off** tolómétòn *v*. **fall out** tolómétòn *v*. **fall sick** meetón *v*. **fall upon (attack)** toɗóón *v*. **falling apart** ɨɲɨlíɲílánón *v*. **falling sound** hyeaa *ideo*. **falls** látsóìk<sup>a</sup> *n*.

fearfully

**false information** isuɗam *n*. **falsehood** yʉɛ *n*. **falsely accuse each other** tɔrɛ́mʉ́nɔ́s *v*. **falsify** isuɗes *v*.; isuɗetés *v*. **familiarize** naínɛ́ɛtɛ́s *v*.; naítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **familiarize oneself with** ɦyeités *v*. **family** ts'aɗíékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **famine** ɲɔrɔƙɔ *n*. **famished** ɲɛƙánón *v*. **famous** arútón *v*.; ɦyoós *v*. **fan** ipukes *v*. **fancy** ɨmáráɗàɗòòn *v*. **fang** ƙídzɛ̀sìkwàyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fang (snake)** ídèmèkwàyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **far** ìɛ̀ƙɔ̀n *v*. **far (a bit)** ɦyàƙàtàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **far (slightly)** ɨɛƙíɛ́ƙɔ̀n *v*. **far from each other** ɨɛ́ƙímɔ́s *v*. **faraway** ɦyàƙàtàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **farm** tɔkɔ́bɛs *v*. **farmable** tɔkɔbam *n*. **farmer** tɔ̀kɔ̀bààm *n*. **farming** tɔ̀kɔ̀b a *v*. **farming season** tɔkɔbatsóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **farmland** ɲámanikór *n*. **farness** ɨɛƙás *n*. **fart** fèn *n*.; fenétón *v*. **fashionable** titianón *v*. **fashionista** ɲásírìàm *n*. **fast** ɗàmʉ̀s *adv*.; ɗɛ̀mʉ̀s *adv*.; ɨkáɲɔ́n *v*.; itírónòn *v*.; torónón *v*.; wɛ́ɛ́nɔ̀n *v*. **fasten** iwetés *v*.; zíkɛ́s *v*. **fastened** zíkɔ́s *v*. **fastened tightly** ŋɔ̀tsɔ̀n *v*. **faster (be)** ɨmʉ́mʉ́rɔ̀n *v*.

**faster (do)** ɨmʉ́mʉ́rɛ́s *v*. **fat** ceím *n*.; ɛfás *n*.; zízòn *v*. **fat (congealed)** ɡwadam *n*. **fat (epicardial)** máxìŋ *n*. **fat (intra-abdominal)** sábà *n*. **fat (organ)** sábà *n*. **fat (visceral)** sábà *n*. **fat person** zízònìàm *n*. **fat slug** bɛ́bam *n*. **fat-ass** bɛ́bam *n*. **father (his/her/its)** babat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **father (my)** abáŋ *n*. **father (your)** bábò *n*. **father-in-law (her)** bɔbat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **father-in-law (his)** ntsíémetá *n*. **father-in-law (his/her sibling's spouse's father)** babatíɲót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **father-in-law (my sibling's spouse's father)** abáŋìɲòt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **father-in-law (my, of men)** ɲ́ciemetá *n*. **father-in-law (my, of women)** bɔbá *n*. **father-in-law (of men)** emetá *n*. **father-in-law (your sibling's spouse's father)** báboɲót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **father-in-law (your, of men)** biemetá *n*. **father-in-law (your, of women)** bɔ́bɔ̀ *n*. **fatherhood** babatínánès *n*. **fatherliness** babatínánès *n*. **fatigue (extreme)** ɲɛ́kítɔ́wɔ́*n*. **fatso** bɛ́bam *n*. **fatten** zízités *v*. **fatten up** tuɓútitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tuɓútónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zízitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zízonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fault** ɲɔ́mɔkɔsá *n*. **fear** mòròn *v*.; xɛɓás *n*. **fearful** ʝaƙwádòn *v*.; wúrukukánón *v*.; xɛ̀ɓɔ̀n *v*. **fearfully** ʝàƙw<sup>a</sup> *ideo*.

#### fearless

**fearless** itítíŋòn *v*. **feasible** ikásíetam *v*.; itíyéetam *n*. **feast** írésiŋƙáƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **feather** tùk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **February** Ɓèts'òn *n*.; Lokwaŋ *n*. **feces** ets'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **feces (loose)** eruxam *n*. **feces (Rhus natalensis)** mɨsáíèts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **feckless** ɨkáláʝaránón *v*. **feeble** dɛrɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ɨpáláƙɔ̀n *v*.; ʝuódòn *v*. **feebly** dɛ̀r *ideo*.; ʝù<sup>o</sup> *ideo*. **feed** bɔnɛ́s *v*.; ŋƙáƙítetés *v*.; ŋƙɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **feed (fire)** iríréés *v*.; iríréetés *v*. **feed nocturnally** aúɡòn *v*. **feeding** ŋƙáƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **feel** enés *v*.; ɨmɨnímínɛ́s *v*.; mɨnímínatés *v*.; tábès *v*. **feel around** ɨtapítápɔ̀n *v*. **feel bad (make)** ɓarites *v*.; ɓarítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **feel faint** tikítíkona ɡúró<sup>e</sup> *v*. **feel mercy** cucuéétòn *v*. **feel weak** tikítíkona ɡúró<sup>e</sup> *v*. **feign** iɲétsóòn *v*.; iyétsóòn *v*. **fell** ruɓutetés *v*. **fell (trees)** toukes *v*.; touketés *v*. **fellow** ɛbam *n*. **felt (on the skin)** fiifíón *v*. **felted** kémúsánón *v*. **female (animal)** ŋwa *n*. **female (young)** wâz *n*. **femininity** cekínánès *n*. **femur** ɡubesíɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **fence** iriwes *v*.; mɛtsɛ́s *v*. **fence (outer thorny)** ɲéríwi *n*.

**fence (wooden)** marɨŋ *n*. **feral** ɨsílíánón *v*. **ferment** ɓaronuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **ferocious** ɦyɛtɨɦyɛtɔs *v*.; ɦyɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **ferocity** ɦyɛtás *n*. **ferry** iríítés *v*. **fertile** bòmòn *v*.; ɨɔ́kɔ́n *v*. **fertile (of soil)** zízòn *v*. **fertile soil** ʝʉma na zîz *n*. **fertilize (plants)** zízités *v*.; zízitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **festering** tatifíánón *v*. **fetch** tɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **fetch (water)** kotsés *v*.; kotsetés *v*. **fetid** ɗɛtsɨɗɛ́tsɔ́n *v*. **fetidly** ɗɛ̀ts<sup>ɛ</sup> *ideo*. **fetus** ɗʉ́r *n*. **fever** hábona nébwì *n*.; suɡur *n*. **fever tree** lɛ̀r *n*. **feverish** titianón *v*. **few** ɨmaarɔ́s *v*.; ƙwàɗ<sup>e</sup> *quant*.; ƙwàɗòn *v*. **fewer** ƙwaɗiƙwáɗón *v*. **fewer (become)** ƙwaɗonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fiber** ŋísɨl *n*. **fiber (twiste)** sim *n*. **fibrous** simánón *v*. **fickle at work** ɨpáláƙɔ̀n *v*. **Ficus ingens** namʉ́ɗɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Ficus platyphylla** barat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Ficus species** náínɛnɛ́ *n*.; ɲákárat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲékerum *n*. **Ficus sycomorus** áts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fiddle** ɲakaw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fiddle with** íɡuʝuɡuʝés *v*. **fidgety** kakáánón *v*.

**field** rɔw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **field (ball)** ɲakwaanʝa *n*. **field (large)** ɲámanikór *n*. **field glasses** ɲáɓaraɓín *n*. **fierce** ɦyɛtɨɦyɛtɔs *v*.; ɦyɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; ɨɲɛ́ɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **fierceness** ɦyɛtás *n*. **fifteen** toomíní ńda kiɗi tûd<sup>e</sup> *n*. **fifth (one)** ɗa túdònì *pro*. **fifty** toomínékwa tûd<sup>e</sup> *n*. **fig tree base** baratídɛ̀ *n*. **fig tree species** áts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; barat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; náínɛnɛ́ *n*.; namʉ́ɗɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲákárat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲékerum *n*. **fight** cɛ̀mɔ̀n *v*.; déƙwítetés *v*.; ɨƙaíƙɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨƙáƙɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨƙáƙɛ́ɛtɛ́s *v*.; iƙúmúnós *v*. **fighter** cɛmáám *n*. **fighter (be a)** cɛmɛkánón *v*. **figs (dried out)** kòsòw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **figure out** hoetés *v*. **filch** ɨtíɗíɗɛ́s *v*. **file** tɔɗʉ́pɔ́n *v*.; torópón *v*. **file in** torópétòn *v*. **filiariasis** ɲɛkwɨ *n*. **fill** cɨɨtɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; éétòn *v*.; ɨmíɗítsɛ́s *v*. **fill completely** lʉʝʉlʉ́ʝɛ́s *v*. **fill in** imetsités *v*. **fill in for** imetsés *v*. **fill mouth** aukes *v*. **fill up** éítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; éítetés *v*.; ilílíés *v*.; iluʝúlúʝés *v*.; ʝɨríʝírɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; ʝɨríʝírɔ̀n *v*. **fill with air** xuxuanitetés *v*. **fillet** iƙémíƙémés *v*. **film (movie)** kúrúkúríka ni ɓɛƙɛ́s *n*.; ɲévíɗyo *n*. **filter** ɨʝɨwɛs *v*.; ɨtɨwɛs *v*. **filth** ts'âɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**filthiness** ts'âɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **filthy** itútsón *v*.; ŋorótsánón *v*.; ts'áɡòn *v*. **filthy person** ts'áɡààm *n*. **fin** taban *n*. **final to arrive** irúpóòn *v*. **final to come** irúpéètòn *v*. **finance** kaúdzòmɛ̀n *n*. **financial matters** kaúdzòmɛ̀n *n*. **find** ɨtɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; ɨtɔ́ɔ́n *v*.; nòìn *n*.; takanités *v*. **find a way into** útétòn *v*. **find a way through** utés *v*.; utésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **find an entrance to** útétòn *v*. **find each other missing** ítínós *v*. **find missing** ítés *v*. **find proof** enésá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **find refuge in** rɨmɛ́s *v*. **find remains of** ítés *v*. **fine** dòòn *v*.; ɲáfaín *n*. **fine for impregnation** ɨtsʉ́lítɛtɛ́s *v*.; **fine (impregnation)** ɲɛkɨtsʉl *n*. **fine (marital)** ɲápaín *n*. **fine for sexual misconduct** kasurúɓé *n*. **fine!** maráŋ *interj*. **finger** ɨmɨnímínɛ́s *v*.; kɔrɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; mɨnímínatés *v*. **finger bone** kɔrɔ́kɔ́ɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **finger out (food)** ts'álóbiés *v*. **finger sexually** ts'álóbiés *v*. **fingernail** tíbòlòkòɲ *n*. **fingers (extra)** ɲɛ́ɗɔ́nɨɗɔn *n*. **finish** ɨríkɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ŋábɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **finish off** ɨmʉ́ɲɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨmʉɲɛtɛ́s *v*.; iɲóɗésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨríkɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtsʉtɛs *v*.; ɨtsʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **finish off (crops)** iróríkés *n*.

#### field

**finished** ŋábɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; nábɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɛ́zɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **finished (totally)** kwɛ̀rɛ̀t ɛ *ideo*. **finished off** imúɲúmétòn *v*.; itsútúmétòn *v*. **fire** hoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ídzès *v*.; ídzesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtsʉŋɛs *v*.; ts'aɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fire (a weapon)** tɔɗɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fire a weapon** tɔɗɛtɛsa ɛ́bà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **fire herb** ts'aɗícɛ́mɛ̀r *n*. **fire lily** bʉlʉbʉlát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fire on** ɗamatés *v*.; tɔƙʉmʉ́ƙʉ́mɛ́s *v*. **fire repeatedly** ídziidziés *v*. **firearm** ɛ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **fireboard** tsakúdècèk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **firebreak (make a)** ɨɗɛɨɗɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **firedrill** tsakûd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tsakúdèèàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **firefinch** lòtsòr *n*. **firefly** lɔ́ɗʉ́mɛ́l *n*. **fireplace** ts'aɗíékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **firewood** dakw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɡamam *n*.; ts'aɗídàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **firing pin** mʉtʉ *n*. **firmament** lúl *n*. **first** ɛ̀kwɔ̀n *v*.; wàxʉ̀ *n*. **first (be the)** mɨtɔna ɗíɛ́wàxì *v*. **first (one)** ɗa kɔ́nɔ̀nì *pro*.; ɗa wáxì *pro*. **first person** wàxìàm *n*. **firstborn** tíɡàràmàts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; wàxìàm *n*. **fiscal** bílɔɔrɔ́*n*. **fish** ŋkɔ́líà *n*. **fish out** tukuretés *v*.; tukutetés *v*. **fissured** médemedánón *v*.; takátákánón *v*. **fist** ɨlʉlʉŋam *n*.; mʉkʉtam *n*. **fistful** ɨlʉlʉŋam *n*.

**fit** ɗoxódòn *v*. **fit (physically)** itsyátón *v*. **fitly** ɗòx *ideo*. **fitting** itémón *v*. **five** tùd<sup>e</sup> *num*.; tùdòn *v*. **five o'clock** ɲásáatɨkaa mɨtátie toomíní ńdà kɛ̀ɗì kɔ̀n *n*. **five times** tùd<sup>o</sup> *num*. **fix** ɨɗɨmɛ́s *v*.; ɨɗɨmɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɗɨmɛtɛ́s *v*.; ramɛtɛ́s *v*.; zɔ́bɛ̀s *v*. **fix a handle on** xɔ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **fix on** mínɛ́s *v*. **fixed** ɨɗɨmɔ́s *v*. **fixer** ɨɗɨmɛ́síàm *n*. **fixture (tool)** mínɛ́sìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fizz** tabúón *v*. **fizz up** tabúétòn *v*. **flabbily** lùʝ<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **flabby** ɡerúsúmòn *v*.; luʝúdòn *v*.; rexúkúmòn *v*. **flaccid** luʝúdòn *v*. **flaccid (become, of the penis)** ziláámètòn *v*. **flaccidly** lùʝ<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **flag** ɨwɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɲébenɗéra *n*. **flagging** ɨwɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **flake (wood)** kíɓɛ́zam *n*. **flame** arír *n*.; ts'aɗíák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **flame tree** ɨtítí *n*. **flank** ŋábèrèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **flap** ipukúpúkés *v*.; iwakúwákòn *v*.; wɛɗɨwɛ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **flapping** pɛɗɛ́pɛ́ɗánón *v*. **flare** ɨmɛ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **flare up** dulúmón *v*.; ɨmɛ́ɗɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; tuƙúmétòn *v*. **flare up (of skin)** iŋárúrètòn *v*. **flared up (of skin)** iŋárúròn *v*.

*v*.

flash

**flash** ɨmɛ́ɗɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; ɨmɛ́ɗɔ́n *v*.; itweɲítwéɲòn *v*. **flash!** lɛ́ʝ ɛ *ideo*. **flashlight** ɲótóts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **flashy** ɨmáráɗàɗòòn *v*. **flask (butter)** ɲéɓur *n*. **flask (gourd)** nasɛmɛ́*n*.; ɲekúrúm *n*. **flask (small gourd)** ɲékútàm *n*. **flat** ɨpáɗáɲɔ̀n *v*.; pʉ̀nʉ̀kᶶ *ideo*. **flat (deflated)** fɔrɔ́ts'ɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **flat (of an area)** kalápátánón *v*. **flat (of land)** ɗàsòn *v*. **flat (of objects)** ɗapálámɔ̀n *v*. **flat area** lopem *n*. **flat buttocks (have)** taɓóɲómòn *v*. **flat-topped** tɔpɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **flatbed** tsídzèsìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **flatland** rɔw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **flatly** ɓɛlɛlɛts<sup>ɛ</sup> *ideo*.; ɗɛ̀ɲ *ideo*. **flatly concave** ɓɛtɛ́lɛ́mɔ̀n *v*.; fɛtɛ́lɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **flatten** epitésúƙòtà ɗèɲ *v*.; iɲíkéésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɲaɗés *v*. **flatten out** kalápátánitetés *v*.; ɲaɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **flatten out (an area)** kalápátánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **flatten repeatedly** ɲaɗiés *v*. **flatulence** fèn *n*. **flatulent** fɛnɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **flatulently** fɛ̀n *ideo*. **flaunt** ƙɔƙɔanón *v*. **flavor** ɛfɨtɛs *v*.; íbutsurés *v*.; iwéwérés *v*. **flavorful** ɛ̀fɔ̀n *v*. **flavorful (become)** ɛfɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **flavoring** ɲɛ́ɓɨsár *n*. **flavorless** ɗɛ̀ƙwɔ̀n *v*.; ʝɔ̀lɔ̀n *v*.; muʝálámòn *v*. **flea (chigoe)** túkútùk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **flea (sand)** túkútùk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **flea(s)** naɗɛ́p <sup>a</sup> *n*. **fleas** ŋíkaɗɛpíɗɛ́p <sup>a</sup> *n*. **fleck** bàsɔ̀n *v*. **flecked** ɨlɨmílímɔ̀n *v*. **flecked with fat** kábìlànètòn *v*. **flee** duƙésúƙota mòrà<sup>e</sup> *v*.; moronuƙot<sup>a</sup> **flee (of many)** iɗúzòn *v*. **fleece** ɗóɗòsìts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **flesh** em *n*. **flesh dried on hide** xáƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **flesh left on hide** ɲɔpɔɗɛ *n*. **flex** itúkúɗètòn *v*.; itúkúɗòn *v*.; nɔƙɨnɔ́ƙɔ́n *v*. **flex (muscles)** xuxuanitetés *v*. **flexible** naƙwádòn *v*.; naúdòn *v*.; nɔƙɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **flexibly** nàƙw<sup>a</sup> *ideo*.; nà<sup>u</sup> *ideo*.; nɔ̀ƙ ɔ *ideo*. **flexor (muscle)** ɲépísikitíém *n*. **flick** tɔɗɛtɛs *v*.; towates *v*.; towatetés *v*. **flick away** tɔɗɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **flick off** tɔɗɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **flicker** ɨmɛɗímɛ́ɗɔ̀n *v*.; ɨmɛlɛs *v*.; itweɲítwéɲòn *v*.; tɔɗɛtɛs *v*. **flicker (of light)** tɔɗɛtɛsa así *v*. **flinch** ŋaxɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **flinch (make)** iniŋíníŋés *v*. **fling** ɨpákɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨrʉtsɛs *v*.; towates *v*. **fling away** towátésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fling off** towátésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fling water** ɨpakɛsa cué *v*. **flip** ɨʝʉlɛs *v*.; ɨʝʉlɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔɗɛtɛs *v*. **flip away** tɔɗɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

#### fold in half

#### flip off

**flip off** tɔɗɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **flip over** aɓúlúkánón *v*. **flipped** ɨʝʉlɔs *v*. **flit** ɨkaɨkɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **flit around** ɨpɛrípɛ́rɔ̀n *v*. **flitter** ɨmɛlɛs *v*.; ɨpɛrípɛ́rɔ̀n *v*.; iwolíwólòn *v*.; tɔɗɛtɛs *v*. **flitter (of termites)** érítòn *v*. **float** ilélébètòn *v*. **float away** ilélébonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **flock** bàr *n*. **flock (small)** bàròìm *n*. **flock of birds** ɡwábàr *n*. **flock of goats** riébàr *n*. **flock of sheep** ɗóɗòbàr *n*. **flocks** ŋíɓarɛn *n*. **flog** iɓúŋéés *v*. **flood** ísw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **flood rubbish** ɲérímama *n*. **floodplain** ɲéɓúruɓur *n*. **floor** dziŋ *n*.; kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **flop!** kùm *ideo*. **flour** kabas *n*. **flour (dry)** ŋápʉp<sup>a</sup> *n*. **flour (moist)** ŋámírɔ̀ *n*. **flourish** ɨɔ́kɔ́n *v*. **flourish (of plants)** ɡáruɓúɓón *v*.; karuɓúɓón *v*. **flow** isépón *v*. **flow (menses)** iona aráɡwaník<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **flow away** isépónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **flow in waves** ídulumona cué *v*. **flower** ɨɔ́kɔ́n *v*.; ŋátur *n*. **flower (sorghum)** ƙádetésá kadɨxá<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **flower bud** tún *n*.

**flu** ɲarʉ́kʉ́m *n*.; suɡur *n*. **fluctuate** iɲíkétòn *v*.; iɲikiétòn *v*.; iɲikíɲíkòn *v*.; iɲíkón *v*. **fluid** cuanón *v*. **flump down** rɛfɛ́kɛ́ɲɔ̀n *v*. **flunk** rúmánòn *v*. **flush** ɓʉnʉ́mɔ́nà sèà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **flush out** tsídzètòn *v*.; tsídzitetés *v*. **flushed** iyaŋíyáŋòn *v*. **flustered** iyaŋíyáŋòn *v*. **flute** ɲálamorú *n*. **flutter** ipukúpúkés *v*.; iwolíwólòn *v*.; pɛɗɛpɛ́ɗɔ́n *v*.; wɛɗɨwɛ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **flutter (of termites)** érítòn *v*. **fluttering** pɛɗɛ́pɛ́ɗánón *v*. **fly** bʉrɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; bʉ̀rɔ̀n *v*.; iwálílòn *v*.; tsúts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fly (biting)** lɔŋɨzɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lótsóts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɔ́pɔɗɔkʉ́ *n*. **fly (flee, of many)** iɗúzòn *v*. **fly (tsetse)** ɲɛ́ɗíɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fly away** bʉrɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fly off** bʉrɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fly species (green)** tukéy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **flycatcher (paradise)** iboboy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **foal** ɗìɗèìm *n*. **foal (female)** ɗìɗèwàz *n*. **foam** ɡuf *n*.; tabúón *v*. **foam up** tabúétòn *v*. **fodder** wà *n*. **foe** lɔŋɔ́tɔ́m *n*. **foes** lɔŋɔ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **fog** ɡóʒòw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **foil** kwaɲɛ́s *v*.; kwaɲɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **foist** tɔnɛɛtɛ́s *v*. **foist oneself** tɔnɛɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **fold** iwoles *v*.; tɔɓɨlɛs *v*. **fold in half** ikóóbés *v*.; ikóóbetés *v*.

**fold over** iwoletés *v*. **fold up** ikóóbés *v*.; ikóóbetés *v*.; tɔɓɨlɛtɛ́s *v*.; tusuketés *v*.; tusúkón *v*. **folded over** tɔɓɨlɛsa así *v*. **folk** ròɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **folks!** òɓà *interj*.; ròɓà *interj*. **follicle (hair)** síts'ádɛ̀ *n*. **follow** iɗupes *v*.; tɔmɛɛs *v*.; tɔmɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; túbès *v*. **follow (in doing)** itáƙúòn *v*. **follow after** elánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **follow away** túbesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **follow each other** túbunós *v*. **follow here** tɔmɛɛtɛ́s *v*. **follow in line** tɔtʉ́pɔ́n *v*. **follow off** túbesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **follower** dɛáám *n*.; túbèsìàm *n*. **folly** ɨɓááŋàs *n*. **fondle** ídadamɛ́s *v*.; ɨwáwɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; tárábes *v*. **fondle all over** tárábiés *v*. **fontanelle** baɗɨbaɗas *n*.; bɔɗɨbɔɗɔs *n*. **food** ŋƙáƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **food (for elders first)** tʉ́w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **food (give)** ŋƙáƙítetés *v*.; ŋƙɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **food (gnawable)** ats'am *n*. **food (peelable)** ɨsɨmam *n*. **food (ready)** aeam *n*. **food (ripe)** aeam *n*. **food (sippable)** abutiam *n*. **food (slurpable)** ɨsɔrɔɓam *n*. **food residue** ɲéɗúruɗur *n*. **food slices (dried)** iram *n*. **fool!** ɗʉ́rʉɗɔ́ɔ̀ *interj*. **fool's gold** ɲésiɓalitútu *n*. **foolish** ɨɓááŋɔ̀n *v*.

**foolishness** ɨɓááŋàs *n*. **foot** dɛ *n*.; dɛɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **foot (non-animal)** dɛ *n*.; dɛɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; dziŋ *n*. **foot of a boulder** taɓádɛ̀ *n*. **foot of a fence** marɨŋídɛ̀ *n*. **foot of a mountain** kwarádɛ̀ *n*. **foot of a tree** dakúdɛ̀ *n*. **football** ɲɛ́pɨɨrá *n*. **footer** dɛ̀ɛ̀dà hò<sup>e</sup> *n*. **footfall** kímáts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **footing of a borehole** ɲatsʉʉmádɛ̀ *n*. **footman** dɛáám *n*. **footpath (fresh)** fʉ́fʉ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **footprint** dɛ *n*. **footstep** kímáts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **footsure** tsɛ́rɛkɛ́kɔ́n *v*. **for good** kìŋ *ideo*. **for nothing** ŋálàk<sup>a</sup> *ideo*. **for the reason that** ikóteré *subordconn*.; kóteré *subordconn*. **for what?** isiɛník<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **forager** ɡaɗikamáám *n*. **forager (of greens)** wààm *n*. **foraging** ɡaɗikam *n*. **foraging in the valleys** fátárààkànànès *n*. **forbid** dimités *v*.; dimitetés *v*.; itáléés *v*. **forbidden** itáléánón *v*.; itálóós *v*. **force** ɨtíŋɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨtɨŋɛs *v*.; rɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; rɛɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔrɛɛs *v*. **force oneself** ɨtɨŋɛsa así *v*. **force out** ɨlɔ́líɛ́s *v*. **force through** ututetés *v*.; xutés *v*.; xutésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **force through repeatedly** ututiés *v*. **force together** rɔɲɛ́s *v*. **forceps** ɲɔkɔ́ɲɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*.

**ford** àrònìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ôd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ódèèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **forearm** ƙɔ́dɔ̀l *n*.; ɲepísíkit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **forearm muscle** ɲépísikitíém *n*. **forego** bɔlɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tasálétòn *v*.; tasálón *v*. **forehead** takár *n*. **foreign** ʝalánón *v*. **foreign child** ɦyòìm *n*. **foreign language** ɦyɔɛn *n*.; ɦyɔ̀tòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **foreign woman** ɦyɔ̀cèk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **foreigner** ámá na biyá<sup>e</sup> *n*.; ɦyɔ̀àm *n*.; kíʝíkààm *n*.; ŋíɓúkúìàm *n*.; ɲeɓúkúit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **foreleg** ɲepísíkit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **foreleg muscle** ɲépísikitíém *n*. **foreman** ámázeáma teréɡì *n*. **foremilk** ɲóɗós *n*. **foreskin** kwaníts'ɛ́*n*.; ts'ɛa na kwaní *n*. **forest** dakúáƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; fɔrɔ́sìtà *n*.; ríʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **forest (cleared)** tsɛ̀f *n*. **forest (dense)** lolíts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **forest (planted)** ɲɛ́pɔrɛ́sìtà *n*. **forest dombeya** xuxûb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **forest entrance** ríʝáàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **forestall** titikes *v*. **forever** ʝɨkî *adv*.; mʉ̀kà *adv*.; pákà *adv*. **forever and ever** kaíníka ńda kaíník<sup>a</sup> *n*. **forfeit** kuritésúƙota así *v*. **forge** ityakes *v*. **forger** ìtyàkààm *n*. **forget** hakaikés *v*. **forget (make)** ɡwelítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hakaikitetés *v*. **forgetful** imáɗíŋánón *v*.

**forging stone** ityakesíɡwàs *n*.

**forgive** iƙenes *v*.; óɡoés *v*.

**forgotten** ɡwèlòn *v*.; hakaikós *v*.; hakonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɓíléròn *v*. **forgotten (become)** iɓíléronuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fork** ɲácaƙwarát<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɔ́fɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; taŋatsárón *v*.; tɛlɛ́tsɔ́n *v*.; toŋélón *v*. **fork (of a tree)** bɔ̀kɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **fork of a tree** bɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **form** bɛrɛtɛ́s *v*.; itues *v*.; ituetés *v*.; ituetésá así *v*. **form droplets** tsɨpɨtsípɔ́n *v*. **form rainclouds** mɔƙɨmɔ́ƙɔ́n *v*. **forsake** ɡóózés *v*.; ɡóózesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **forsake each other** ɡóózinósúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **forsaken** ɡóózosuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fortify** ŋɨxítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fortunate** tírɨríŋɔ́n *v*. **fortune** muce *n*.; ɲaɓáát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fortune (decent)** mucea na ɓárɨɓár *n*. **fortune (good)** mucea na títìàn *n*.; ɲaréréŋ *n*. **fortune (ill)** mucea ná ʝɔ̀l *n*. **fortune (terrible)** mucea na ináƙúós *n*. **forty** toomínékwa ts'aɡús *n*. **forward** wàxìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **foster** zeites *v*.; zeitésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **foul** ɗɛtsɨɗɛ́tsɔ́n *v*.; ɨmʉ́sɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **foul (become)** ɨmʉ́sɛ́ɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **foul-smelling** wízɨlílɔ́n *v*. **foully** ɗɛ̀ts<sup>ɛ</sup> *ideo*. **foundation** dɛ̀ɛ̀dà hò<sup>e</sup> *n*. **fountain** ɲɛɨtánɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **four** ts'aɡús *num*.; ts'aɡúsón *v*. **four o'clock** ɲásáatɨkaa mɨtátie toomín *n*. **four times** ts'aɡús<sup>o</sup> *num*.

**four years ago** kaɨnɔ nɔɔ kɛ *n*.; nɔkɛɨna kenóó ke *n*. **four-by-four** ts'aɡusátìk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **fourteen** toomíní ńda kiɗi ts'aɡús *n*. **fourth (be a)** kɔnɔna ts'aɡúsónù *v*. **fourth (one)** ɗa ts'aɡúsónì *pro*. **fowl** ɡwa *n*. **fox (bat-eared)** bùràts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fractured** takátákánón *v*. **fragile** tɛɛmɛ́mɔ̀n *v*.; yɛmɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **fragilely** yɛ̀m *ideo*. **fragment** ɡúɗúsam *n*. **fragrant** tukukúɲón *v*. **frail** dɛrɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ɨpáláƙɔ̀n *v*.; ʝuódòn *v*. **frailly** dɛ̀r *ideo*.; ʝù<sup>o</sup> *ideo*. **frame (door)** ɲɛ́fɨrɛ́m *n*. **francolin (crested)** bílíkɛrɛtɛ́*n*. **francolin (Jackson's)** kwítsíladidí *n*. **francolin (scaly)** tìkɔ̀rɔ̀ts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **frayed** ɲɛɗɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **frayedly** ɲɛ̀ɗ ɛ *ideo*. **freak** ƙʉts'áám *n*. **freak out** doʝánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **free** ɓàŋɔ̀n *v*.; bùlòn *v*.; hoɗés *v*.; hoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hoɗetés *v*.; ɨɓámɔ́n *v*.; talakes *v*. **free of charge** ɨɓámɔ́n *v*. **free oneself** hoɗetésá así *v*. **free to walk** zíbos *v*. **freeload** lɛŋɛ́s *v*. **freeloader** lɛŋɛ́síàm *n*. **freeloading** olíɓó *n*. **freer** hoɗetésíàm *n*. **fresh** erútsón *v*. **fret** alólóŋòn *v*. **friar** purutél *n*.

**Friday** Ɲákásíá tùdìk<sup>e</sup> *n*. **friend (agreer)** tsámʉ́nɔtɔ́síàm *n*. **friend (foreign)** ɲòt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **friend (his/her foreign)** ntsíɲót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **friend (in-group)** ɛbam *n*. **friend (my foreign)** ɲ́cìɲòt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **friend (my)** nádzàƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **friend (sharer)** tɔ̀mɔ̀rààm *n*. **friend (your foreign)** biɲót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **friendliness (in-group)** ɛbamánánès *n*. **friendliness (out-group)** ɲotánánès *n*.; ɲótíkónánès *n*. **friends (make foreign)** ɲotánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **friendship (in-group)** ɛbamánánès *n*. **friendship (out-group)** ɲotánánès *n*.; ɲótíkónánès *n*. **frighten** kitítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ŋaxɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; xɛɓɨtɛs *v*.; xɛɓɨtɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **frighten away** ɨrɛmɛs *v*. **frighten off** ɨrɛmɛs *v*. **frightened** ŋaxɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **frigid (sexually)** ɨɛ́ɓɔ́n *v*. **fringe** kwayw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kweed<sup>a</sup> *n*. **frog** ƙwaát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **from** nàpèì *prep*.; nɛ́ɛ́*prep*.; ɲàpèì *prep*. **from the heart** ɡúróɛ́n <sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **from there** ts'ɛ́dɔ́ɔ́kɔ̀nà *pro*. **from when** nàpèì *subordconn*.; ɲàpèì *subordconn*. **from where?** ndéé *n*. **front** takárɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*.; wàx *n*. **frontal bone (upper)** matáŋíɡwarí *n*. **froofy** bʉlʉbʉlɔs *v*. **froth** ɡuf *n*.; tabúón *v*. **froth up** tabúétòn *v*. **frown** iɲíkón *v*. **frowning (begin)** iɲíkétòn *v*.

garden

**frozen (in fear)** dodimórón *v*. **frozen (still)** lɛrɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **fruit of** *ts'ɔƙɔm* fɔfɔ́ʝ <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋalúɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fruit(s)** eɗin *n*. **fruit-laden** bɔ́ŋɔ́n *v*. **fruitless (become)** ɨkárímétòn *v*. **frustrate** ɨkarɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɔ́ítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fry** kɛ́xɛ́s *v*. **fryer** kɛ́xɛ́sìàm *n*. **fuck** ɨtɛpɛs *v*. **fuel** ceím *n*. **fuel (fire)** iríréés *v*.; iríréetés *v*. **Fuerstia africana** kʉláɓákàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fulfill** ɨríkɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **full** cìɔ̀n *v*.; eódòn *v*. **full (become)** cɨɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; éétòn *v*. **full (completely)** tsɛ̀k ɛ *ideo*. **full (very)** pìc *ideo*.; tìr *ideo*. **full completely** lʉʝʉlʉ́ʝɔ́n *v*. **full of it (lying)** isuɗesa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **fully** fìr *ideo*. **fumble around** ɨtapítápɔ̀n *v*. **fume** ipúróòn *v*. **fume (angrily)** siŋírón *v*. **fumes** ts'ûd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **fumigate** ipúréés *v*.; iwaŋíwáŋés *v*.; ts'udités *v*. **fun** ɛ̀fɔ̀n *v*. **fun (become)** ɛfɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **fun (have)** iyóómètòn *v*. **fun (make)** ɛfɨtɛs *v*. **function** ɲákásìèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **funerary goat** kɔ̀p <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲépúɲa *n*. **funerary-goat killer** ɲépúɲáám *n*. **funny** ɛ̀fɔ̀n *v*.

**funny (become)** ɛfɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **funny (make)** ɛfɨtɛs *v*. **fur** ínósìts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **furnace (brick)** ɲéripipí *n*. **furrow** ɲɛ́pɛ́lʉ *n*. **furry** tsèkòn *v*. **furthermore** naɓó *coordconn*.; toni naɓó *n*. **fury** ɡaánàs *n*.; ɲɛlɨl *n*. **fuse** iɲales *v*. **futile (become)** ɨkárímétòn *v*. **future** fàr *adv*. **future (distant)** tsò *adv*. **fuzzy** saúkúmòn *v*. **gabby** mɔɲɨmɔɲɔs *v*. **gag** ʝaƙátós *v*.; toukes *v*.; touketés *v*.; xáƙátòn *v*. **gain ground on** iɗiles *v*. **gain weight** tuɓútónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zízonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **galago (lesser)** ɡwan *n*. **Galatians (biblical)** Ŋíɡalatíaik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gall** bìɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gallbladder** bìɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; bìɗàhò *n*. **game** ɲaɓolya *n*.; wáák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **game (Ludo)** ɲélúɗo *n*. **gang** ɲáʝore *n*. **gang up on** ɨŋáŋárɛtɛ́s *v*. **gangly** sawátsámòn *v*. **gap** ɨkálámɛ́s *v*.; tsàŋ *n*. **gaping** hádòlòmòn *v*.; laɓáɲámòn *v*.; lafárámòn *v*. **gappy (teeth)** ɲaŋálómòn *v*. **garbage** ts'ʉts'ʉ *n*. **garbage dump** ts'ʉts'ʉ́áw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **garble** ƙʉʝʉ́dɔ̀n *v*. **garble speech** iŋolíŋólésa tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **garden** sêd<sup>a</sup> *n*.

get away from

**garden (multi-year)** ŋwan *n*. **garden (newly cleared)** kɨwíl *n*. **garden (newly plowed)** túbùr *n*. **garden (tiny)** fɔ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **garden (vegetable)** waicíkásèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **garden boundary** ɲókorimít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **garden camp** ɲóɓóot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **garden edge** lɔkɨram *n*. **garden rain shelter** lɔtɔ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **garment** ƙwàz *n*. **gas (intestinal)** fèn *n*. **gas (petrol)** ceím *n*. **gas (propane)** ɲáɡás *n*. **gash** dzɛrɛ́s *v*. **gasoline** ɲépetorón *n*. **gassily** fɛ̀n *ideo*. **gassy** fɛnɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **gate** ɔ́dɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **gateway** ɔ́dɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **gather** ikóóbés *v*.; ɨrírɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨtsʉnɛs *v*.; ɨtsʉnɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨtsʉ́nɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; itukánón *v*.; itukes *v*.; ɨʉɗɛs *v*.; ɨʉɗɛtɛ́s *v*. **gather (contributions)** bɔsɛtɛ́s *v*. **gather (glean)** ɨrárátés *v*.; ɨrarɛs *v*.; tarares *v*. **gather and move** ɲʉ́ɲɛ́s *v*. **gather and remove** ɲʉ́ɲɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **gather oneselves** ɗɔtsɛtɛ́sá así *v*.; ɨrírɛ́ɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **gather saliva** ɨmʉʝʉ́mʉ́ʝɔ̀n *v*. **gather socially** ɨtsʉnɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **gather up** ikóóbetés *v*.; ɨrírɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ituketés *v*. **gather up and move** ɲʉɲɛtɛ́s *v*. **gatherer (of greens)** wààm *n*. **gathering** kur *n*.; ɲatʉ́kɔ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*.

**gathering (big)** zɛƙɔ́áwa ná zè *n*. **gauche** betsínón *v*. **gaudy** ɨmáráɗàɗòòn *v*. **gaunt** ɨkárɔ́n *v*.; kɔrɔ́ɗɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; lotímálèmòn *v*. **gaze at emptily** itelesa bàrìrrr *v*. **gazelle** kodow<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gearshift** cɛbɛn *n*.; ɲɛ́sɛɛɓɔ́*n*. **gearstick** cɛbɛn *n*.; ɲɛ́sɛɛɓɔ́*n*. **gecko** lókíɓoɓó *n*. **gecko (dwarf)** kíɓíɓìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gecko species?** léɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲámɨlɨɔŋɔ́r *n*. **gel** tɔsɔ́ɗɔ́kɔ̀n *v*. **gelatinous** milílón *v*. **generosity** daás *n*. **generous** dòòn *v*.; waŋádòn *v*. **generous person** dòònìàm *n*. **genet** lɔ̀rìƙìlà *n*. **genitalia (female)** didis *n*. **gentle** batánón *v*. **genuflect** kutúŋétòn *v*. **germ** ƙʉts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **German shepherd** ɲeryaŋíŋók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **germinate** ɓúrukúkón *v*.; morétón *v*.; rʉ́bɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; rʉ́bɔ̀n *v*.; tʉwɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; tʉ̀wɔ̀n *v*.; xúbètòn *v*.; xúbòn *v*. **germinate (of grain)** xokómón *v*. **germinate fully (of grain)** yɛlíyɛ́lɔ̀n *v*. **get** iryámétòn *v*.; ɨtɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; ɨtɔ́ɔ́n *v*.; ƙanetés *v*.; tɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **get (cause to)** ƙanitetés *v*. **get (water)** kotsés *v*.; kotsetés *v*. **get a rise out of** ɨtɔ́ŋɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **get away** iɓutsúmétòn *v*.; iwálílòn *v*.; ùtòn *v*.; utonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **get away (from home)** ɨpɛ́ɛ́rɔ̀n *v*. **get away from** ɨɓʉtsɛs *v*.; ɨɓʉtsɛtɛ́sá así *v*.

give in

**get close to** rɔɲɛ́sá así *v*. **get cloudy** kupétón *v*.; kupukúpón *v*. **get dark** witsiwítsétòn *v*. **get down** rʉʝɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **get going** ɗóɗésa muceé *v*. **get here** ɨtaɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **get light (of sun)** ítóna kíʝée ts'ɛɛ *v*. **get lost** hakonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **get on** otsés *v*.; otsésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **get out** tɔpɛ́ɔ́n *v*.; utonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **get out of the way** ècòn *v*.; èkòn *v*. **get payback** ɲaŋés *v*. **get ready to go** súɓánòn *v*.; suɓétón *v*. **get rid of** ɡʉts'ʉrɛs *v*.; ɡuts'uriés *v*.; itsúrúés *v*. **get rid of (kill)** ɨɗɛɛs *v*.; ɨɗɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **get saved** hoɗetésá así *v*. **get shady** kurukúrétòn *v*. **get sick** meetón *v*. **get there** ɨtaɨtɛ́s *v*. **get through** utonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **get to know** ɦyeités *v*. **get together** ɨtsʉnɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **get up** ŋkáítetés *v*.; ŋkéétòn *v*.; ŋkóón *v*. **get up (of many)** ŋkaíón *v*. **ghost** kúrúkúr *n*.; lopéren *n*.; tás *n*. **ghoul** lopéren *n*.; tás *n*. **giant** bàd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kébàdà *n*.; nábàdà *n*.; nébàdà *n*. **gift** meetam *n*.; tɔ́rɔ́bɛs *v*. **gifts** meetésíicík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **giggle** ɡaɡaanón *v*. **giggly** fekifekos *v*. **gimp** ɨsɛ́pɔ́n *v*.; ɨtɔ́ƙɔ́ɔ̀n *v*.; itsúkúkòn *v*. **gimpily** itsúkúk<sup>u</sup> *ideo*.

**gimpy** ŋoɗólómòn *v*. **gin (Sunny)** ɲásáníjìn *n*. **gingiva** diriʝiʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **giraffe** ɡwaíts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **giraffe bull** ɡwaíts'ícikw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **giraffe calf** ɡwaíts'íìm *n*. **giraffe cow** ɡwaíts'íŋwa *n*. **giraffe-tail cap** ɲɔ́tsɔ́ɓɛ *n*. **girl** ɲàràm *n*. **girl (baby)** cue *n*. **girl (little)** ɲàràmàìm *n*. **girls' company** ɲèrààƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **girl-crazy** iɲéráánón *v*. **girlfriend** ɲàràm *n*. **girls** ɲèr *n*. **girls (little)** ɲerawik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **girls' grass** ɲèràkù *n*. **give** bírɛ́s *v*.; iʝokes *v*.; iʝókésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; meés *v*.; meetés *v*. **give (chewing tobacco)** matáŋɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **give a ride to** ɨɛ́bɛ̀s *v*.; ɨɛ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **give across** íɡorésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **give away** maƙésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **give back** raʝésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; raʝetés *v*. **give birth** ƙwaatón *v*. **give birth (help)** ƙwaatítetés *v*. **give birth to** ƙwaatetés *v*. **give birth to prematurely** ɨsɔɛtɛ́s *v*. **give chace** irúkésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **give drink** wetités *v*. **give each other** maímós *v*. **give food relief** bɔnɛ́s *v*. **give gifts to** tɔ́rɔ́bɛs *v*. **give in** kuritésúƙota así *v*.

**give marching orders to** taŋasɛs *v*. **give medicine** wetitésá cɛmɛ́ríkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **give off** itsues *v*.; itsuetés *v*. **give oneself away** maƙésúƙota así *v*. **give out** dónés *v*.; dónésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; maƙésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **give over** íɡorésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **give rectally** ɨtʉrɛs *v*. **give suck to** naƙwɨtɛs *v*. **give up** bɔlɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; kuritésúƙota así *v*.; taʝales *v*.; taʝálésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taʝaletés *v*. **given** moós *v*. **giver** meesíám *n*. **giving birth** ƙwaát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gizzard** ŋìl *n*. **glad** ɨlákásɔ̀n *v*. **glad (become)** ɨlákásɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **glade** ɓɔɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɗípɔ̀ *n*. **glance** ɨɛ́bɛ̀s *v*.; ɨɛ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɛ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **glance (bump)** toyeres *v*. **glance off** iɗótón *v*. **glance sidelong at** ɨŋɔ́ɓɛ́lɛ́s *v*. **gland** ƙùts'àts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **glandular swelling** lɔ́mílɨmíl *n*. **glans penis** eɗed<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kwaníéɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **glare** ɨraírɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **glare at** ŋɔ́zɛ̀s *v*.; ŋóziés *v*. **glare at each other** ŋɔ́zɨnɔ́s *v*. **glarer** ŋɔ́zɛ̀sìàm *n*. **glasses** ɲékiyóìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gleam** parɨpárɔ́n *v*.; piripírón *v*. **gleam when wet** tsalɨtsálɔ́n *v*. **gleaming** ɓalídɔ̀n *v*.; pirídòn *v*. **glean** ɨrárátés *v*.; ɨrarɛs *v*.; tarares *v*. **gleeful** taɓolos *v*.

**glide** ɨfɛlɛsa así *v*.; ɨfɛ́lɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɔ́ɔ́rɛ́s *v*.; ɨɔ́ɔ́rɔ̀n *v*. **glide through** ɨsɛ́lɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **glimmer** riɓiríɓón *v*. **glimmer when wet** tsalɨtsálɔ́n *v*. **glint** tɔɗɛtɛsa así *v*. **glisten** parɨpárɔ́n *v*.; piripírón *v*. **glistening** ɓalídɔ̀n *v*. **glitter** ɨmɛɗímɛ́ɗɔ̀n *v*. **glitterily** mìl *ideo*. **glittery** mɨlídɔ̀n *v*. **gloat** taɓólón *v*. **gloating** taɓolos *v*. **globe** kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gloomy** sìŋòn *v*. **glorious** dòòn *v*. **glory** daás *n*. **glow (of fire)** lɔɔrán *n*. **glue** ɲáɡám *n*. **gluey** ɗɔmɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ɨríítánón *v*. **gluily** ɗɔ̀m *ideo*. **glut** iwótsóòn *v*. **glutton** lòkòɗòŋìròàm *n*.; loƙeƙes *n*. **gluttonousness** lokoɗoŋironánés *n*. **gluttony** aeásá bùbùì *n*.; lòkòɗòŋìrò *n*. **gnarled** lɛrɛ́kɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **gnat** dililits'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gnaw** áts'ɛ́s *v*. **Gnidia subcordata** mɨsíás *n*. **go** ƙòòn *v*. **go [a sound]** kʉ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; kʉtɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go across** ɡórés *v*.; íɡorés *v*.; íɡorésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; kámáránón *v*.; kámáránónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go across repeatedly** ɡóriés *v*.; íɡoriés *v*. **go after** ɨlɔŋɛs *v*.; ɨlɔ́ŋɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; túbesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go after each other** ríínós *v*.

**go ahead** ƙoona wáxìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **go along the side** ƙoona rutet<sup>o</sup> *v*. **go around** ɨlɔ́ɗɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨsʉkɛs *v*.; sʉ́kɛ́s *v*.; tamanɛs *v*.; tamanɛtɛ́s *v*.; tamánɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **go around in** irimes *v*. **go around repeatedly** tamaniés *v*. **go around restlessly** ɗotíɗótòn *v*. **go asleep (of limbs)** isálílètòn *v*. **go astray** hakonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itwáŋón *v*. **go at dawn** ifúlón *v*. **go away forever** ƙòònà ʝìr *v*. **go back** iɓóɓóŋòn *v*.; itéón *v*.; itíón *v*.; ƙoona ʝírìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **go behind** ƙoona ʝírìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **go behind clouds** ƙooná ɡìdààƙɔ̀k ɛ *v*. **go bring** ƙáidetés *v*. **go broke** ŋʉrʉ́mɔ́n *v*. **go by** ɨɛ́bɛ̀s *v*.; ɨɛ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ilúɲón *v*.; ilúɲónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go by way of** tɔmɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go crazy** doʝánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itwáŋón *v*. **go directly** ɨtsírɔ́n *v*.; iyoesa así *v*.; tsírɔ́n *v*. **go down** ƙoona ɡíɡìròk<sup>e</sup> *v*.; kídzimonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; raʝámón *v*.; raʝánón *v*. **go down (of sun in afternoon)** tɔɔsɔ́ŋɔ́n *v*. **go down (of sun)** itsólóŋòn *v*.; tɔɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go down (out of sight)** lakámétòn *v*.; lakámón *v*. **go down low** ɗipímón *v*. **go early** isókón *v*. **go extinct** bulonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go for a visit** ɨlɔ́ɔ́n *v*.; ɨlɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ipásóòn *v*.

**go for a walk** ɨɗámɔ́n *v*.; zíbòn *v*. **go get** ƙáidetés *v*. **go head-over-heels** tíbìɗìlɔ̀n *v*. **go horizontally** kámáránónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go hungry** torónón *v*. **go in** ɓuƙétón *v*.; ɓùƙòn *v*.; ɓuƙonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go in a rage** tʉlʉ́ŋɔ́n *v*. **go in convoy** ɨtílɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go in front** ƙoona wáxìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **go in procession** ɨtílɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go into exile** totóánonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; xàtsɔ̀n *v*. **go late** íbànòn *v*.; irípón *v*. **go near** ɦyɔtɔ́ɡɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go off (rot)** masánétòn *v*.; mʉsánétòn *v*. **go off course** kwɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **go off in a rage** tʉlʉ́ŋɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go off one-by-one** kónionúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go off topic** hakonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go off track** imámáɗós *v*. **go on** pórón *v*. **go on (to do)** itáƙúòn *v*. **go on a trip** ɨlɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go out** pulúmón *v*. **go out (of fire)** ts'oonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go out of sight** kúbonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go over** ɡórés *v*.; íɡorés *v*.; íɡorésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go over matters** bɛrɛ́sá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **go past** ɓʉnɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go quickly** ikómóonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go round and round** ɨlɔɗílɔ́ɗɔ̀n *v*. **go straight** isérérèòn *v*. **go through** ɨlámɔ́n *v*.; piɗés *v*.; pʉtʉ́mɔ́n *v*. **go to seed** eɡésá ekwí *v*.; tutufánón *v*. **go to sleep** eponuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go under (water)** ɓuƙonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

go up

**go up** ƙooná dìdìk<sup>e</sup> *v*.; tóbìrìbìròn *v*.; totírón *v*. **go via** tɔmɛɛs *v*.; tɔmɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go with** elánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **go-away bird (white-bellied)** ƙwáaƙwá *n*. **goad** ɨʝʉkʉ́ʝʉ́kɛ́s *v*. **goat (female)** rieŋwa *n*. **goat (funerary)** kɔ̀p <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲépúɲa *n*. **goat flock** riébàr *n*. **goat kid** riéím *n*. **goat(s)** ri *n*. **goat-leather bag** riéófúr *n*. **goatee** ɲɛ́pɛ́nɛk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tɛ̀mʉ̀r *n*. **gobble down** ifáfúkés *v*.; ŋɔfɛ́s *v*. **gobbler (of food)** lòkòɗòŋìròàm *n*.; loƙeƙes *n*. **gobbling (of food)** lòkòɗòŋìrò *n*. **God** áméda kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*.; didiɡwarí *n*.; Ɲakuʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **god** Ɲakuʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **godhood** ɲakuʝínánès *n*. **godly person** ɲakuʝíám *n*. **gods** ɲakuʝíícík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **goer** ƙòònìàm *n*. **going for good** wìʉ̀ *ideo*. **goiter** ɓòlìɓòl *n*. **gold** ɡɔ́lìɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gold dust** ɲɛ́ɲɨɲí *n*. **gold flecks** ŋkaɗɛɛɗɛ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*. **golden earring** ɲámaritóít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **goliath** bàd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Gomphocarpus fruticosus** lɔsalát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **goo** ɡaɗár *n*. **good** maráŋón *v*. **good (become)** maráŋónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**good (make)** maraŋités *v*.; maraŋítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **good (of many)** dayaakón *v*.; maráŋaakón *v*. **good person** maráŋónìàm *n*. **good!** maráŋ *interj*. **good-looking** dòòn *v*. **goodness** maráŋás *n*. **goods** kúrúɓâd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kúrúɓáicík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gooey** ɗɔmɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; nɨrídɔ̀n *v*.; xɔrɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **gooily** ɗɔ̀m *ideo*.; nìr *ideo*.; xɔ̀r *ideo*. **goop** ɡaɗár *n*. **goopily** xɔ̀r *ideo*. **goopy** ɓɔrɔ́tɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; bɔrɔ́tsɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; xɔrɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **goose** ɲáɓata *n*. **gorge** fòts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɔ́kɔ́pɛ̀ *n*. **gorged** itéɓúkòn *v*. **goshawk** tsìts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gossamer** bɛɗɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **gossip about** mɔ́ɲɛ́s *v*. **gossiper** ɡáʒadɨŋwa *n*.; sɛsɛanónìàm *n*. **gossipy** mɔɲɨmɔɲɔs *v*. **gourd** kàŋɛ̀r *n*. **gourd (big oblong)** ɲátúɗu *n*. **gourd (big round)** ɓoló *n*.; ɲápaɗɛr *n*. **gourd (bitter)** óbìʝòkwàts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourd (broken)** ƙwɛsɛ́*n*. **gourd (butter)** ɗɛ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourd (cracked)** naturutur *n*. **gourd (dried)** ìƙòlòt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourd (edible)** lomuƙe *n*.; lɔ́pʉ́l *n*. **gourd (flask)** ɲekúrúm *n*. **gourd (funnel-stemmed)** lɔkʉtʉ́r *n*. **gourd (milking)** ɲelépít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourd (round)** ƙɔfɔ́*n*. **gourd (small round)** dúlúƙuƙú *n*.; ƙɔfóìm *n*.; túkulét<sup>a</sup> *n*.

grasping

**gourd (small-mouthed)** loƙú *n*. **gourd (wide-bottom)** ɗùt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourd (wide-mouthed)** ƙoƙó *n*.; rìƙòŋ *n*. **gourd basin** sèrèy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourd bowl** ƙɔfɔ́*n*. **gourd enema** bulukét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourd flask** bòrèn *n*.; nasɛmɛ́*n*. **gourd flask (small)** ɲékútàm *n*. **gourd flesh** ɗɔ̀xɔ̀ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourd ladle (broken)** tebeleƙes *n*. **gourd leaves** ŋátuɓe *n*. **gourd plug** akatɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourd pulp** ɗɔ̀xɔ̀ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourd rattle** ɲɛ́ɛ́ƙɨɛ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourd scoop** ɓòlòkòts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourd seed** kàŋɛ̀rèèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourd spout** sɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **gourmand** lòkòɗòŋìròàm *n*.; loƙeƙes *n*. **govern** ipúkéés *v*. **government** ɲápukán *n*.; ɲeryaŋ *n*. **government (British colonial)** ɡɛrɛ́sà *n*. **government employee** ɲápukáníàm *n*. **government official** ámázeáma ɲápukaní *n*.; túbesiama ɲápukání *n*. **governor** ipúkéésíàm *n*.; tòtwàrààm *n*. **gown** ɲékiteitéy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grab** ídadamɛ́s *v*.; ɨkamɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨkamɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨrɛɗɛs *v*.; ŋusés *v*.; ŋusésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taŋates *v*.; tokopes *v*. **grab away** taŋátésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tokópésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **grab repeatedly** ɨkamíkámɛ́s *v*. **grabbiness** dzɔɗátínànès *n*. **grabby** ɨtɔ́kɔ́ánòn *v*.; ts'íts'ɔ́n *v*. **grace (Catholic)** ɲɛ́ɡɨrasíà *n*. **grade (roads)** séɓés *v*.

**grade (school)** hò *n*. **grader (of roads)** séɓésìàm *n*. **grain** eɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grain (fallen)** sɛkɛmán *n*. **grain (new)** eɗa ni erúts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grain (regrown)** lɔ́ʝɔʝɔ́*n*.; ɲópoté *n*. **grain beer** eɗímɛ́s *n*. **grain disease** lɔɓɛlɛɲ *n*. **grain harvest (first)** ƙɔfɔ́èɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grain thief** lokoɓél *n*. **grain-filled dirt** ɓɔɗáʝʉ́m *n*. **grainy** sɨƙɨsíƙánétòn *v*.; síƙísɨƙánón *v*. **Gramineae species** ʝay<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kɔlɨlíkú *n*.kwɨnɨƙíkú *n*.; ; lɔ̀tàfàr *n*.; máyákù *n*.; mɨlíár *n*.; ɲálaaʝáít<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲámá *n*.; ɲèràkù *n*.; ɲokoɗopey<sup>a</sup> *n*.; sòlìsòl *n*.; tɨɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **granary** loɗúrú *n*. **granary (small)** lɔkʉ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **granary base** loɗúrúdɛ̀ *n*. **granary cover** ɲésóto *n*.; ɲósóto *n*. **granary reed** loɗúrúkɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **granary reed (vertical)** ɲétémets<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grand** zòòn *v*. **grandchild** lobá *n*. **grandchild (his/her)** ntsílóbà *n*. **grandchild (my)** ɲ́cilobá *n*. **grandchild (your)** bilóbà *n*. **grandfather (his/her)** bɔbat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grandfather (my)** bɔbá *n*. **grandfather (your)** bɔ́bɔ̀ *n*. **grandmother (his/her)** dádàt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grandmother (my)** dadáŋ *n*. **grandmother (your)** dádò *n*. **granite** rikírík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grapes** ɲéviiní *n*. **grasp** ŋɔtsɛ́s *v*.; tɔkɔɗɛs *v*. **grasping** ɨtɔ́kɔ́ánòn *v*.

grass

**grass** kù *n*. **grass (cow-broom)** ɦyɔ̀ʝàn *n*. **grass (matted)** kémús *n*. **grass (soft)** ûd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grass (thick dry)** sakátán *n*. **grass hut** ɲérwám *n*. **grass patch** xʉram *n*. **grass shelter** ɲɛ́kɨsakát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grass species** fàɗìɡùr *n*.; ʝay<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kaxɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kwɨnɨƙíkú *n*.; loiɓóròk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lɔ́mɔ́ɗaát<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lɔ̀tàfàr *n*.; lɔ́tílɨtíl *n*.; lɔtsɔ́ɡɔ̀m *n*.; máyákù *n*.; mèlèt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; mɨlíár *n*.; mʉrɔn *n*.; ɲálaaʝáít<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲámá *n*.; ɲamaɗaŋíkú *n*.; ɲaɲɛnɨʝɛ́n *n*.; ɲeɗuar *n*.; ɲèràkù *n*.; ɲéuɗuúɗu *n*.; ɲokoɗopey<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔlí *n*.; òŋòrìkù *n*.; sòlìsòl *n*.; tɨɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grass stub** rumurúm *n*. **grasshopper** ƙɛƙɛ́r *n*. **grassland** dús *n*. **grate** fɔ́fɔ́tɛ́s *v*.; ɨfɔɛs *v*. **gratifyingly** wìɲ *ideo*. **gratifying (sensually)** wɨɲídɔ̀n *v*.; wɨɲɨwíɲɔ́n *v*. **gratis** tsàm *n*. **gratuitousness** tsàm *n*. **grave** rip<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tás *n*.; tásɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **grave (pile of stones)** ɡwàsìkàkìts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gravedigger** muɗésíàm *n*.; tʉnʉkɛsíám *n*. **gravedigger prayer** wáána na muɗésíàmà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **gravel** aŋaras *n*. **gravelly** ŋàr *ideo*.; ŋarʉ́dɔ̀n *v*.; rakákámòn *v*. **gravelly area** aŋarasááƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **graverobber** tukutesíáma ts'óóniicé *n*. **gravesite** tás *n*.; tásɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*.

**gravitate** irídòn *v*. **gravy** ɲɔ́ɓɔ́ka *n*. **gray** ɔŋɔ́ránètòn *v*. **gray (of weather)** kùpòn *v*. **gray-brown** ɔŋɔ́ránètòn *v*. **gray-haired** kwɛrɛ́xɔ́n *v*. **graze** waitetés *v*. **grazing** wà *n*. **grease** ŋiites *v*. **grease up** ŋiitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **greasy** kùx *ideo*. **great** zòòn *v*. **greatness** zeís *n*. **greediness** dzɔɗátínànès *n*. **greedy** ts'íts'ɔ́n *v*.; tírésa dzɔɗátí *v*. **greedy person** kìɓèɓèàm *n*. **greedyguts** loúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Greek language** Ŋíɡɨríkìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Greek person** Ŋíɡɨríkìàm *n*. **green** ɨlíɓɔ́n *v*. **green (of many)** ɨlɨɓaakón *v*. **green (turn)** ɨlíɓɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **green (turn, of many)** ɨlɨɓaakónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **green (very)** ƙwɨxídɔ̀n *v*.; xídɔ̀n *v*. **greenly** ƙwìx *ideo*. **greens** wà *n*. **greet** ɨmáxánɛ́s *v*. **greet each other** ɨmáxánínɔ́s *v*. **Grewia bicolor** ʝàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Grewia tenax** alárá *n*.; ɔɡɔn *n*. **Grewia villosa** mɔ̀z *n*. **grieve** turúnón *v*. **grill** ɨtɔlɛs *v*. **grill (of vehicle)** sarísárìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grilled** ɨtɔlɔs *v*. **grimace** ɨɲɛ́ɓɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **grime** ts'âɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*.

#### grimy

**grimy** ts'áɡòn *v*. **grin** ɨmʉ́mʉ́ɔ̀n *v*. **grind** ŋɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **grind (make)** ŋɔítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **grind again** iŋáɓúkés *v*. **grind coarsely** ɨkaŋíkáŋɛ́s *v*.; ɨŋáámɛ́s *v*.; ɨŋaíŋɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨŋáŋɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **grind finely** ɨwɨɗɛs *v*. **grind quickly** ɨpʉnɛs *v*. **grind well** hamʉʝɛ́s *v*. **grindable** ŋɔam *n*. **grinding mill** ŋɔɛsíɡwàs *n*.; ɲámasín *n*. **grinding stone** ɡwas *n*.; ŋɔɛsíɡwàs *n*. **grinding stone (hand-held)** imeda ɡwasá<sup>e</sup> *n*.; kɨnata *n*. **grinding stone (lower)** ŋwááteda ɡwasá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **grip** ɨkamɛs *v*.; ɨkamɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨkamɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨtɔkɔɗɛs *v*.; tírésìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grip repeatedly** ɨkamíkámɛ́s *v*. **grist** kabas *n*. **grist (dry)** ŋápʉp<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grist (moist)** ŋámírɔ̀ *n*. **gristle** ŋɔrɔɓɔɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gristlely** rɔ̀ɓ ɔ *ideo*. **gristly** rɔɓɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **gritty** ɡwɛrɛ́ʝɛ́ʝɔ̀n *v*. **grizzly** kwɛrɛ́xɔ́n *v*. **groan** éɓútòn *v*.; ɛ́mítɔ̀n *v*.; émúròn *v*. **groggy** mususánón *v*. **groin** lɔkɔ́r *n*. **groom** bɔƙátíníèàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grope** ídadamɛ́s *v*. **grope (sexually)** tárábes *v*. **grope all over** tárábiés *v*. **groping** ídadamɔ́s *v*.

**grouchy** ɡaƙúrúmòn *v*.; ŋízìmɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **ground** ʝʉm *n*.; ŋɔ́ɔ́s *v*. **ground (anchor)** ɲólóit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ground (burnt)** kàròƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ground (newly broken)** túbùr *n*. **ground bee** mɔ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **ground bee species** ɲásaŋáɲo *n*.; ɲésíìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ground beehive** kùkùsèn *n*. **ground finely** ɨwɨɗɔs *v*. **ground level (be at)** ràtòn *v*. **groundnut(s)** ɲépulé *n*.; taráɗá *n*. **grounds** awááƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **groundwater** ʝʉmʉ́cúé *n*. **groundwork** dɛ̀ɛ̀dà hò<sup>e</sup> *n*. **group** ɲáʝore *n*.; ɲéɡurúf *n*. **group (social)** kábùn *n*. **group discussion** natúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grove** ɡwi *n*. **grow** ɨatímétòn *v*.; morétón *v*.; zeites *v*.; zeitésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **grow back** ʝɔɓɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; tɔrʉ́ɓɔ́n *v*. **grow bigger** zoonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **grow bushy** tsekétón *v*. **grow furry** tsekétón *v*. **grow hairy** tsekétón *v*. **grow high** zikíbètòn *v*. **grow in age** zoonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **grow limber** tsutsukúmétòn *v*. **grow long** zikíbètòn *v*. **grow old** dunétón *v*. **grow over** tsekétón *v*. **grow supple** tsutsukúmétòn *v*. **grow tall** tɔwʉ́tɔ́n *v*.; zikíbètòn *v*. **grow up** iríétòn *v*.; zeetón *v*. **grow up and back (of horns)** tʉ́zʉ̀ŋɔ̀n *v*. **growl** ŋɔ́rɔ́rɔ̀n *v*.

**growl (of stomach)** ɗuɗuanón *v*. **grown underground** ɨʝɛ́ɛ́lɔ̀n *v*. **grown up (of many)** zeikaakón *v*. **grown-up** ámáze *n*. **grub** ƙʉts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grub (food)** ŋƙáƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **grub (rhinocerus beetle)** lóɓúlukúɲ *n*. **gruel** ŋáítɔ̀ *n*.; ɲéúʝi *n*. **gruff (of voice)** ƙoƙórómòn *v*.; rɔ́ƙɔ́rɔƙánón *v*. **grumble** ɨŋʉrʉ́ŋʉ́rɔ̀n *v*. **grumble (of stomach)** ɗuɗuanón *v*. **grumble to oneself** ɲɛɓɛ́sá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **grume** ŋazul *n*. **grumpy** ɡaƙúrúmòn *v*.; ŋízìmɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **grunt** ɨɗíɲɔ́n *v*. **grunt in pain** rúɓón *v*. **guard** còòkààm *n*.; cookés *v*.; ɨrɨtsɛ́s *v*.; ŋasíƙáárìàm *n*. **guard (local council)** ŋíɲampáràyàm *n*. **guard (prison)** cookaama zíkɛ́siicé *n*. **guarded** cookotós *v*. **guardian** còòkààm *n*. **guava** ɲóɡóva *n*. **guest** wáánààm *n*. **guest (long-term)** ɦyekesíám *n*. **guide** ɨtsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔɓɛɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; tòrìkààm *n*.; torikes *v*.; torikesíám *n*. **guide away** toríkésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **guide this way** toriketés *v*. **guile** nɔɔ́s *n*. **guileful** nɔɔsánón *v*. **guineafowl (helmeted)** ʝáɓúɡwà *n*. **guitar** ɲéɡitá *n*. **gullet** moróká na kwáts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gully** ɲéƙúrumot<sup>a</sup> *n*.; urúr *n*.

**gulp** áɡʉʝɛ́s *v*.; ɡéɡès *v*.; itúlákáɲés *v*. **gulp down** lakatiés *v*.; lukutiés *v*. **gulp!** ɡʉ̀lʉ̀ʝᶶ *ideo*. **gum** ɲáɡám *n*. **gum (chewing)** ɗɔtɔ́*n*. **gum (food)** iŋulúŋúlés *v*. **gum (of mouth)** diriʝiʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gum (of trees)** ɗòs *n*. **gum (rubbery)** ɗɔtɔ́*n*. **gummily** ɗɔ̀s *ideo*. **gummy** ɗɔsɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; mɨníkímɔ̀n *v*. **gun** ɛ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **gun (homemade)** ɲamatiɗa *n*. **gun (large-bore)** ɲáturuɡéy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gun (long-barreled)** ɲɛ́pɛn *n*. **gun sight** ɲɛ́lɨmɨrá *n*. **gun type** ɲáɗúle *n*. **gunkily** xɔ̀r *ideo*. **gunky** ɓɔrɔ́tɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; xɔrɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **gunny sack** ɲɛ́ɗɛpɨɗɛ́p <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲéɡuniyá *n*. **gunny sack (large)** lomóŋin *n*.; ɲáwaawá *n*. **gunpowder** leúzìn *n*. **gunstock** ɛ́bàdɛ̀ *n*. **gurgle** ábʉ̀bʉ̀ƙɔ̀n *v*. **gurgle (of stomach)** ɗuɗuanón *v*. **gut** ɓilésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; bùbù *n*.; bùbùàƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **gutter** sɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **guy** ɲɛ́ɛ́s *n*. **guzzle** áɡʉʝɛ́s *v*.; ɡéɡès *v*.; íɡʉʝɛ́s *v*. **gwuf gwuf** tsèfètsèf *ideo*. **habit** ɲɛpɨtɛ *n*. **habitation** zɛƙɔ́áw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **habituate** ɨtalɛs *v*.; naínɛ́ɛtɛ́s *v*.; naítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **habituated** ɨtalɔs *v*. **hacksaw** ɲɛ́mʉsʉmɛ́n *n*.

**haggard** ɨkárɔ́n *v*.; kɔrɔ́ɗɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **hail** tìkɔ̀r *n*. **hair** síts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hair (of a baby)** imásíts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hair (of head)** ikásíts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hair (pubic)** didisísíts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔ́zàsìts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tɛ̀mʉ̀r *n*. **hair (stiff)** ɲéɡets<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hair column** ɲotókósit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hair follicle** síts'ádɛ̀ *n*. **hair jewelry** ɲéméle *n*. **hair ridge** sìɡìrìɡìr *n*. **hair-patch (styled)** nàɗìàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hairstyle** ɲékiɲés *n*. **hairy** saúkúmòn *v*.; tsèkòn *v*. **half** ɲɛ́nʉ́s *n*.; xɔnɔ́ɔ́kɔn *n*. **half (be a)** kɔnɔna leɓétsónù *v*. **half-asleep state** mɔɗɔ́ɗɔ́èkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **half-awake state** mɔɗɔ́ɗɔ́èkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **half-cooked** tsɛɓɛ́kɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **half-striped** ŋurutiós *v*. **halfway** sɨsɨkák<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **halfway point** sɨsíkɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **halt** wasɨtɛs *v*.; wasítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; wasɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **halting** was *n*. **hammer** ityakes *v*.; ɲɛ́ɲɔnɗɔ́*n*.; tɔ́ts'ɛ́s *v*. **hammerstone (black)** sàbàɡwàs *n*. **hamper** ɨɓatɛs *v*. **hamper repeatedly** ɨɓatíɓátɛ́s *v*. **hampered** ɨɓatíɓátɔ̀n *v*. **hand** ɨkɔɓɛs *v*.; kwɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hand (left)** betsínákwɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **hand over here** ɨkɔɓɛtɛ́s *v*. **hand over there** ɨkɔ́ɓɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**hand-crafted** ɨɗɨmɔtɔ́sá kwɛ̀tìk<sup>ɔ</sup> *v*. **hand-held radio** dʉrʉdʉra na tímoí *n*. **handbag** ɲáníɓàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **handful** ɨlʉlʉŋam *n*. **handgrip** ɲɔkɔ́ɗɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; tírésìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **handgun** ɲɛ́písítɔ̀l *n*. **handicap** ɨɓatɛs *v*.; ŋwaxás *n*. **handicap repeatedly** ɨɓatíɓátɛ́s *v*. **handicapped** ɨɓatíɓátɔ̀n *v*.; ŋwàxɔ̀n *v*. **handicapped person** ŋwàxɔ̀nìàm *n*. **handkerchief** ɲákitamɓára *n*. **handle** dɛɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɨkamɛs *v*.; ɲɔkɔ́ɗɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; tírés *v*.; tírésìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **handle (borehole)** ɲatsʉʉmákwɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **handle (hoe)** ɲɛ́mɛlɛkʉ́dàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **handle (manage)** totseres *v*. **handle carefully** ɨɓáɓɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **handmade** ɨɗɨmɔtɔ́sá kwɛ̀tìk<sup>ɔ</sup> *v*. **handmade object** kwɛtákɔ́rɔ́ɓád<sup>a</sup> *n*. **handsaw** ɲɛ́ƙɨrɨƙír *n*. **handsome** dòòn *v*. **handsomeness** daás *n*. **handyman** ŋífunɗíàm *n*. **hang (kill)** ɨkɛtɛs *v*. **hang around** toƙízòòn *v*.; tɔʉ́rʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **hang back** isíɗóòn *v*. **hang by tucking** rʉ́bɛ̀s *v*. **hang freely** alólóánón *v*. **hang in there** taɗáŋón *v*. **hang low with weight** xuƙúmánòn *v*. **hang on to** ɨrɨtsɛ́s *v*. **hang oneself** ɨkɛtɛsa así *v*. **hang out** ɨtɛ́mɔ́ɔ̀n *v*.; itúmétòn *v*. **hang up** inénéés *v*.; inénéésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; xɨkɛ́s *v*.; xɨkɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**hang up (in storage)** tɨkɨɛtɛ́s *v*. **hang up by tucking** rʉ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hankering (have a)** ɨrɔ́rɔ́kánón *v*. **Haplocoelum foliolosum** ŋʉrʉ́sá *n*. **happen** ikásíìmètòn *v*.; itíyáìmètòn *v*. **happen again** tɔrʉ́ɓɔ́n *v*. **happen quickly** ɗoriɗórón *v*. **happen upon** bunétón *v*.; bùnòn *v*.; ŋawɨlɛs *v*.; taƙámón *v*. **happiness** ɲalakas *n*. **happy** eaŋanes *v*.; ɨlákásɔ̀n *v*. **happy (become)** ɨlákásɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **happy (make)** ɨlákásítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **harass** isyees *v*.; tɛɲɛfɛs *v*. **harass each other** tɛɲɛ́fʉ́nɔ́s *v*. **hard** ŋìxɔ̀n *v*.; tɔrɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **hard (difficult)** itíónòn *v*. **hard (filled)** dirídòn *v*. **hard (impenetrably)** ɡɔɓɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **hard (make)** ŋɨxítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hard (of wood)** dèwòn *v*. **hard (of a substance)** lɛrɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **hard-of-hearing** ilios *v*. **hard-working** ɨɓɛ́rɔ́ánón *v*. **harden** ŋɨxítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ŋɨxɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **harder (become)** ŋɨxɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hardheadedness** ŋɨxɔna iká<sup>e</sup> *v*. **hardly** ɡɔ̀ɓ ɔ *ideo*.; lɛ̀r *ideo*. **hardship** ŋítsan *n*. **hare** tulú *n*. **hare nickname** bositíníàm *n*. **harm** tawanes *v*.; tawánítetés *v*. **harmfulness** ƙʉts'ánánès *n*. **harmonious** ɨsílɔ́n *v*. **harmonize** ɨsílítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**Harrisonia abyssinica** kèlèrw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **harrumph** hákátòn *v*.; xaƙarés *v*. **harry** isyees *v*. **haruspicate** ɦyeitésá arííkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **harvest** ɨrárátés *v*.; ɨrarɛs *v*.; karɔŋ *n*.; tarares *v*.; watsóy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; weés *v*. **harvest (honey)** ɗusés *v*. **harvest (wild food)** hakwés *v*. **harvest bountifully** cɛɛtɛ́s *v*. **harvest millet** ɨrábɛs *v*. **harvest of new grain** eɗa ni erúts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **harvest termites** hakwésá dáŋá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **harvest time** karɔŋ *n*.; watsóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **harvester** weésíàm *n*. **has not** máa *adv*. **hassle** tɛɲɛfɛs *v*. **hassle each other** tɛɲɛ́fʉ́nɔ́s *v*. **hasten** ɨɓʉrʉ́ɓʉ́rɔ̀n *v*.; ikómóòn *v*. **hasten here** ikóméètòn *v*. **hasten there** ikómóonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hat** ɲákopiyá *n*. **hat (wide-brim)** ɲákakar *n*. **hatch (of chicks)** ɓɛkɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; ɨɓɛ́ɓɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **hatch out (of chicks)** ɨɓɛ́ɓɛ́ɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **hatchet** dzibér *n*. **hatchet (traditional)** kuɲukúdzibér *n*. **hate** ts'ábès *v*.; takaɗes *v*. **hate each other** dɛŋʉ́ɲʉ́nɔ́s *v*.; ts'ábunós *v*. **have** ɡirés *v*.; iona ńdà *v*.; tírés *v*. **have been around** kɔ̀wɔ̀n *v*. **have circles** tɔlʉkʉ́lʉ́kɔ̀n *v*. **have contractions** wúrukukánón *v*. **have free time** ipásóòn *v*. **have fun** iyóómètòn *v*.

heave away

**have hidden motives** dzoluɡánón *v*. **have mercy on** iƙenes *v*. **have multiples** ramɛ́s *v*. **have not** máa *adv*. **have pain** toryáɓón *v*. **have problems** iona ŋítsaník<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **have sex** èpòn *v*. **have sex (frequently)** ɓútánés *v*. **have sex with** tirés *v*. **have sex with each other** tirímós *v*. **have time to walk around** zíbos *v*. **have unprotected sex** ts'íts'ɔ́n *v*. **hawk** hákátòn *v*.; tsìts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; xaƙarés *v*. **hawker** ŋímutsurúsìàm *n*. **hawker (being a)** ŋímutsurúsìnànès *n*. **haze (atmospheric)** súm *n*. **hazy** imítíròn *v*. **he** nts<sup>a</sup> *pro*. **head** ik<sup>a</sup> *n*.; iked<sup>a</sup> *n*. **head of beer** ikeda mɛ́sɛ̀ *n*. **head of trail** mucédɛ̀ *n*. **head honcho** ámáze *n*.; ámázeám *n*. **head-butt** tɔɗɔ́pɔ́n *v*. **head-pad** ɨkɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **headband (beaded)** ɲɛ́wakɔ́l *n*. **headband (men's)** ɲɛcáát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **heading** iked<sup>a</sup> *n*. **headlight** ɲómotokéèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **headmaster** ámázeáma ɲésukúluⁱ *n*. **headrest** dɨƙwam *n*.; kàràts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **headstart (get a)** iɗílón *v*. **headway on (make)** iɗiles *v*. **heal** maraŋítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; maráŋónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; mínɛ́s *v*. **heal up** iŋáléètòn *v*.; toíónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**healer (traditional)** cɛmɛ́ríkààm *n*.; irésíàm *n*.; ŋƙwa *n*.; wetitésíàm *n*. **health center** ɗakɨtár *n*. **healthily** ɗòx *ideo*. **healthy** ɗoxódòn *v*.; iŋáléòn *v*.; nɛsɛƙánón *v*.; zízòn *v*. **healthy (get)** zízonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **healthy (keep)** ɨrɨtsɛ́sá ɲeɗekéícíká<sup>o</sup> *v*. **healthy person** zízònìàm *n*. **heap** ɨnʉkʉ́nʉ́kɛ́s *v*.; itukes *v*.; kìts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲatúkít<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tutukesíáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **heap on** iɗóɗókés *v*. **heap up** iruketés *v*.; ituketés *v*.; kitsetés *v*.; tutuketés *v*. **heaped up** iɗóɗókánón *v*.; tutukánón *v*. **hear** nesés *v*.; nesíbes *v*. **heart (physical)** ɡúróèɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **heart (soul)** ɡúr *n*. **heart fat** máxìŋ *n*. **heart-rot (have)** ɓʉɓʉsánón *v*. **heartache** áts'ɛ́sa ɡúró<sup>e</sup> *n*. **heartburn** áts'ɛ́sa ɡúró<sup>e</sup> *n*.; kíɓɔ́ɔ̀z *n*. **hearth** ts'aɗíékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hearthstone** caál *n*. **heartsick** moona ɡúró<sup>e</sup> *v*. **heartwood** ɡúréda dakwí *n*. **heat** ɨmaɗɛs *v*. **heat up** hábètòn *v*.; hábitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hábonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨmáɗɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨmɔ́lɔ́ŋɛtɛ́s *v*. **heated (angry)** ɨlílíɔ̀n *v*. **heated (become)** ɨlílíɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **heathen** ŋíkafírìàm *n*. **heave** ʝaƙátós *v*.; ɲɛɲɛrɛs *v*.; toremes *v*.; xáƙátòn *v*. **heave away** ɨtsɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

#### Heaven

**Heaven** awa ná zè *n*.; awa Ɲákuʝí *n*.; didiɡwarí *n*.; ɡìdòɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **heavens** lúl *n*. **heavily** lìr *ideo*. **heavy** ìsòn *v*. **heavy (make)** ɨnʉ́ítɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; isites *v*. **heavy-laded** ɨʉ́ƙɔ́n *v*. **Hebrew language** Ŋíyuɗáítòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Hebrew person** Ŋíyuɗáíàm *n*. **Hebrews (biblical)** Ŋíeɓuráiik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hedge** itsóɗón *v*. **hedgehog (four-toed)** náabʉ́s *n*. **hedging in (of prey)** nakítsòɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hee-haw** werétsón *v*. **heed** nesíbes *v*. **heedlessly** càc<sup>ɨ</sup> *adv*.; fùts'àts'<sup>a</sup> *ideo*.; tsàr *ideo*. **heel** tɨtíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **heft** ɲɛɲɛrɛs *v*.; toremes *v*. **heftily** bɛ̀f *ideo*. **hefty** bɛfʉ́dɔ̀n *v*.; bɛfʉ́kʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **height** zikíbàs *n*. **heir** ɨrɨtsɛ́síàm *n*. **heist** ɨmɔ́ɗɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **Helianthus species** ɲɛ́kɨɗɛkɨɗɛ́ *n*.; ɲɛ́tɔɔkíɗɛ́*n*. **Helichrysum odoratissimum** ɲéúlam *n*. **helicopter** naƙílɨƙíl *n*. **help** bírɛ́s *v*.; ɨŋaarɛ́s *v*. **help each other** ɨŋáárínɔ́s *v*. **help give birth** ɨŋaarínɔ́sá ƙwaaté<sup>o</sup> *v*. **helped** ɨŋaarímétòn *v*. **helper** ɨŋaarɛ́síàm *n*. **hem** kweeda ƙwázà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **hem (bottom)** sɔka na ƙwázà<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **hemispherical** loŋórómòn *v*.

**hemp** ɲábaŋɡí *n*. **hen** ɡwaŋwa *n*. **henhouse** ɲɔ́kɔkɔrɔ́hò *n*. **her** nts<sup>a</sup> *pro*. **herald** síráàm *n*.; síránòn *v*. **herb (medicinal)** cɛ̀mɛ̀r *n*. **herbalist** cɛmɛ́ríkààm *n*.; wetitésíàm *n*. **herd** bàr *n*. **herd (small)** bàròìm *n*. **herd of cattle** ɦyɔ̀bàr *n*. **herds** ŋíɓarɛn *n*. **here** naíké *dem*.; náíta na *dem*.; nayá *n*.; nayé *dem*.; nayé na *dem*.; nɔ́ɔ́ *dem*. **here you go!** ne *interj*. **hereǃ** ne *interj*. **hermitic** iɓóótánón *v*. **herniate** ɨtsʉ́bʉ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*. **herniated** ɨtsʉ́bʉ̀ɗʉ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **herpes (of lips)** ɲótóts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hers** ntsɛ́n *pro*. **herself** nébèd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ntsínêb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hesitate** ɨmɔ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; isíƙóòn *v*.; itóŋóòn *v*.; mɔ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; wasɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **hex** ipeɗes *v*.; sʉɓɛ́s *v*. **hexer** ìpèɗààm *n*.; sʉɓɛ́síàm *n*. **hey!** hèz *interj*. **hibernate** ɨtáƙálɛ́sá así *v*. **Hibiscus cannbinus** ɔ́bɛ̀r *n*. **Hibiscus esculentus** ɲɔlɔlɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hiccough** xíƙón *v*.; xìƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; xíƙwítòn *v*. **hiccup** xíƙón *v*.; xìƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; xíƙwítòn *v*. **hidden** budésón *v*.; búdòs *v*. **hidden (become)** budésónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hide** buanítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; búdès *v*.; búdesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɗɛɛs *v*.; ipáŋwéés *v*.; ts'ɛ̀ *n*. **hide away** ɨɗɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iwítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

 mouth

**hide oneself** budés *v*. **hide poorly** itárákáɲés *v*. **hide repeatedly** ɨɗaiyes *v*. **hideous** itópénòn *v*.; làlòn *v*. **high** zikíbòn *v*. **high (get oneself)** ɨrákɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **high (grow)** zikíbonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **high (make)** zikíbitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **high (of many)** zikíbaakón *v*. **high-pitched** ɓòɓòn *v*. **higher than** ileŋes *v*. **highway** ɲerukuɗe *n*. **hill** kùɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hillside** rutet<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hillside (unseen)** kûb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hilltop** kuɓaɡwarí *n*. **hilltop (flat)** kùɓààƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hilly** ƙumúƙúmánón *v*. **him** nts<sup>a</sup> *pro*. **himself** nébèd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ntsínêb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hind-apron (leather)** dek<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hinder** ɨɓatɛs *v*.; itítírés *v*. **hinder repeatedly** ɨɓatíɓátɛ́s *v*. **hindered** ɨɓatíɓátɔ̀n *v*. **hindleg (right)** ɲálán *n*. **hinge** ɲɛ́pɛtá *n*. **hip** obólén *n*. **hip joint socket** loŋóléhò *n*. **hipbone (lower)** obólénìɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **hipbone (upper)** róróìɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **hippo** ɲépírìà *n*. **Hippocratea africana** míʒìʒ *n*. **hippopotamus** ɲépírìà *n*. **hire** ɓuƙítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ikásíitetés *v*.; ipáŋƙeés *v*.; teréɡanitetés *v*.

**hire temporarily** ɨlɛʝílɛ́ʝɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **hired hand** teréɡìàm *n*. **hirer** ɓuƙítésuƙotíám *n*. **his** nts<sup>a</sup> *pro*.; ntsɛ́n *pro*. **his/her cousin** tatat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hiss** fúútòn *v*. **history** emutíká nùù kɔ̀w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hit** ɗálútés *v*.; íbaɗɛ́s *v*.; iwés *v*.; iwésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hit (exploit)** ɨnɔmɛtɛ́s *v*. **hit from behind** kɔnɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **hit repeatedly** íbaɗiés *v*.; ɨramírámɛ́s *v*. **hit the target** ɨtsírɔ́n *v*.; tsírɔ́n *v*. **HIV** lóɓúlukúɲ *n*.; sílím *n*. **hive** kànàxà *n*. **hoard** irwanes *v*. **hoarse** ƙoƙórómòn *v*.; rɔ́ƙɔ́rɔƙánón *v*. **hoary** kwɛrɛ́xɔ́n *v*. **hobble** ɨsɛ́pɔ́n *v*.; ɨtɔ́ƙɔ́ɔ̀n *v*.; itsúkúkòn *v*. **hobbling** ŋoɗólómòn *v*. **hobblingly** itsúkúk<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **hodgepodge** ɲɔ́tsɔ́ɓɨtsɔɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hoe** ɲákakurá *n*.; ɲɛ́mɛlɛkʉ́ *n*. **hoe (push type)** kʉ́bɛ̀l *n*. **hoe handle** ɲɛ́mɛlɛkʉ́dàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hoe up (grass)** íɛ́s *v*.; ireɲes *v*. **hoed up (of grass)** íɔ́s *v*. **hog** ɲéɡuruwé *n*. **hog-tie** ɨtʉsɛtɛ́s *v*. **hogwash** ɨɓááŋàsìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hold** ɨkamɛs *v*.; tírés *v*.; tírésìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hold back** ɨƙalíƙálɛ́s *v*.; isíƙéés *v*.; itítíkés *v*.; itítíketés *v*.; raʝés *v*.; titikes *v*. **hold by handle** tɔkɔɗɛs *v*. **hold by the mouth** taʝakes *v*.

**hold down** ɗaɗátésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itikes *v*. **hold each other** tírínós *v*. **hold fast** itííròòn *v*. **hold hands** tírínósá kwɛ̀tìkà<sup>ɔ</sup> *v*. **hold in** ɨƙalíƙálɛ́s *v*. **hold inside** ipáŋwéés *v*. **hold off** raʝés *v*. **hold onto** ɨkamíkámɛ́s *v*.; ŋɔtsɛ́s *v*. **hold out (hands)** taɓɛɛs *v*. **hold religious service** wáán *v*. **hold up** alólóés *v*.; ɨƙaŋɛs *v*.; itúmésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; titiretés *v*. **hold with teeth** titikes *v*. **hole** ak<sup>a</sup> *n*.; iɓólóɲés *v*.; itoɓes *v*.; rip<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hole (in river)** ɲétsúur *n*. **hole (in tree)** kotím *n*. **hole repeatedly** itoɓítóɓés *v*. **hole up (hide)** ɨtáƙálɛ́sá así *v*. **holiday** ɲákarám *n*. **holiday (national)** ɲésukukú *n*.; ódowa ná zè *n*. **holiness** daás *n*. **holler** ɨkílɔ́n *v*.; iƙúétòn *v*.; iƙúón *v*.; iƙúónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hollow** bótsón *v*.; rip<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hollow (in tree)** kotím *n*. **hollow out** iɓóɓórés *v*.; iróróƙés *v*. **hollowed out** iɓóɓórós *v*. **holy** ɓèts'òn *v*.; dòòn *v*. **Holy Communion** Ŋƙáƙá Komúnió<sup>e</sup> *n*. **holy ground** ɲɛkíwɔ́rìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Holy Spirit** Suɡura ná Dà *n*. **home** aw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; zɛƙɔ́áw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **home (big)** awa ná zè *n*. **home (clean, orderly)** zɛƙɔ́áwa na maráŋ *n*.

**home life** awááƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **homebody** awáám *n*. **homeless person** tsɔnɨtsɔnɔsíám *n*. **homestead** aw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **homestead (abandoned)** ɲóɓóot<sup>a</sup> *n*.; on *n*.; oníáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **honest person** easíám *n*. **honesty** eas *n*. **honey** ɗàɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ts'ɨƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **honey (crystallized)** sʉ̀ƙʉ̀tɛ̀là *n*. **honey (liquid)** lɛ̀ɓ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **honey badger** lɛŋ *n*. **honey bag** ɗàɗèèw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; èw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **honey beer** sɨs *n*.; ts'ɔƙam *n*. **honey hunter** lɛŋɛ́síàm *n*. **honeybee** ts'ɨƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **honeycomb** ɗàɗàhò *n*.; ts'ɨƙáhò *n*. **honeycomb (crystallized)** dòkìr *n*. **honeycomb (dry)** ɔfɔrɔƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **honeycomb (new)** lòmìl *n*. **honeycomb (old black)** bɔkɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **honeyguide** tsíts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **honor** tɔ́rɔ́bɛs *v*.; xɛ̀ɓɔ̀n *v*. **hood (of a snake)** ɓòlìɓòl *n*. **hoof** ɡɔ̀rìɡɔ̀r *n*.; sɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hook (metal)** sʉ́ƙʉ́tɛ́sítsɨrím *n*. **hook-shaped** lɔkɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **hooked** lɔkɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*.; sokóɗómòn *v*. **hooklike** sokóɗómòn *v*. **hoopoe (green wood-)** ƙáraƙár *n*. **hoot (of owls)** rúɓón *v*. **hop** iɗótón *v*. **hop along** iɗotíɗótòn *v*. **hop on one leg** ɨtsɔ́ɗɔ́kɔ̀n *v*. **hope** ítánòn *v*. **hope for** ítánésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hopscotch** cédicedí *n*.

#### horizontal

#### hunch over

**horizontal** kámáránón *v*. **horizontalize** kámáriés *v*.; kámáriésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **horizontalized** kámáriós *v*. **horn** ɛ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **horn (musical)** ɛ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛ́rʉpɛpɛ́*n*. **horn (oryx)** tsarʉ́kʉ́ɛ̀b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **horn (voice-amplifying)** ɲárʉpɛpɛ́*n*. **hornbill (African grey)** tìlòkòts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hornbill (red-billed)** ƙɔ̀ƙɔ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **hornet** dɛrɛ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **hornless** lemúánètòn *v*. **horny (sexually)** kwídikwidós *v*. **horrify** ɨɓálɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; lilétón *v*.; toɓules *v*. **horrifying** ɨɓálɔ́n *v*.; toɓúlón *v*. **horse** ɲaŋólé *n*. **Hoslundia opposita** ɲɛ́rɨkɨrík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hospital** ɗakɨtár *n*. **hospital ward** mayaakóniicéhò *n*. **hostel** epúáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲólóʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hostility** lɔŋɔ́tánànès *n*. **hot** hábòn *v*. **hot (become blazing)** ririanétòn *v*. **hot (become)** hábètòn *v*.; hábonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hot (blazing)** ririanón *v*. **hot (make)** hábitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hot (of the ground)** tábʉrʉbʉ́rɔ́n *v*. **hot (piping)** titianón *v*. **hot (very)** pìrrr *ideo*.; titianón *v*. **hot weather** hábona kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **hot-tempered** ɡúránòn *v*.; ɡúránòn *v*.; ɡúránós *v*.; ɡúránós *v*. **hot-tempered person** ɡúróàm *n*. **hotel** epúáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲólóʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hothead** ɡúróàm *n*.

**hotheaded** ɡúránòn *v*.; ɡúránós *v*. **hour** ɲásáat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **house** hò *n*. **house help** teréɡiama awá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **house of prayer** wáánàhò *n*. **house of worship** itúrútésiho *n*.; ɲakuʝíhò *n*. **house rat** ɗérá na áwìkà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **housecat** púùs *n*. **housewarming (host a)** fáídomés *v*. **housing** hò *n*. **how (it is)** naítá *subordconn*. **how many?** tanɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **how?** ńtí *adv*. **howitzer** ɲómóta *n*. **howl** iƙúétòn *v*.; iƙúón *v*.; iƙúónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; irúrúmòòn *v*. **hsss!** rìrrr *ideo*. **hug** ɨrʉmɛs *v*.; tɔtʉnɛs *v*. **hug each other** ɨrʉ́mʉ́nɔ́s *v*.; tɔtʉ́nʉ́mɔ́s *v*. **huge** zòòn *v*. **huge (of many)** zeikaakón *v*. **huh!** yeé' *interj*. **hulky** ɓutúrúmòn *v*. **human being** buɗámónìàm *n*. **humanitarian** lɔʝɔkɔtáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **humanitarians** roɓa ni ɡúrítínía dayaák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **humanness** ámánànès *n*. **humble** batánón *v*. **humble oneself** kwatsitésúƙota así *v*. **humerus** ɲorótónitíɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **humiliate** ɓets'itetés *v*. **humiliated** kweelémòn *v*. **humor** céŋ *n*. **hump (animal)** rʉk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hunch over** dʉ́ɡʉ̀mɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.

#### hunched

**hunched** mʉƙʉ́rʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **hunched over** dʉ́ɡʉ̀mɔ̀n *v*.; ɡʉ́ɡʉ̀rɔ̀n *v*.; rʉ́ɡʉ̀ɗʉ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **hundred** ŋamíá *n*. **hunger** ɲɛ̀ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **hunger for meal mush** tɔbɔŋɔ́ɲɛ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **hunger for meat** bisák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hungover** mususánón *v*. **hungriness** ɲɛ̀ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **hungry (be quickly)** hɔɓɔ́mɔ́n *v*. **hunker** rábʉ̀xɔ̀n *v*. **hunt** ƙàƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ƙaƙés *v*.; tɔɓɛlɛs *v*. **hunt (honey)** lɛŋɛ́s *v*. **hunter** ƙàƙààm *n*. **hunters' call for help** waín *n*. **hunting** ƙàƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hunting ground** itsóɗónìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hunting with ropes** ƙaƙa ŋúnítín<sup>o</sup> *n*. **hurdle** itúlúmòòn *v*. **hurl** ɨmasɛs *v*.; ɨrʉtsɛs *v*. **hurl (vomit)** ɦyɛnɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; ɦyɛ̀nɔ̀n *v*.; ɨlɔ́ɓɔ́tɛtɛ́s *v*. **hurl away** ɨmásɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hurl this way** ɨmasɛtɛ́s *v*. **hurry** ɨɓʉ́ŋɔ́n *v*.; ɨɓʉrʉ́ɓʉ́rɔ̀n *v*.; ɨkɨríkírɔ̀n *v*.; ikómóòn *v*. **hurry over there** ikómóonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hurry this way** ikóméètòn *v*.; ŋusetésá así *v*. **hurt** áts'ɛ́s *v*.; dódòn *v*.; ɨríɗɔ́n *v*.; tawanes *v*.; tawánítetés *v*. **hurt (begin to)** dódètòn *v*. **hurt (in the chest)** iláfúkòn *v*. **hurt (of an injury)** wɨlímɔ́n *v*. **hurt (of teeth)** isálílòn *v*.; itóŋílés *v*. **hurt intermittently** áts'ietés *v*.

**husband** eakw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **husband (her)** ntsíéákw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **husband (my)** ɲ́cìèàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **husband (of my wife's sister)** kʉɓá *n*. **husband (tabooed)** ts'ìnɔ̀àm *n*. **husband (your)** biéákw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **husbands** ɲɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hush** ɦyakwés *v*.; ɨʝɛ́mítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hush up** ɨʝɛ́mɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **hushed** ɨʝɛ́mɔ́n *v*. **hushedly** ʝìr *ideo*. **husk** bɔɗɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; poɗés *v*.; poɗetés *v*. **husks** nakariɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **husky (of voice)** ƙoƙórómòn *v*.; rɔ́ƙɔ́rɔƙánón *v*. **hussy** dekitíníàm *n*. **hut** hò *n*. **hut (grass)** ɲérwám *n*. **hut (Toposa)** Kɔrɔmɔtáhó *n*. **hyena** haú *n*. **hyena (spotted)** atɔŋ *n*.; natɨŋá *n*. **hyena (striped)** ɲetutu *n*. **hyena rider** otsésíama haúùⁱ *n*. **hyena species** oyóŋ *n*. **hygienic** nɛsɛƙánón *v*. **Hymenodictyon floribundum** sésèn *n*. **hyperbolize** ɨmɨɗímíɗɛ́sa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; tasaɓesa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **hypocritical** ɨtsárʉ́ánón *v*. **Hypoxis obtusa** ɲɛ́sʉ́tɛ̀ *n*. **hyrax** kwɨnɨƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **hyrax (bush)** ɔlír *n*. **hyrax (rock)** barís *n*. **hyrax grass** kwɨnɨƙíkú *n*. **hyrax half** irutumén *n*. **hyrax nickname** lotúɗuzé *n*. **I** ŋ́k <sup>a</sup> *pro*.

**I guess** tsàm *adv*. **I suppose** tsàm *adv*. **I.D.** ɓɛƙɛ́síkabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **i.e.** tàà *comp*. **ice** tìkɔ̀r *n*. **ichneumon** mútèts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **identification card (Kenyan)** ɲɛkɨpanɗɛ *n*. **identity car** ɓɛƙɛ́síkabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **idiocy** ɨɓááŋàs *n*. **idiot** bóx *n*.; ɨɓááŋàsìàm *n*. **idiot!** ɗʉ́rʉɗɔ́ɔ̀ *interj*. **idiotic** ɨɓááŋɔ̀n *v*. **idle** ɨlárɔ́n *v*.; ɨlwárɔ́n *v*. **idler** ɲakárámɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **idol** kúrúkúr *n*. **if** mísì *subordconn*.; na *subordconn*. **if … had (a while ago)** nànòò *subordconn*. **if … had (earlier)** nanáá *subordconn*. **if … had (yesterday)** nábèè *subordconn*. **if … would** naƙánàk<sup>a</sup> *subordconn*. **if … would have (a while ago)** naƙánòk<sup>o</sup> *subordconn*. **if … would have (earlier)** naƙánàk<sup>a</sup> *subordconn*. **if … would have (yesterday)** naƙásàm *subordconn*. **ignite** dulúmón *v*.; lɛ́ʝɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; tsapés *v*.; tuƙúmétòn *v*. **ignition** aeitetésíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ignore** bálábálatés *v*.; balɛ́s *v*.; balɛtɛ́s *v*. **Ik country** Icékíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Ik county** Icékíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Ik dance** Icédìkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Ik day** Icéódòw<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**Ik language** Icéɛ́n *n*.; Icénáƙáf *n*.; Icétôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Ik people** Ik<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Tɛʉ́sɔ̀ *n*. **Ik person** Icéám *n*. **Ik tobacco** kwílɨlí *n*. **Ik tribe** Icédìyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Ikland** Icékíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Iklikeness** Icénánès *n*. **Ikness** Icénánès *n*. **ill** mòòn *v*. **ill (make)** ɨnʉɛs *v*. **ill (nauseated)** iláƙízòn *v*. **ill (of many)** mayaakón *v*. **ill-fitting** nalóʝón *v*. **illegal** toɗyakos *v*. **illegitimate child** ŋabɔ́bòìm *n*. **illiteracy** ɨɓááŋàs *n*. **illiterate** ɨɓááŋɔ̀n *v*. **illness** màyw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲeɗeke *n*. **illness (mental)** lejénánès *n*. **illness (mild)** ɲeɗekéím *n*. **illusion of movement** lɔ́wírɨwír *n*. **illustrate** ɗoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itétémés *v*. **imagine** tamɛtɛ́s *v*. **imbecile** ɨɓááŋàsìàm *n*. **imbibe** béberetés *v*.; wetés *v*. **imbiber** wetésíàm *n*. **imitate** iŋitiés *v*. **immaculate** xɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; xɔtánón *v*. **immediately** wɛrɛƙɛs *ideo*. **immerse** ilumes *v*.; ilúmésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **immerse oneself** ilumetésá así *v*. **immigrant** botáám *n*. **immovable** diriɓóón *v*. **immunize** ɨtsɨpítsípɛ́s *v*. **imp** kíʝáìm *n*. **impede** ɨɓatɛs *v*.

**impede repeatedly** ɨɓatíɓátɛ́s *v*. **impel** ɨfalífálɛ́s *v*. **impenetrable** rɔ́mɔ́n *v*. **impervious** itsyátón *v*. **impetuous** ɨɓɛ́lɛ́ánón *v*.; ɨɓɛ́lɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **impliable** ɡɔkɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **implore** wáán *v*. **import** zeísêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **importance** zeís *n*. **important** itíónòn *v*. **impose** tɔnɛɛtɛ́s *v*. **impose oneself** tɔnɛɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **impoverishment** ŋókínànès *n*. **imprecate** ɨlamɛs *v*. **imprecation** ìlàm *n*. **impregnated (recently)** sɨbánón *v*. **imprison** eɡésá hòòk<sup>e</sup> *v*.; eɡésá zíkɛ́sìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; zíkɛ́s *v*.; zíkɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **imprisoned** zíkɔ́s *v*. **improve** doonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iŋáléètòn *v*.; maraŋités *v*.; maraŋítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; maráŋónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; xɔ́dɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **improve slightly** ŋwaníŋwánɨtɛ́s *v*. **impudent** ɲɔmɔránón *v*. **impulsive** ɨɓɛ́lɛ́ánón *v*.; ɨɓɛ́lɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **in addition** ʝìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *adv*. **in charge** wàsɔ̀n *v*.; zeísíàm *n*.; zòònìàm *n*. **in charge of things** wasɔna kúrúɓádù *v*. **in charge of work** zoona teréɡù *v*. **in concert** ikéé kɔ̀n *n*. **in flux** iɲíkón *v*. **in front** ɛ̀kwɔ̀n *v*.; wàxìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*.; wàxʉ̀ *n*. **in labor** koríón *v*. **in labor (difficult)** imákóòn *v*.

**in large denominations (of cash)** ɗukúdòn *v*. **in order that** ikóteré *subordconn*.; kánì *subordconn*.; kánɨ náa táa *subordconn*.; kóteré *subordconn*. **in order that … not** kánɨ mookóo *subordconn*. **in pain** toryáɓón *v*. **in shape** ɗoxódòn *v*.; itsyátón *v*. **in shock** ɨʝárɔ́n *v*.; ʝarámétòn *v*. **in shreds** dzɛ́rɛ́dzɛránón *v*. **in that direction** kɔ́ɔ́kɛ *dem*. **in the back** ʝìrʉ̀ *n*. **in the center** sɨsɨkák<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **in the future** fàr *adv*. **in the hellǃ** ɲák<sup>a</sup> *adv*. **in the middle** sɨsɨkák<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **in the morning** barats<sup>o</sup> *n*. **in the rear** ʝìrʉ̀ *n*. **in the same way** ts'ɛ̀tà kɔ̀nà *n*. **in the worldǃ** ɲák<sup>a</sup> *adv*. **in this direction** nɔ́ɔ́ *dem*.; nɔ́ɔ́na *dem*. **in three years** nakaɨna far *n*. **in two years** nakaɨna tso *n*. **in twos** leɓetsíón *v*. **in unison** ilíróòn *v*. **in vain** ŋálàk<sup>a</sup> *ideo*. **in-law** ceŋetíám *n*. **in-law (my child's spouse's parent)** ɲ́cìɲòt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **in-law (parent)** emetá *n*. **in-law (removed)** ɲòt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **in-laws (being)** ceŋetínánès *n*. **inactive** ɨlárɔ́n *v*.; ɨlwárɔ́n *v*. **inadequate** luƙáámòn *v*. **inadequate (make)** luƙáámitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

#### inattentive

influencer

**inattentive** ɓotsódòn *v*. **inaugurate** tsáŋés *v*. **inaugurate (new year)** itówéés *n*. **inbreeder** kɔ́nísìàm *n*. **inbreeding** kɔ́nís *n*. **incarcerate** zíkɛ́s *v*. **incarcerated** zíkɔ́s *v*. **incest** kɔ́nís *n*. **incestuous person** kɔ́nísìàm *n*. **inch** itsóɗón *v*. **inch over here** itsoɗiétòn *v*. **incinerate** wuɗétón *v*. **incinerated** wùɗòn *v*.; xawííts'<sup>ɨ</sup> *ideo*. **incisor** ƙídzɛ̀sìkwàyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **incite** ɓɛkɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨsʉ́sʉ́ɛ́s *v*.; itsótsóés *v*. **incite (verbally)** ɨtɔ́ŋɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **incite desire** ɨɓʉ́rɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **incited** iƙúrúmós *v*. **incitement** ɓɛkam *n*. **incitive** ɓɛkánón *v*. **inclined** sémédedánón *v*. **inclose** íbʉbʉŋɛ́s *v*.; íbʉbʉŋɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **include** ɓuƙítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **including** nááƙwa *n*. **incorrectly** kèɗè *adv*. **increase** bɨtɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; bɨtɨtam *n*.; bɨtɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨatɛs *v*.; ɨatímétòn *v*.; komítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tasaɓes *v*. **increase (size)** zeites *v*.; zeitésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **increased** ɨatɔs *v*. **incubate** tɔʉ́rʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **indeed** rò *adv*. **indefinitely** pákà *adv*. **indent** luɗés *v*. **indented** luɗúmón *v*.

**indentureship** ŋiléɓúìnànès *n*. **Independence Day** Úrù *n*. **Indian** Ŋímiiɗíàm *n*. **Indian jujube** ɨláŋ *n*. **Indian jujube grove** ɨláŋíɡwì *n*. **indicate** ɗóɗés *v*.; ɗoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **indigestion** dimésá bubue ŋɔɛsí *n*. **Indigofera arrecta** ɲɛʉrʉlats<sup>a</sup> *n*. **indistinct (visibly)** imítíròn *v*. **indolent** ɓʉɓʉsánón *v*. **induct** tasápánitetés *v*. **inducted** tasapánón *v*. **inducted (get)** tasápétòn *n*. **industrious** ɨɓɛ́rɔ́ánón *v*. **inebriated** ɛsánón *v*. **inebriation** ɛ́s *n*. **inept** betsínón *v*.; hádaadánón *v*.; ɨkáláʝaránón *v*. **infant** ɗiak<sup>a</sup> *n*. **infection (urinary)** lɔríɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **inferno** kóméts'àɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **infertile** ikólípánón *v*.; osorosánón *v*. **infertile (animal or person)** ɲokólíp<sup>a</sup> *n*. **infertile person** òsòròs *n*. **infiltrate** sáítòn *v*. **infirmary** ɗakɨtár *n*. **infix** otés *v*. **inflammatory** ɓɛkánón *v*. **inflate** ɨsɨkɛs *v*.; xuanón *v*.; xuxuanitetés *v*.; xuxuanón *v*. **inflated** teɓúsúmòn *v*. **inflexible** ɓotsódòn *v*.; kɛtɛ́rɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **influence** ɲɛsʉp<sup>a</sup> *n*.; sʉ́bɛ̀s *v*.; sʉ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **influence each other** sʉ́bʉnɔ́s *v*. **influencer** sʉ́bɛ̀sìàm *n*.

#### inform

**inform** ɦyeitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɦyeitetés *v*. **informant** tsíts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **information** emut<sup>a</sup> *n*.; emútík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **infrequent** búúbuanón *v*. **infuse** waatɛ́s *v*. **ingest** béberetés *v*. **ingratiate** rɔɲɛ́sá así *v*. **inhabit** ínés *v*.; ínésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **inhabitant** zɛƙɔ́ám *n*. **inhalation** sʉ̀p <sup>a</sup> *n*. **inhale** sʉpɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **inhale (food)** ɗáɗítés *v*.; lakatiés *v*.; lukutiés *v*. **inherit** imetsés *v*. **inheritor** ɨrɨtsɛ́síàm *n*. **inhume** búdès *v*.; muɗés *v*.; tʉnʉkɛs *v*. **initiate** tasápánitetés *v*. **initiate (a dance)** iwees *v*. **initiated** tasapánón *v*. **initiated (get)** tasápétòn *n*. **initiation** ɲékipeyés *n*. **inject** ilúkútsés *v*. **injuredly** wìl *ideo*.; wìlìwìl *ideo*. **injury** ɲárʉ́má *n*. **ink** ɲéwiinó *n*. **inkpad** ɲezeí *n*. **inn** epúáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲólóʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **inner ear bone** bòsìɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **innocence** ɨɓááŋàs *n*. **innocent** ɨɓááŋɔ̀n *v*. **inquire** esetés *v*.; esetésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; esetetés *v*. **inquiry** esetés *n*. **insane talk** lejétòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **insanity** leɡé *n*.; lejé *n*.; lejéèd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lejénánès *n*.

**insect** ƙʉts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **insect (cloth-eating)** kurukur *n*. **insect (wood-boring)** lɔ́pírɨpír *n*. **insect species** ts'anán *n*. **insecticide** ƙʉts'ácɛ́mɛ́r *n*. **insecure (of an area)** tsakátsákánón *v*. **insecurity** ɲárém *n*. **insecurity (create)** irémóòn *v*. **inseminate** ɨtɛpɛs *v*. **insensitive** ɨlɛtílɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; ɨlɛ́tʉ́ránón *v*. **inseparable** upánón *v*. **insert** íbʉbʉŋɛ́s *v*.; íbʉbʉŋɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iwoɗíwóɗés *v*.; otés *v*.; zɔ́bɛ̀s *v*. **inside** aƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; áƙwɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **inside (a house)** hoaƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **insincere** ɨtsárʉ́ánón *v*. **insolent** dirídòn *v*.; ɲɔmɔránón *v*. **insomnia** ɡòk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **insomnia (have)** ɡòkòn *v*. **inspect** ɡonés *v*.; ɨpíʝíkɛ́s *v*.; iséméés *v*.; iséméetés *v*. **inspect (here)** ɡonetés *v*. **inspect (there)** ɡonésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **inspect entrails** ɦyeitésá arííkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **install (a beehive)** rɔ́ƙɛ́s *v*. **instantly** wɛrɛƙɛs *ideo*. **instead (of)** àkìlɔ̀ *prep*. **institute (educational)** ɲésukúl *n*. **instruct** ɨtátámɛ́s *v*.; ɨtsɨkɛs *v*.; nɔɔsanitetés *v*. **instructor** ɨtátámɛ́síàm *n*.; ŋímaalímùàm *n*. **instrument (stringed)** aɗúŋkú *n*. **insubordinate** ɨsɛ́ƙɔ́ánón *v*. **insubordination** ɲɛ́sɛ́ƙɔ *n*. **insufficient** ɡàɗɔ̀n *v*.; ɨɗákɔ́n *v*.; luƙáámòn *v*.; taɗatsánón *v*. **insufficient (make)** luƙáámitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

#### insult

**insult** iyaŋes *v*.; risés *v*.; tatés *v*. **integrity** eas *n*. **intelligence** akílìk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; nɔɔ́s *n*. **intelligence officer** tsíts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **intelligent** nɔɔsánón *v*. **intelligent person** nɔɔsáàm *n*. **intend (to do)** bɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; ɨwɔ́ŋɔ́n *v*. **intend to do** kʉ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **intense** iɗíkón *v*. **intensify** iɗíkétòn *v*.; iɗikitetés *v*. **intentional** iyótsóós *v*. **inter** búdès *v*.; muɗés *v*.; tʉnʉkɛs *v*. **intercede** terés *v*. **intercourse (sexual)** ep<sup>a</sup> *n*. **interesting** ɛ̀fɔ̀n *v*. **interfere** íbʉbʉŋɛ́s *v*.; íbʉbʉŋɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **interior** aƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; áƙwɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **interject** ilúkútsés *v*. **interlace** ɨlɔ́ƙɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **interlock** ɨlɔ́ƙɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **interpose** ilúkútsés *v*. **interpret** ŋʉrɛtɛ́s *v*. **interred** tʉnʉkɔs *v*. **interrogate** esetiés *v*.; ɨnɨnɛ́s *v*. **interrupt** iƙofes *v*.; itoɓes *v*. **interrupt conversation** itoɓítóɓésa tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **interruptive** rɛ́bɔ̀n *v*. **interspace** ilores *v*. **intersperse** iɗomes *v*. **interspersed** iɗómíòn *v*. **intertwine** ɨmɔ́ʝírɛ́s *v*. **intervals (do in)** iɗomes *v*. **interweave** ɨlɔ́ƙɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **intestine** nasoroɲ *n*.

**intestine (large)** bɔ̀ *n*.; ɲétenús *n*. **intestine (small)** arí *n*. **intimidate** ɨɔ́ɓɔ́rɛ́s *v*.; kitítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; xɛɓɨtɛs *v*.; xɛɓɨtɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **intoxicated** ɛsánón *v*. **intravenous drip** ɲɛ́ɗʉríp<sup>a</sup> *n*. **intrepid** itítíŋòn *v*. **introduce** ɗoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **inunct** kwírɛ́s *v*.; tsáŋés *v*. **invade** sáítòn *v*. **invent** iroketés *v*. **inventor** ɨɗɨmɛ́síàm *n*. **invert** ɨtsʉ́bʉ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*.; tuɗúlútés *v*. **inverted** ɨtsʉ́bʉ̀ɗʉ̀mɔ̀n *v*.; tuɗúlón *v*. **investigate** esetiés *v*.; ɨpíʝíkɛ́s *v*.; tɨrɨfɛs *v*.; tɨrɨfɛtɛ́s *v*.; tirifiés *v*.; tɨrɨfírífɛ́s *v*. **investigator** tɨrɨfɛtɛ́síàm *n*. **investigator (government)** tirifiesíáma ɲápukání *n*. **invisible** kúbòn *v*. **invite** óés *v*. **Ipomoea spathulata** tʉkʉtʉkán *n*. **Ipomoea wightii** kapʉrat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **irascible** ɡúránòn *v*.; ɡúránós *v*. **iron disulfide** ɲésiɓalitútu *n*. **iron sheets** kua ni ɲeryaŋí *n*. **ironstone** ŋaríám *n*. **irresponsible** ɨkáláʝaránón *v*. **irrigate** wetités *v*.; wetitésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **irritate** ɨtsanɛs *v*. **irritating** fìfòn *v*.; ɨtsánánòn *v*. **Islam** Ŋísɨlám *n*. **isolate** ɨlɔ́ɗíŋɛ́s *v*.; ɨpátsɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔlʉ́kɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **isolate oneself** ɨpátsɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **issue** pulutetés *v*. **issues** mɛn *n*. **it** nts<sup>a</sup> *pro*.

**it seems** íkwà *adv*.; ókò *adv*. **it's likely** ntsúó ts'ɔɔ *pro*. **itch** sʉ́ƙɔ́n *v*. **item** kɔ́rɔ́ɓâd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **items** kúrúɓâd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **its** nts<sup>a</sup> *pro*.; ntsɛ́n *pro*. **itself** nébèd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ntsínêb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ivory** òŋòrìkwàyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **jab** ɡafarɛs *v*.; ɡɛfɛrɛs *v*.; ɨɓaɲɛs *v*.; iƙumes *v*. **jab repeatedly** ɡafariés *v*. **jabber** ilemílémòn *v*. **jack** ɗiɗecúrúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **jackal** isér *n*. **jackal (golden)** ɲekiliriŋ *n*. **jacket** ɲɛ́ʝákɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **Jacob** Yakóɓò *n*. **jagged** ríbiribánón *v*. **jail** eɡésá hòòk<sup>e</sup> *v*.; eɡésá ɲáʝálaák<sup>e</sup> *v*.; eɡésá zíkɛ́sìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; lɔʝála *n*.; ɲáʝála *n*.; zíkɛ́s *v*.; zíkɛ́sìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; zíkɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **jailed** zíkɔ́s *v*. **jam** ɨɗɨlɛs *v*.; ɨɗɔ́tsɔ́n *v*.; rʉtsɛ́s *v*.; rʉtsɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **jam into** ipúkútsésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **James** Yakóɓò *n*. **James (biblical)** Yakóɓò *n*. **jammed together** lolotánón *v*. **January** Kùpòn *n*.; Lomuk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **jar** kurétón *v*. **jaundice** ɲaŋáánètòn *v*. **jaundice (of eyes)** xídɔna ekwitíní *v*. **jaw** ƙálíts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **jawbone** ƙálíts'ìɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **jawbone corner** ƙaƙúŋ *n*. **jealous** ɨrákáánón *v*.

**jealous (make oneself)** ɨrakɛsa así *v*. **jealousy** ɨrákáánás *n*. **jeer** tɔʝɛmɛs *v*. **jelly-like** milílón *v*. **jenny** ɗiɗeŋwa *n*. **jerk** iɓwates *v*.; ɨlɨkílíkɛ́s *v*.; ipoles *v*. **jerk (react)** tokúétòn *v*.; tokúréètòn *v*. **jerk out** ipoletés *v*. **jerk up** ipoletés *v*. **jerky** ŋátɔɔsa *n*. **jerrycan** ɲɛ́ʝɨrɨkán *n*. **jerrycan (1-liter)** túkulét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **jerrycan (half)** ɲéɓukuɓúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Jesus** Yésù *n*. **jet (plane)** loɗúwa *n*. **Jew** Ŋíyuɗáíàm *n*. **jewelry (hair)** ɲéméle *n*. **Jie dialect** Fetíícétôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Jie person** Fetíám *n*. **jigger** túkútùk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **jiggily** lòk<sup>o</sup> *ideo*. **jiggle** iɓokes *v*.; ɨlɨkílíkɛ́s *v*.; ɨyɔŋíyɔ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **jiggly** lokódòn *v*. **jinx** ipeɗes *v*.; sʉɓɛ́s *v*. **jinxed** ɨɲʉ́ɲʉ́ánón *v*. **jinxer** ìpèɗààm *n*. **jittery** rukurúkón *v*.; tsʉɗʉtsʉɗɔ́s *v*. **job** ɲákási *n*.; ɲetits<sup>a</sup> *n*.; terêɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **jobless** ɨlwárɔ́na teréɡù *v*. **jog** isipísípòn *v*.; ɨsɔƙísɔ́ƙɔ̀n *v*.; ɨsʉmʉ́sʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **John** Yoánà *n*. **John (biblical)** Yoánà *n*. **join** ɗɛsɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; ɗɔtsɛ́s *v*.; ɗɔtsɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɗɔtsɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɲimanites *v*.; ramɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔŋɛtɛs *v*.; toropes *v*.; tɔrʉtsɛs *v*.; xɔ́bɛtɛ́sá así *v*.

**join end-to-end** ƙídzɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **join in** ɓuƙonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **join together** ɗɔtsánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **join up** imánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔŋɛ́tɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zɔ́tɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **joined** ɗɔtsɔ́s *v*. **joined together** ɗɔtsánón *v*.; kumutsánón *v*. **joint** ɲékel *n*.; ɲimanitésíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **joint (costovertebral)** ŋábèrìkàdɛ̀ *n*. **joke** céŋ *n*. **joke around** ceŋánón *v*. **joker** céŋáàm *n*. **jokester** céŋáàm *n*. **joking** céŋ *n*. **jolt** kurétón *v*. **jounce** íbotitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; íbotitetés *v*. **journey** ɲásápari *n*. **jowl** bòkìbòk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **joyful** eaŋanes *v*. **Jude (biblical)** Yúdà *n*. **judge** ŋʉrɛ́s *v*.; ŋʉrɛtɛ́s *v*.; ŋʉrɛtɛsíàm *n*.; ŋurutiés *v*.; ŋurutiesíàm *n*.; ŋurutiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **judge (pardoning)** óɡoesíám *n*. **judged** ŋurutiós *v*. **judging elder** bɨlamʉ́síàm *n*. **jug** ɲéʝá *n*. **jug (wooden)** ɲɛkʉlʉmɛ *n*. **juice** ɲéʝúùs *n*. **juicily** kwìts'ⁱ *ideo*. **juicy** kwits'ídòn *v*. **juicy (of meat)** duláts'ámòn *v*. **July** Ilíŋéèts'<sup>a</sup> *v*.; Lomoɗokoɡéc *n*. **jumble up** ɨmɔrímɔ́rɛ́s *v*. **jumbled** lɔŋɔanón *v*.

**jumbled up** ɨmɔrímɔ́rɔ́s *v*. **jumbled up (become)** lɔŋɔanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **jump** íbòtòn *v*.; iɗótón *v*. **jump (attack)** tonyámónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **jump (make)** íbotitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; íbotitetés *v*. **jump (startle)** tsídzitetés *v*. **jump down** apííròn *v*.; ipííròn *v*. **jump excitedly** ɗamɨɗámɔ́n *v*. **jump off** apííròn *v*.; ipííròn *v*. **jump rope** íɡoriesá simá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **jump to it** apííròn *v*.; ipííròn *v*. **jump up** ɨɗɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; ɨɗɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **jumping out** ɨɗɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **jumping up** ɨɗɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **jumpy** rukurúkón *v*.; tsʉɗʉtsʉɗɔ́s *v*. **junction** bézèkètìkìn *n*. **June** Nàmàƙàr *n*.; Yɛlíyɛ́l *n*. **jungle** lolíts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **jury member** kárátsìkààm *n*. **just** ʝá *adv*.; ɲák<sup>a</sup> *adv*.; tsàm *adv*. **just there** néda ne *dem*.; néíta ne *dem*. **Justicia species** ʉrʉ́sáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **jut** rúɡèts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Kaabong Road** Kaaɓɔ́ŋɨmucé *n*. **Kaabong town** Kaaɓɔ́ŋ *n*. **Kaakuma town** Káákuma *n*. **kabob** rɔam *n*. **kaboom!** pààɗòk<sup>o</sup> *ideo*. **kalah (game)** ɲékilelés *n*. **Kamion** Kámíón *n*. **Kamion Road** Kámíónomucé *n*. **Kathile town** Kàsìlè *n*. **keeled** toŋórómòn *v*.; toróŋómòn *v*. **keen (of eyesight)** tsɔ́tsɔ́n *v*. **keep** ɡirés *v*.; ɨrɨtsɛ́s *v*. **keep an eye on** ɨfátɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**keep aside** óɡoɗés *v*.; óɡoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; oƙésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **keep away** tatsáɗésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **keep back** itúmésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tatsáɗésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **keep calling** óísiés *v*. **keep company** itúmétòn *v*. **keep going** pórón *v*. **keep on** itemes *v*.; itemetés *v*.; taɗáŋón *v*. **keep one's mouth shut** iɓótóŋésá aká<sup>e</sup> *v*. **keep the beat** ɨrɛɛsa dikwá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **keep the law** ɡirésá ìtsìkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **keep thoughts secret** ɡirésá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **keep to oneself** ɡirésá así *v*. **keep waiting** ɨlarɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨlwarɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **keeper** ɨrɨtsɛ́síàm *n*. **keloid** ɲépóros *n*. **Kenya** Kéɲà *n*. **kernel** eɗed<sup>a</sup> *n*.; **kernel** ekwed<sup>a</sup> *n*. **kernels (hollowed)** dololoƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; dololots'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **kerosene** ceím *n*. **kerplunk!** rìtⁱ *ideo*. **key** ɲófuŋƙúwo *n*. **khat** ɲémurúŋ́ɡù *n*. **khat-chewer** ɲémurúŋ́ɡùàm *n*. **kick** tɛtsɛ́s *v*. **kick hides** tɛtsɛ́sá jéjèìkà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **kick off (a dance)** iwees *v*. **kick off (new year)** itówéés *n*. **kick repeatedly** tetsítétsiés *v*. **kid (child)** im *n*. **kid (goat)** riéím *n*. **kidnap** ɨɛpɛtɛ́s *v*. **kidney** ɲaŋalúr *n*.

**kids** wik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Kigelia africana** sosóbòs *n*. **kill (many)** sáɓés *v*. **kill (singly)** cɛɛ́s *v*.; cɛɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **kill each other** sáɓúmós *v*. **kill for** ipéyéés *v*.; topues *v*. **kill for (make)** ipéyéitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **kill more than one (make)** sáɓítetés *v*. **kill off** ɨɗɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **kill serially** ɨkɛɲíkɛ́ɲɛ́s *v*. **kill time** ipásóòn *v*. **killed (pay to have)** ɨlʉŋʉ́lʉ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **killer** sèààm *n*. **killer (of many)** sáɓésìàm *n*. **killer (serial)** ɨkɛɲíkɛ́ɲɛ́síàm *n*. **killer (singly)** cɛɛsíám *n*. **killing one-by-one** kɛ̀ɲ *ideo*. **kiln** ɲéripipí *n*. **kin** ɦyeímós *v*.; ɦyeínós *v*. **kind** batánón *v*.; bònìt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; maráŋón *v*.; ɲákaɓɨlá *n*. **kind person** maráŋónìàm *n*. **kindle** ɡamés *v*. **kindle a fire** ɡamésá ts'aɗí *v*. **kindling** ɡamam *n*.; lúulú *n*. **kindling (small)** ɗɛ̀rɛ̀ts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **king** ɲéríósit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **kingfisher** kílootór *n*. **kinship by birth** ɦyeínósá na ƙɔ́ɓà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **kinship by blood** ɦyeínósá na séà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **kiosk** ɗʉkán *n*.; ɲáɗʉkán *n*. **kiss** ts'ʉnɛ́s *v*. **kiss each other** ts'ʉ́nʉ́nɔ́s *v*. **kitchen** itiŋésíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲéʝiɡón *n*. **kitchen (camp)** ŋƙáƙáhò *n*. **kite (black)** ʝolíl *n*.

**Kleinia species** kìmɔ̀ɗɔ̀rɔ̀ts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; loɓóŋiɓóŋ *n*. **kleptomania** kɔrɔ́kíkànànès *n*. **kleptomaniac** kɔrɔ́kíkààm *n*. **klipspringer** tʉ́s *n*. **klipspringer rat** tʉ́síɗèr *n*. **klop klop** kùr *ideo*. **knap** pɛsɛlɛs *v*.; wɛts'ɛ́s *v*.; wɛts'ɛtɛ́s *v*. **knap repeatedly** ɨwɛts'íwɛ́ts'ɛ́s *v*. **knead** dʉbɛ́s *v*.; ɨɗaŋíɗáŋɛ́s *v*. **knee** kútúŋ *n*. **knee (posterior)** ƙór *n*. **kneecap** bùrùkùts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **kneel** kutúŋétòn *v*. **kneeling** kutúŋón *v*. **knife** ɗàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; rutésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **knife (wrist)** ɲáɓaarát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **knitting needle** ɲɛ́sɨlɨɓá *n*. **knobby** lɛrɛ́kɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **knock** íbaɗɛ́s *v*.; ɨɲatɛs *v*.; tanaŋes *v*. **knock around** tanaŋínáŋesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **knock back** ɨɓatɛs *v*. **knock back repeatedly** ɨɓatíɓátɛ́s *v*. **knock down** íbatɛ́s *v*.; íbatɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨpʉtɛs *v*. **knock down repeatedly** íbatiés *v*. **knock off** ɨpʉtɛs *v*. **knock on** ɨɗɔŋíɗɔ́ŋɛ́s *v*.; ikoŋíkóŋés *v*. **knock over** íbatɛ́s *v*.; íbatɛtɛ́s *v*. **knock over repeatedly** íbatiés *v*. **knock repeatedly** íbaɗiés *v*.; ɨɲatiés *v*. **knot** simááƙát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **knot (in wood)** ɡɔ̀ɓ <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔ́ʝ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **know** enés *v*.; ɦyeés *v*.; íyeés *v*. **know (come to)** ɦyeésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**knowledge** nɔɔ́s *n*. **knowledgeable** nɔɔsánón *v*. **known** ɦyoós *v*. **kob** máyá *n*. **kob grass** máyákù *n*. **kraal** ɓór *n*. **kudu (female greater)** kòtòb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **kudu (greater)** akín *n*. **kudu (lesser)** àbɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **kudu (male greater)** anás *n*. **Kuliak people** Ŋkúlák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **label** ɨmátsárɛ́s *v*. **labia (vulval)** kwàìn *n*. **labor (be in)** koríón *v*. **labor (difficult)** ƙwaata ná ɡààn *n*. **laboriously** ziál *ideo*. **labret** ɡwalát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **labret combo** ɲétépes *n*. **Labwor** Teɓur *n*. **Labworian** Ŋítéɓuríám *n*. **lack** bɨrɔ́ɔ́nìmɛ̀n *n*.; ɨɗakɛ́s *v*. **lacking** bɨrɔ́ɔ́n *v*.; ɡàɗɔ̀n *v*.; ɨɗákɔ́n *v*.; luƙáámòn *v*.; taɗatsánón *v*. **lacking (make)** luƙáámitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lackluster** ʝɔ̀lɔ̀n *v*. **ladder** ɲáláɗa *n*. **ladle** ƙɔ́r *n*. **ladle (broken)** tebeleƙes *n*. **lag** isíɗéètòn *v*.; isíɗóòn *v*. **Lagenaria species** lomuƙe *n*.; lɔ́pʉ́l *n*. **Lagenaria sphaerica** óbiʝoets'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **laid flat** fatsámánòn *v*. **laid to rest** tʉnʉkɔs *v*. **lair** ak<sup>a</sup> *n*. **lake** ɲánam *n*.

#### lamb

**lamb** ɗóɗòìm *n*. **lame** ŋwàxɔ̀n *v*. **lame person** ŋwàxɔ̀nìàm *n*. **lameness** ŋwaxás *n*. **lament** itseniés *v*.; ƙɔ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*. **lamp (oil)** ɲɔ́tɔɗɔpá *n*. **land** kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; toɗóón *v*.; zɛƙwɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **land deed** ʝʉmʉ́kábaɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **land title** ʝʉmʉ́kábaɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **land transformation** beniitesa kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **landowner** áméda kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **landslide** bɔ̀rɔ̀ts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; dìdìàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **language** naƙaf *n*.; tôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **language (European)** Ɓets'oniicétôd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ŋímusukúìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **language (foreign)** ɦyɔɛn *n*.; ɦyɔ̀tòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **lanky** sawátsámòn *v*.; sʉrʉsʉ́rɔ́n *v*. **Lannea schimperi** ekoɗit<sup>a</sup> *n*.; meleke *n*. **Lantana trifolia** tíkòŋ *n*. **lantern** ɲátaayá *n*. **lap up** ɨʝaƙíʝáƙɛ́s *v*. **lappet** ɲɛ́tɛ́lɨtɛl *n*. **larceny** dzú *n*. **large** zòòn *v*. **large (of many)** zeikaakón *v*. **large numbers (in)** ɓʉlɛs *ideo*. **large tin can** ɲákaɓurúr *n*. **largeness** zeís *n*. **larva (bee)** sîd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **larva (tiger beetle)** sikusába *n*. **larynx** ɡɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **lash** iɓúŋéés *v*.; ɨɗɨtsɛs *v*. **last** topíánètòn *v*. **last (be the very)** ɨts'íɗɛ́ɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **last (be the)** mɨtɔna ɗíɛ́ʝìrì *v*.

**last (one)** ɗa ʝírì *pro*. **last (unit of time)** bàts<sup>e</sup> *adv*. **last born (being the)** eŋúnúnànès *n*. **last person** ʝìrìàm *n*. **last to show up** irúpéètòn *v*.; irúpóòn *v*. **last year** kaɨnɔ sɨn *n*.; nótso kaɨnɔ sɨn *n*.; sakɛɨn *n*. **lastborn** eŋún *n*.; ʝìrìàm *n*. **late (dead)** tás *n*. **later** ʝìrʉ̀ *n*. **latest person** ʝìrìàm *n*. **latrine** ets'íhò *n*.; ɲótsorón *n*. **laud** tamɛɛs *v*. **laugh** fèkòn *v*. **laugh (make)** fekitetés *v*. **laugh a lot** fekifekos *v*. **laugh uproariously** ɗɛtɛ́ɗɛ́tánón *v*. **launch** ɨɗɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; itówéés *n*. **law** ɨtsɨkɛs *n*. **law of God** ɨtsɨkɛsa Ɲákuʝí *v*. **lawbreaker** tɛ́ŋɛ́rìàm *n*. **lawbreaking** tɛ́ŋɛ́r *n*. **lawful order** ŋíkísila *n*.; ɲɛkɨsɨl *n*. **laws (local)** ɨtsɨkɛsíícíká kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **laws of the land** ɨtsɨkɛsíícíká kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **lay (eggs)** ɨɓɛ́ɓɛ́ɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lay down** epítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lay flat** epitésúƙòtà ɗèɲ *v*. **lay it out (issues)** tɔlɔɛsa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **lay loosely** laʝetés *v*. **lay out** ɨpɛ́pɛ́tɛ́s *v*.; tɔlɔɛs *v*. **lay over** ɨlɔ́ɡɔtsɛ́s *v*. **lay prostrate** bukites *v*. **lay to rest** búdès *v*.; muɗés *v*.; tʉnʉkɛs *v*. **lay waste to** ɨsílíánɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.

**laying of eggs** ƙwaata ɓíɓà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **lazy** ɨtátsámánón *v*.; karámóòn *v*.; wéésánón *v*. **lazy eye (have a)** pɨlírímɔ̀n *v*. **LCI** ámázeáma na kɔ́nɔ̀nì *n*.; arasí *n*. **lead** torikes *v*. **lead astray** hakítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itwáŋítésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lead away** toríkésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lead group prayers** taƙates *v*. **lead off** toríkésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lead slowly** ɨɛmɛs *v*. **lead this way** toriketés *v*. **leader** tòrìkààm *n*.; torikesíám *n*. **leaders** roɓazeik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **leadership (of many)** roɓazeikánánès *n*. **leaf** kak<sup>a</sup> *n*. **leaflike** katálámòn *v*. **leak** ɨpɨnípínɔ̀n *v*.; tɔ̀wɔ̀n *v*. **lean** liƙés *v*. **lean against** ɨƙɔ́ŋítɛ́s *v*.; ɨƙɔ́ŋítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tonokes *v*. **lean on** ɨƙɔŋɛs *v*.; tébinés *v*. **lean over** íboɗolés *v*. **leaned against** ɨƙɔ́ŋítɔ́s *v*. **leaned on** ɨƙɔ́ŋítɔ́s *v*. **leap** íbòtòn *v*.; iɗótón *v*.; íɡɔ̀rɔ̀bɔ̀n *v*. **leap into action** ipííròn *v*. **leapfrog** íɡoriés *v*. **learn** ɦyeésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; nɔɔsánétòn *v*. **lease** ipáŋƙeés *v*. **leash** rɔɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **leather** jèjè *n*. **leather (cow)** ɦyɔjejé *n*. **leather brassiere** ɲákɨláƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **leather cloak** xɔŋɔŋ *n*.

**leather clothing** ínóƙwàz *n*. **leather leggings** ŋapokóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **leather mat** jèjè *n*. **leather shawl** xɔŋɔŋ *n*. **leather shoe** ŋáɓʉʉrá *n*. **leather strap** ƙíw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **leather strips** ŋamɔ́lɔ́l *n*. **leather tassel** ƙíítínísɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **leatherily** tùɗ<sup>a</sup> *ideo*. **leathery** tuɗádòn *v*. **leave** óɡoés *v*. **leave (go)** ƙòòn *v*. **leave a mess** nts'áƙóna sèrèìk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **leave aside** ɨnápɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **leave behind** ilaŋés *v*. **leave early** ɡáƙón *v*. **leave gaps in** ɨkálámɛ́s *v*. **leave home** xàtsɔ̀n *v*. **leave in a huff** ɡwaítón *v*.; íɡwìʝìrɔ̀n *v*. **leave in the open** ilététaitetés *v*. **leave one's memory** hakonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **leave open** iŋáɓólés *v*. **leave to** iʝokes *v*.; iʝókésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **leaven** sîb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **leaves (dry)** ódzàkàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **leaves (Hibiscus cannabinus)** ɔ́bɛ̀ràkàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **leech** kɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **left** óɡoós *v*. **left alone** ɗòwòn *v*. **left hand** betsínákwɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **left in the open** ilététòòn *v*. **left rib** betsínáŋabér *n*. **left-handed** betsínón *n*. **leftover** ʝɛʝɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; ʝírɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*.; óɡoɗesam *n*. **leftovers** ʝírín *n*.; ɲomokoʝo *n*. **leg** dɛ *n*.; dɛɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**leg (of furniture)** sɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **leg-meat taboo** dɛ *n*. **leggings (leather)** ŋapokóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **leggy** tsáƙólómòn *v*.; tsɔ́ɡɔ̀rɔ̀mòn *v*. **legible** isómáìmètòn *v*. **legion** miƙídòn *v*. **leisure** ɲɛ́tɛmá *n*. **leisure (be at)** ɨtɛ́mɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **leisurely** wɛ̀wɛ̀ɛ̀s *ideo*. **lemon** ɲámucúŋ́ƙà *n*. **length** zikíbàs *n*. **lengthen** zikíbètòn *v*.; zikíbitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zikíbonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lengthy** zikíbòn *v*. **lengthy (of many)** zikíbaakón *v*. **lentils** ɲɔ́ɓɔɔ́*n*. **Leonotis species** ɲétúlerú *n*. **leopard** ɡʉɓɛ́r *n*. **leopard (male)** nʉs *n*. **less** bɨráʉ́tɔ̀n *v*. **less than** ɨlɔɛs *v*. **less-than-full** kíón *v*. **lest** náa táà *subordconn*. **let** óɡoés *v*.; óɡoós *v*. **let down** iyolíyólés *v*. **let down (milk)** cɛ̀rɔ̀n *v*. **let go** talakes *v*. **let go of** taʝales *v*.; taʝálésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taʝaletés *v*. **let know** ɦyeitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɦyeitetés *v*. **let loose** itsues *v*.; itsuetés *v*. **let not** eʝá *adv*. **let oneself be known** ɗóɗítetésá así *v*. **let out** itsues *v*.; itsuetés *v*. **let out (secret)** kwɛts'ɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; kwɛts'ɛ́s *v*.

**let slide** ɨsɔɛs *v*.; ɨsɔɛtɛ́s *v*. **let slip** ɨsɔɛs *v*.; ɨsɔɛtɛ́s *v*. **letter** béɗíbeɗú *n*.; bóɗíboɗú *n*.; ɲáɓáruwa *n*. **letter (alphabetical)** ɲéɡutá *n*.; ɲéɲuɡutá *n*. **level** ɗàsòn *v*.; ɨpáɗáɲɔ̀n *v*.; lopem *n*.; ɲaɗés *v*.; ɲolókér *n*.; towutses *v*. **level (of an area)** kalápátánón *v*. **level (roads)** séɓés *v*. **level (school)** hò *n*. **level out** kalápátánitetés *v*.; ɲaɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **level out (an area)** kalápátánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **level repeatedly** ɲaɗiés *v*. **levy** ɲéutsúr *n*. **lexicon** ɲéɗíkìxònàrì *n*. **liaise** terés *v*. **liar** yʉɛ́ám *n*. **liar (be a)** yʉanón *v*. **liberal** waŋádòn *v*. **liberate** hoɗés *v*.; hoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hoɗetés *v*. **lice** ts'an *n*. **lice egg(s)** ɨnak<sup>a</sup> *n*. **lick** kánɛ́s *v*. **lick (of flames)** ɨnɛpínɛ́pɔ̀n *v*. **lick clean** tɨmɨɗɛs *v*. **lick up** tɨmɨɗɛs *v*. **lid (flat)** ɲápár *n*. **lie** isuɗam *n*.; isuɗesa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; itoŋetésá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*.; yʉanitetés *v*.; yʉanón *v*.; yʉɛ *n*. **lie (legs straight)** ɨtɛ́ɛ́lɔ̀n *v*. **lie around flat** fatsifatsos *v*. **lie down** eponuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itsólóŋòn *v*. **lie down prostrate** bukonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lie face-up** fátsón *v*.

listener

**lie in wait for** ɨɗaarɛ́s *v*. **lie on the back** fátsón *v*.; ɨɗɛ́ɗɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **lie on the side** epona ŋabér<sup>o</sup> *v*. **lie prostrate** bùkòn *v*.; bukukánón *v*. **life** ɦyekes *n*. **life (daily)** zɛƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **lift** ɓuƙés *v*. **lift (make)** ɨkɛ́ítɛtɛ́s *v*. **lift (steal)** ɨtíɗíɗɛ́s *v*. **lift carefully** takiés *v*. **lift off** ɓuƙetés *v*. **lift together** ilélébés *v*. **lift up** ɨkɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨkɛɛtɛ́s *v*. **lifted** ikeimétòn *v*. **lifted up** ɨkɔɔtɔ́s *v*. **ligament** kon *n*. **ligament (iliolumbar)** ɛkɛw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **light** aeitetés *v*. **light (fire)** ɡamés *v*.; tɔƙɛrɛtɛ́s *v*. **light in color** bɛɗɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ɓèts'òn *v*. **light (in color, of many)** ɓets'aakón *v*. **light (slightly)** ɓèts'ìɓèts'òn *v*. **light a fire** ɡamésá ts'aɗí *v*. **light up** aeétón *v*.; iléúrés *v*.; inwakes *v*. **lightbeam** bás *n*.; sʉ́w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **lightheaded** imáúròn *v*. **lightheadedness** taítayó *n*. **lightly (in color)** bɛ̀ɗ ɛ *ideo*. **lightning** ɨmɛ́ɗɔ́nà dìdìì *n*. **lightweight** fɔkɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ɔfɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; olódòn *v*. **lightweightly** fɔ̀k ɔ *ideo*. **like** ɗítá *prep*.; ƙámón *v*.; tsamɛ́s *v*. **like (a lot)** ɡaanón *v*. **like (it is)** naítá *subordconn*.

**like (to do)** ɨtáŋátɔ̀n *v*. **like each other** tsámʉ́nɔ́s *v*. **like thatǃ** ńtí *interj*.; ńtíà ʝà *adv*.; ńtía ʝɨkî *adv*. **like this** ƙámónà ts'ɛ̀ɛ̀n *v*. **like this!** ńtí *adv*. **liken** ƙámítetés *v*. **likewise** ts'ɛ̀tà kɔ̀nà *n*. **lily (fire)** bʉlʉbʉlát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **limb (of a tree)** dakúkwɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **limber** ɡwidídòn *v*.; tsutsukes *v*. **limberly** ɡwìdⁱ *ideo*. **limbless** ŋʉɗʉ́sʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **limit** cíkóroy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɨrɨɗɛs *v*.; ɨrɨɗɛtɛ́s *v*. **limited** ɨrɨɗɔs *v*. **limp** itsóɗón *v*. **line** ɲálaín *n*.; ɲériŋƙís *n*. **line (furrow)** ɲɛ́pɛ́lʉ *n*. **line (level)** ɲolókér *n*. **line (raised)** zeket<sup>a</sup> *n*. **linger** ɓaɓaránón *v*.; tɔʉ́rʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **link** tɔŋɛtɛs *v*.; toropes *v*.; tɔrʉtsɛs *v*. **link up** tɔŋɛ́tɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zɔ́tɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **linked** zɔ́tɔ́n *v*. **lion** máw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **lip** akákwáyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **lip herpes** ɲótóts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **lip plug** ɡwalát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **lip plug (combo)** ɲétépes *n*. **liquid** cuanón *v*.; cue *n*.; tsɔlílɔ́n *v*. **liquid (become)** cuanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **liquify** cuanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **liquor** kombót<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tule *n*. **list** ɗɔtsɛtɛ́s *v*. **list of names** éditíníkabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **listen** nesíbes *v*. **listener** nesíbesíám *n*.

**lit** àèòn *v*. **literacy** nɔɔ́s *n*. **literate** nɔɔsánón *v*. **lithe** ɡwidídòn *v*. **lithely** ɡwìdⁱ *ideo*. **litter** ƙʉ́ƙín *n*. **little (become)** kwátsónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **little (of many)** kwátsíkaakón *v*. **little in amount** ƙwàɗòn *v*. **little in size** kwátsón *v*. **little in volume** tilóts'ómòn *v*. **live** ɦyekes *v*.; zɛ̀ƙwɔ̀n *v*. **live in** ínés *v*. **live long** ikoŋíkóŋòn *v*. **live on** ʝɛ̀ʝɔ̀n *v*. **live solitarily** iɓóótánón *v*. **live through** pʉ̀rɔ̀n *v*. **live together** ínínós *v*. **livelihood** ɦyekes *n*. **lively** tsuwoós *v*. **liver** sakám *n*. **liver disease** ɲeɗekea sakámá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **livestock** ŋíɓarɛn *n*. **livestock pen** ɓór *n*. **living** ɦyekes *n*. **lizard** pɔ̀pɔ̀s *n*. **lizard (Nile monitor)** náɡanâɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **lizard sp.** lúulú *n*. **load** bot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **load a load** ɓuƙésá botá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **loaded down** ɨʉ́ƙɔ́n *v*. **loader** ŋiɓóóìàm *n*. **loafer** ɲakárámɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **loan** kál *n*. **loathe** tʉlʉŋɛs *v*.

**local** áméda kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **Local Councillor I** ámázeáma na kɔ́nɔ̀nì *n*.; arasí *n*. **locality** ɲɛ́tɛɛr *n*. **location** ay<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɡwarí *n*.; kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; xán *n*. **lock** iɓótóŋés *v*.; iwetés *v*.; ɲékifúl *n*. **lock up** eɡésá hòòk<sup>e</sup> *v*.; eɡésá zíkɛ́sìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **lock up (imprison)** zíkɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **locked up (imprisoned)** zíkɔ́s *v*. **lockjaw** ɲeɗekea na ɨtɛnítʉ́ƙɔta ámák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **locust** ɡirú *n*. **locust (milkweed)** ɓɔlɔrɔts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **lodge** epúáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲólóʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Lodwar town** Lóɗwàr *n*. **log** ƙúl *n*. **log (door-barring)** naƙólít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **loincloth** fɔ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **loincloth (beaded)** lèt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tìlàlèt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **loincloth (tâb-shrub)** tábòlèt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **loincloth (women's)** ɲákáɗeŋo *n*. **loiter** ɓaɓaránón *v*. **Lokichokio town** Lokicókio *n*. **lonely** tisílón *v*. **lonesome** tisílón *v*. **long** ítánòn *v*.; zikíbòn *v*. **long (of many)** zikíbaakón *v*. **long ago** kaíníkò nùk<sup>o</sup> *n*.; kɔ̀wɛ̀ nòk<sup>o</sup> *v*.; nòk<sup>o</sup> *adv*.; ódowicíká kì nùù kì *n*.; ódowicíkó nùk<sup>u</sup> *n*. **long for** ítánésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; wíránés *v*. **long since** kwààkè nòk<sup>o</sup> *n*. **long-legged** tsáƙólómòn *v*.; tsɔ́ɡɔ̀rɔ̀mòn *v*. **long-necked** loƙózòmòn *v*. **longer (become)** zikíbonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **look around** tɨrɨfírífɛ́s *v*. **look around cautiously** imwáŋón *v*. **look at** ɡonés *v*.

**look at (here)** ɡonetés *v*. **look at (there)** ɡonésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **look at each other** ɡónímós *v*. **look down** turúnétòn *v*.; turúnón *v*. **look for** bɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; bɛɗɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨkʉʝɛs *v*. **look like** topútétòn *v*. **look out** tɔtsɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **look over** iséméés *v*.; iséméetés *v*. **looking great** naƙwídɔ̀n *v*. **looking very good** nàƙw<sup>ɨ</sup> *ideo*. **lookout** dìyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **loop** ɨnɔɛs *v*. **loop around** ɨnɔɛtɛ́s *v*. **loose** ɓàŋɔ̀n *v*.; dolódòn *v*.; ɨɓámɔ́n *v*.; lokilókón *v*.; lokódòn *v*.; nalóʝón *v*.; roiróón *v*. **loose (of stool)** dulúmón *v*.; erúxón *v*. **loose (sexually)** ɨmáláánón *v*. **loosely** dòl *ideo*.; hàʝ<sup>a</sup> *ideo*.; làʝ<sup>a</sup> *ideo*.; lòk<sup>o</sup> *ideo*. **loosely tied** haʝádòn *v*. **loosely tied down** laʝádòn *v*.; yaŋádòn *v*. **loosen** hoɗómón *v*.; ɨlaʝíláʝɛ́s *v*.; iloílóés *v*.; ɨnɔɨnɔɛ́s *v*. **loosen (soil)** iwúlákés *v*. **looseness** ɓaŋás *n*. **loot** taɓales *v*. **lop** isésélés *v*. **lop off (branches)** iteɗes *v*. **lope** isipísípòn *v*.; ɨsɔƙísɔ́ƙɔ̀n *v*.; ɨsʉmʉ́sʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **lord** ámáze *n*.; ámázeám *n*. **Lord's Prayer** Ɲakuʝíwáán *n*. **lorry** lóórì *n*.; ɲolórì *n*. **lose** buanítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɡóózesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iloimétòn *v*.; rúmánòn *v*.

**lose (drop)** tuɓutes *v*.; tuɓútésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lose (sth. valuable)** iɲekes *v*.; iɲékésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lose interest** bɔrɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; kitsonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lose one's mind** itwáŋón *v*. **lose red-brown color** teɓúránétòn *v*. **lose the way** hakonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itwáŋón *v*. **losing teeth** tolótólánón *v*. **loss (take a)** totóánonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lost** buanón *v*.; ɡóózosuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; totóánonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lost (get)** buanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itwáŋón *v*.; totóánonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **lot** muce *n*.; ɲaɓáát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **lots** kom *n*. **loud** bɔrɔ́ɔ́n *v*.; ilélémùòn *v*. **loud person** nɔ̀sààm *n*. **lounge** iríƙímánón *v*. **louse** ts'an *n*. **lousiness** pásìnànès *n*. **lousy** pás *n*. **love** mínɛ́s *v*. **love (make)** èpòn *v*. **love child** ŋabɔ́bòìm *n*. **love each other** mínínɔ́s *v*. **love of neighbors** mínínɔ́sá na áwìkà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **love that is feigned** mínínɔ́sá na ɨɓám *v*. **loveliness** daás *n*. **lovely** dòòn *v*. **lovely (make)** daites *v*. **lover** epúám *n*.; mínɛ́sìàm *n*.; mínínɔ́síàm *n*. **lover of sleep** epúám *n*. **low** kúɗón *v*.; ŋʉɗʉ́sʉ́mɔ̀n *v*.; ŋʉsʉ́lʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **low (of cows)** erutánón *v*. **low (of many)** kúɗaakón *v*.

#### lower

**lower** ɓuƙetés *v*.; iyolíyólés *v*. **lower oneself** iyééseetésá así *v*. **lowland** ɡíɡìr *n*. **lowland living** dziŋánànès *n*. **lowness** kuɗás *n*. **lubricant** ceím *n*. **lubricate** ŋiites *v*.; ŋiitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **Lucifer** Siitán *n*. **luck** muce *n*.; ɲaɓáát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **luck (average)** mucea na ɓárɨɓár *n*. **luck (awful)** mucea na ináƙúós *n*. **luck (bad)** mucea ná ʝɔ̀l *n*. **luck (good)** mucea na títìàn *n*.; ɲaréréŋ *n*. **lucky** tírɨríŋɔ́n *v*. **Ludo (game)** ɲélúɗo *n*. **Luganda** Ŋímúɡanɗáétòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **luggage** botitín *n*. **Luke** Lúkà *n*. **Luke (biblical)** Lúkà *n*. **lukewarm** muʝálámòn *v*. **lunar eclipse** badona aráɡwaní *n*. **lung** ɡàfìɡàf *n*. **lurch** ɡakímón *v*.; nɛ́rɨnɛ́rɔ́n *v*. **lurch (of heart)** mulúráŋòn *v*. **lure** ɨmɔɗɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨsʉ́ŋʉ́rɛ́s *v*. **lure (bees)** sɨsɨɓɛs *v*. **luxate** ƙwɨʝɛ́s *v*. **luxated** ƙwɨʝímɔ́n *v*. **Lycopersicon esculentum** ɲɛ́ɲaaɲá *n*. **lying down** èpòn *v*. **lymph node** ƙùts'àts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **machete** ɲápaŋká *n*. **machine** ɲámasín *n*. **machine gun (belt-fed)** zɔ̀tɛ̀ɛ̀b <sup>a</sup> *n*.

**mad person** lejéàm *n*. **made** ɨɗɨmɔ́s *v*.; ɨɗɨmɔtɔ́s *v*. **madness** leɡé *n*.; lejé *n*.; lejéèd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋkérép<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Maerua angolensis** lóɗíwé *n*. **Maerua pseudopetalosa** ɡomóí *n*. **Maerua triphylla** iroroy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **magazine (of a gun)** ɲókópo *n*. **magnanimity** daás *n*. **magnanimous** dòòn *v*. **magnanimous person** dòònìàm *n*. **maiden** ɲàràm *n*. **maidens** ɲèr *n*. **maintain** ɨsáɓísɨŋɛɛ́s *v*. **maintain poorly** ɨsɔ́ɓɔ́lɛ́s *v*. **maize** màlòr *n*.; màlòrìèɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲaɓʉra *n*. **maize (unripe)** íɡùm *n*.; káruɓú *n*.; ɲaŋárʉ́tɛ̀ *n*. **maize cob** ɲaɓʉraídàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **maize deformity** ŋƙwa *n*.; tsɔ́rákwɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **maize kernels (milky)** îdw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **maize kernels (tough)** lúɡùm *n*. **maize variety** áɡɨrɨkácà *n*.; aráɡwànà kɔ̀n *n*.; ɲóɗòmòŋòlè *n*. **maize variety (black and white)** lɔkíríɗɨɗí *n*. **maize variety (multicolored)** katólìkà *n*. **maize variety (white)** katʉmán *n*.; nakatʉmán *n*. **make** bɛrɛ́s *v*.; ɨɗɨmɛ́s *v*.; ɨɗɨmɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɗɨmɛtɛ́s *v*.; itues *v*.; ituetés *v*.; tɔsʉɓɛs *v*. **make a** *sh-sh* **sound** wɔxɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **make a hole in** iɓólóɲés *v*.; itoɓes *v*. **make a mistake** hakonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔsɛ́sɔ́n *v*. **make a racket** nɔsátón *v*.

manyatta

**make a way through** utés *v*.; utésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **make blocks** iwésá ɲéɓulókìkà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **make bricks** iwésá ɲéɓulókìkà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **make excellently** iyomes *v*. **make fun of** tɔʝɛmɛs *v*. **make hole in** pulés *v*. **make holes in repeatedly** itoɓítóɓés *v*. **make ill** ɨnʉɛs *v*. **make into one** kɔnítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **make into porridge** iúʝietés *v*. **make like** iretes *v*. **make money** itsúrútseés *v*. **make noise** arútón *v*.; fútón *v*. **make oneself look good** daitetésá así *v*. **make peace** apápánɛ̀ɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; apápánɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **make plans** ipáŋƙeés *v*. **make poorly** ɨtáƙálɛ́s *v*. **make roadblock** teɡelesa ɲerukuɗeé *v*. **make to collect firewood** waitésuƙota dakwí *v*. **make trouble for** ɨtsánítɛtɛ́s *v*. **make up (invent)** iroketés *v*. **make up (lies)** isuɗes *v*.; isuɗetés *v*. **make use of** eréɡes *v*. **maker** ɨɗɨmɛtɛ́síàm *n*.; tɔsʉɓɛtɛ́síàm *n*. **maladroit** hádaadánón *v*. **malady** màyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **malar** akáƙúm *n*. **malaria** suɡur *n*. **male** cúrúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **male animal** cikw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **malediction** ìlàm *n*. **malicious person** ɲɛ́kɨsɨránìàm *n*. **maliciousness** ɲɛ́kɨsɨrán *n*.

**malleable** lumúdòn *v*. **malleably** lùm *ideo*. **malnourished child** dódòk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **malt** ìkɔ̀ŋ *n*. **mamba** míɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **man** eakw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **man (old)** ʝákám *n*. **man (young)** ŋímɔ́kɔkáám *n*.; ŋísɔ́rɔkɔ́ám *n*. **manage** ɨrɨtsɛ́s *v*.; totseres *v*. **manage each other** totsérímós *v*. **manageable** ɔfɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; olódòn *v*. **manager** ɨrɨtsɛ́síàm *n*. **mancala (game)** ɲékilelés *n*. **mandible** ƙálíts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mandibular angle** ƙaƙúŋ *n*. **mandibular bone** ƙálíts'ìɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **mane** sìɡìrìɡìr *n*. **maneuver (manually)** ƙɔxɛ́s *v*. **mange** ɲɛ́kʉ́rara *n*. **manger** itúɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Mangifera indica** ɲɛ́mɨɛ́ḿɓɛ̀ *n*. **mangle** ɨɛmíɛ́mɛ́s *v*. **mango** ɲɛ́mɨɛ́ḿɓɛ̀ *n*. **manhood** eakwánánès *n*. **Manihot species** ɲómoŋɡó *n*. **manioc** ɲómoŋɡó *n*. **manipulate (manually)** ƙɔxɛ́s *v*. **manliness** eakwánánès *n*. **manmade** ɨɗɨmɔtɔ́sá ròɓ<sup>o</sup> *v*. **manner** ɲɛpɨtɛ *n*. **manure** ɦyɔ̀èts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **many** kom *n*.; kòm *quant*.; kòmòn *v*.; tʉ̀mɛ̀ɛ̀ *n*. **many (become)** ítónà dìdìk<sup>e</sup> *v*.; komonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **manyatta** aw<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**manyness** komás *n*. **map** ɲámáp<sup>a</sup> *n*. **maraud** toɓés *v*. **marauder** toɓésíàm *n*. **march** iríánònà dɛ̀ìkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; ɲéperét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tɛtsɛ́sá ɲéperétì *v*. **March** Dáŋ *n*.; Lɔɗʉ́ŋɛ *n*. **marching orders** tàŋàs *n*. **marginalization** ɲoloɗiŋ *n*. **marginalize** ɨlɔ́ɗíŋɛ́s *v*. **marginalizing** ɨlɔ́ɗíŋánón *v*. **marijuana** lɔ́tɔ́ɓa ná zè *n*. **Mark** Máríkò *n*. **mark** ɨƙɛrɛs *v*.; ɨmátsárɛ́s *v*.; ɨsɛɓɛs *v*.; itwelítwélés *v*.; iwetés *v*.; ɲámátsar *n*.; totsetes *v*. **Mark (biblical)** Máríkò *n*. **mark (on skin)** tás *n*. **mark (signs)** ɨƙɨrɛs *v*. **marked** ɨsɛɓɔs *v*.; itwelítwélós *v*. **market** dzíɡwààw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲámákɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **market (Kenyan)** ɲɛ́fíl *n*. **market (open air)** ɗípɔ̀ *n*. **maroon** kɨpʉ́ránètòn *v*. **married (of a bride)** buƙós *v*. **marrow** hɛ̀ɡ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **marry by taking** ɨʉmɛs *v*. **marry by taking away** ɨʉ́mɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **marry polygamously** ramɛ́s *v*. **marsh** ɲéʝem *n*. **marsh (seasonal)** ɲɛkípɔ́r *n*.; ɲotóbòr *n*. **marshily** fɔ̀ts'<sup>ɔ</sup> *ideo*. **marshy** fɔts'ɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **masculinity** eakwánánès *n*. **mash (grist)** mʉrɛ́s *v*. **mash (sour)** ɓaram *n*.

**massacre** ɡɨʝɛtɛ́s *v*. **massage** ʝʉ́rɛ́s *v*. **massage out** ʝʉ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ʝʉrɛtɛ́s *v*. **massager** ʝʉ́rɛ́sìàm *n*. **masseuse** ʝʉ́rɛ́sìàm *n*. **master** ámáze *n*.; ámázeám *n*. **masterpiece** iyomam *n*. **masticate** ɨɲáɗʉ́tɛ́s *v*. **masticate (tobacco)** ɨmátáŋɛ́s *v*.; mataŋɛs *v*. **mastitis** ídoɲeɗeké *n*. **masturbate** ɨʝɔƙíʝɔ́ƙɛ́sá kwaní *v*. **mat** ɲámát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mat (leather)** jèjè *n*. **mat (small leather)** ɗɛ́f *n*. **mat (termite-drying)** uré *n*. **match** ɲékiɓirít<sup>a</sup> *n*.; topútétòn *v*. **matchstick** ɲékiɓirít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mate with** tirés *v*. **mate with each other** tirímós *v*. **math** ɲámára *n*. **mathematics** ɲámára *n*. **matted** kémúsánón *v*. **matted hair** kémús *n*. **matters** mɛn *n*. **Matthew** Matéò *n*. **Matthew (biblical)** Matéò *n*. **mattress** ɲápalís *n*. **mature** iríétòn *v*.; kɔkɔsánón *v*.; zòòn *v*.; zoonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **mature (of many)** zeikaakón *v*. **mature sexually** teɓúránétòn *v*. **mature sexually (of boys only)** ɨɓʉyákòn *v*. **maturity** zeís *n*. **May** Kɨnám *n*.; Titímá *n*. **may …** kóʝ<sup>a</sup> *adv*.

 … **maybe** ƙámá kiɗíé *v*.; ndóó ɦyè *n*. **Maytenus undata** múrotsíò *n*. **mbira** lokemú *n*. **me** ŋ́k <sup>a</sup> *pro*. **mead** sɨs *n*.; ts'ɔƙam *n*. **meadow (flat)** rɔw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **meal mush** ɨlɨram *n*.; tɔbɔŋ *n*.; tʉɗʉtam *n*. **meal mush (solid)** lúɡùm *n*. **meal mush (watery)** ɓɔtí *n*. **mealy** ɡwɛrɛ́ʝɛ́ʝɔ̀n *v*. **mean** ɦyɛtɨɦyɛtɔs *v*.; ɦyɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; tákés *v*. **mean to do** ɨwɔ́ŋɔ́n *v*. **mean talker** hákátònìàm *n*. **meander** ɨkɔɗíkɔ́ɗɔ̀n *v*.; iƙulúƙúlòn *v*.; **meander/weave** lúkúɗukuɗánón *v*. **meaning** zeísêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **meaningful** zízòn *v*. **meaningless** buɗámón *v*. **meanness** ɦyɛtás *n*. **measles** púrurú *n*. **measure** ɨpɨmɛs *v*.; kêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **measure words** íziɗesa tóda<sup>e</sup> *v*. **meat** em *n*. **meat (charred)** kɔr *n*. **meat (dried)** ŋátɔɔsa *n*. **meat (rib)** ŋábèrìkèèm *n*. **meat (skewered)** rɔam *n*. **meat dried on hide** xáƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **meat hunger** bisák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **meat hunger (satisfy)** ɨtsɔ́ítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtsɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **meat-carrying call** waín *n*. **mechanic** ɨɗɨmɛ́síàm *n*.; ŋífunɗíàm *n*. **medal** ɡwas *n*.

**mediate** terés *v*. **medicate** irés *v*. **medicine** cɛ̀mɛ̀r *n*. **mediocre** ŋwanɨŋwánɔ́n *v*. **medium-sized** ɓarɨɓárɔ́n *v*.; ʝɔ̀ƙɔ̀n *v*.; lerúkúmòn *v*. **medulla spinalis** lɔ́ɓírɨɓír *n*. **meek** ɨɛ́ɓɔ́n *v*. **meet** ikíkóanón *v*.; imánétòn *v*.; itóyéésa así *v*.; ɨtsʉnɛtɛ́sá así *v*.; ɨtsʉ́nɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; itukánón *v*.; ŋimánétòn *v*.; ɲimánétòn *v*.; ɲimánón *v*. **meet together** ɗɔtsánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iryámíryámètòn *v*. **meet up** imánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **meet while dancing** ilépón *v*. **meet with** iryámétòn *v*. **meeting** kur *n*.; ɲékíìkò *n*.; ɲémítìŋ *n*. **melange** ɲalíɲalí *n*.; ɲɔ́tsɔ́ɓɨtsɔɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **melon species** nàdɛ̀kwɛ̀l *n*. **melt** cuanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; laʝámétòn *v*. **melt (in mouth)** ɨnʉƙʉ́nʉ́ƙwɛ́s *v*. **melt away** rìmòn *v*. **memorize** tamɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **memory (have a good)** ɨpííríánón *v*. **men** ɲɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **men (old)** ʝák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **men (young)** karatsʉ́na *n*.; ŋímɔ́kɔka *n*.; ŋísɔ́rɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; pànɛ̀ɛ̀s *n*. **men-crazy** ɨɲɔ́táánón *v*. **menace** zízɛ̀s *v*. **mend** ɲimanites *v*.; rátsɛ́s *v*.; taɗapes *v*. **mend repeatedly** rátsiés *v*. **mend up** taɗapetés *v*. **mend with fire** ɨtsʉŋɛs *v*. **mend with mud** nutsés *v*.

**mended** taɗapos *v*. **mendicant** purutél *n*. **Mening language** Ŋímeniŋítôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Mening person** Ŋímeniŋíám *n*. **meningitis** ɲɛ́tɛrɛƙɛ́ƙɛ *n*.; tɛ́rɛƙɛ́ƙɛ *n*. **menopause** ŋʉrʉ́mɔ́na ƙwaaté<sup>o</sup> *v*. **menstruate** iona aráɡwaník<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; itáléés *v*. **mental illness** leɡé *n*.; lejé *n*.; lejéèd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lejénánès *n*.; ŋkérép<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mention** ilímítés *v*.; tákés *v*. **mentum** tatʉ́n *n*. **merchandise** dzíɡwam *n*.; dzíɡwetam *n*.; dzííƙotam *n*. **merciful** isyónón *v*. **merciful (become)** isyónónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **mercy on (have)** isyones *v*. **mesh** ɨlɔ́ƙɛ́rɛ́s *v*.; ƙídzatiés *v*. **mess up** hamʉʝɛ́s *v*.; imóɲíkees *v*.; imóɲíkeetés *v*. **mess with (in fun)** wáákitetés *v*. **message** ɲéripót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **message (morning)** sír *n*. **message (send out a)** mɛnɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **messenger** dɛáám *n*. **metabolism (have a high)** hɔɓɔ́mɔ́n *v*. **metal** tsɨrɨm *n*. **metal pot** tsɨrɨmʉ́dòm *n*. **metal ringlet** àɡìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **metalworker** ìtyàkààm *n*. **mete out** ɨɲíɲínɛ́s *v*. **meteor** ɗɔ́xɛatá na tsúwà *n*. **meter** ɲémíta *n*.; ɔkɔ́ts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **method** muce *n*.; ɲɛpɨtɛ *n*. **metropolis** zɛƙɔ́áwa ná zè *n*. **mewl** ɨɲɨɨɲíɔ̀n *v*.; ɨɲíɲíɔ̀n *v*. **Meyna tetraphylla** lòŋìr *n*.

**microbe** ƙʉts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **midday** ikáɡwaríìk<sup>e</sup> *n*.; ódoo bɨrɨr *n*. **middle** sɨsɨk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; sɨsíkɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **middle child** sɨsɨkáám *n*. **middle of path** mucéák<sup>a</sup> *n*.; mucéékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **middle part** bakútsêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **midget** puusúmòn *v*. **midnight** mukúásísík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **midrib** ɡòɡòròʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **midriff** kàɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **midwife** ʝʉ́rɛ́sìàm *n*.; ƙwaatítetés *v*.; ƙwaatítetésíàm *n*. **might** zeís *n*. **migraine headache** ɨɗíɔ́na iká<sup>e</sup> *v*. **migrant** botáám *n*.; botibotosíám *n*. **migrate** bòtòn *v*.; ilotsesa zɛƙɔ́ ɛ *v*. **migrate away** botonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **migrate this way** botétón *v*. **migration** bot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **migratory** botibotos *v*. **mild** ɨɛ́ɓɔ́n *v*. **mildew** lóburuʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲóróiroy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mile** máìrɔ̀ *n*. **mileage** máìrɔ̀ɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **milk** îdw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ʝʉ́tɛ́s *v*. **milk (cow)** ɦyòìdw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **milk (fresh)** ŋalɛ́pán *n*. **milk (from breast)** ámáìdw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **milk (sour)** ídwà nì ɓàr *n*. **milk bush** ɨnw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **milk tea** tábarɨcue *n*. **milk tooth** ídòkwàyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **milk-leaf** ídòkàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **milking gourd** ɲelépít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mill** ŋɔ́ɛ́s *v*.; ŋɔɛsíɡwàs *n*.; ɲámasín *n*. **mill (gastric)** ŋìl *n*. **milled** ŋɔ́ɔ́s *v*.

**millet (brown)** ŋɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **millet (finger)** rêb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **millet (harvest)** ɨrábɛs *v*. **millet beer** ŋamarʉwáy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; rébèmɛ̀s *n*. **millet left in field** kírérebú *n*. **million** dakwa kɔn *n*.; ɲémílìòn *n*. **millipede** iƙórú *n*. **Mimusops kummel** lokum *n*. **mind** akílìk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɨkatsɛs *v*.; ɨmɨsɛs *v*.; ŋátámɛta *n*. **mine** ɲjɛ́n *pro*. **mingle in** íburuburés *v*. **mingle until stiff** tʉɗʉtɛtɛ́s *v*. **mingled stiff** tʉɗʉtɔs *v*. **mingling stick** tʉɗʉtɛsídàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mingling stick (pronged)** ŋɛ́r *n*. **miniature** tɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **miniscule** dununúòn *v*.; tɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **minister** pásìtà *n*. **ministry** terêɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mira** ɲémurúŋ́ɡù *n*. **miracle (perform a)** ikúʝíánón *v*. **miracles** itíónàs *n*. **miracles (do)** itíónòn *v*. **mirage** ɲéríɓiriɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mire** dɔ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **mirror** ɲɛ́ɡɨlás *n*.; ɲɛ́rʉ́ɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **misbehave** imákwéètòn *v*. **misbehave (get to)** imákóitetés *v*. **misbehaving** imákóòn *v*. **miscarry** iɲétséetés *v*.; iyétséetés *v*.; ƙúdetés *v*.; otés *v*.; otetés *v*. **miscreant** ɲárásíám *n*. **miserable** tsʉ́kʉɗʉ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **mishap (have a)** rúmánòn *v*.

**mishmash** ɲɔ́tsɔ́ɓɨtsɔɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mislay** ɨtáƙálɛ́s *v*. **mislead** hakítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itwáŋítésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **misplace** buanítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɡóózesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtáƙálɛ́s *v*. **misplaced** buanón *v*.; ɡóózosuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɓíléròn *v*. **misplaced (become)** iɓíléronuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **miss** fàlòn *v*.; ɨɗakɛ́s *v*. **miss (a shot)** ɨsɛɛs *v*. **miss narrowly** iwitses *v*. **miss out on** fàlòn *v*. **miss repeatedly** ɨsaɨsáyées *v*. **miss the point** ɨsɛɛsa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **misscary repeatedly** iyétséyeés *v*. **missing (of an eye)** ɗooɲómòn *v*. **mission** ɲémíxòn *n*. **missionary** lɔʝɔkɔtáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **missive** béɗíbeɗú *n*.; bóɗíboɗú *n*.; ɲáɓáruwa *n*. **mist** ɡóʒòw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mistake** ɲasécón *n*.; ɲɔ́mɔkɔsá *n*. **mistake (make a)** hakonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **mistake for** ilotses *v*. **mistakenly** kèɗè *adv*. **mister** ámázeám *n*. **mistletoe** lɛ̂z *n*. **misuse** ɨɓalíɓálɛ́s *v*.; ɨlarɛs *v*.; ɨlwarɛs *v*. **mix** iɗyates *v*.; iɲales *v*.; ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɛ́s *v*.; itsulútsúlés *v*. **mix (grains)** ikáɗóés *v*. **mix (honey and termites)** ƙɛ́ƙɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **mix (porridge and mash)** toremes *v*. **mix in** ɗɔtsɛ́s *v*.; ɗɔtsɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ídulés *v*.; íduludulés *v*.

moron

**mix up** ɨmɔrímɔ́rɛ́s *v*. **mix up (confuse)** ilotses *v*. **mixed** ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ̀n *v*.; ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ́s *v*. **mixed up** ɨmɔrímɔ́rɔ́s *v*. **mixture** ɲalíɲalí *n*. **mixture of fat and meat (be a)** tsokótsókánón *v*. **moan** éɓútòn *v*.; ɛ́mítɔ̀n *v*.; émúròn *v*. **mob** ɲéɓúku *n*. **mobile** ɓɛƙɛsɔs *v*. **mobile phone** dʉrʉdʉr *n*.; ɲásím *n*. **mobilize** iríréetés *v*. **mobilizer** ìʉ̀ɗààm *n*. **mock** tɔʝɛmɛs *v*. **model** ikwáánitetés *v*. **modern building** ɲeryaŋíhò *n*. **modern society** ɲeryaŋ *n*. **modernity** ɲeryaŋ *n*. **moist** ɗɔ̀ƙɔ̀n *v*. **moist (become)** ɗɔƙɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **moisten** ɗɔƙítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨpápɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **moisture-resistant** pʉrákámòn *v*.; pʉráŋámòn *v*.; pʉsɛ́lɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **moisturize (skin)** ɨwasɛs *v*. **molar** tiróŋ *n*. **mold** lóburuʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲóróiroy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mole** ɲɛ́nʉkʉnʉ́kʉ *n*. **molecule** kiɗoɗots<sup>a</sup> *n*. **molest** tarates *v*. **molt** fòlòn *v*. **molting** ɗaráɗáránón *v*. **Monday** Ɲáɓarásà *n*.; Ɲákásíá kɔ̀nìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **money** kaûdz<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋárɔpɨyá *n*. **money tree** kaûdz<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mongoose (dwarf)** múɗèr *n*.

**mongoose (Egyptian)** mútèts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mongoose (gray)** mútèts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mongoose (slender)** sílɔlɔ́ʝ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **mongoose (white-tailed)** lóɓíliwás *n*. **moniliasis** losúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **monitor** ɨfátɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **monkey (colobus)** ɲɛ́cʉma *n*. **monkey (female)** ɔɡɛraŋwa *n*. **monkey (male)** ɔ̀ɡɛ̀r *n*. **monkey (patas)** koliméw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **monkey (vervet)** kaɗokóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **monocular vision (have)** ɗooɲómòn *v*. **monotonous** itópénòn *v*. **monster** ɲaŋu *n*. **monster (of a)** kébàdà *n*.; nábàdà *n*.; nébàdà *n*. **month** aráɡwan *n*. **month of bad honey** Lotséto *n*. **month of honey** Nakaɓinín *n*. **month of weeding** Lɔɓalɛl *n*. **moo** erutánón *v*. **moo!** buúù *ideo*. **mooch** lɛŋɛ́s *v*. **moocher** lɛŋɛ́síàm *n*. **mooching** olíɓó *n*. **moody** kwits'íkwíts'ánón *v*. **moon** aráɡwan *n*. **moon (full)** aráɡwaníékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **moon (new)** aráɡwaníɛ́bɨtín *n*. **more** kúbam *n*.; sa *pro*. **more than** ɨlɔɛs *v*. **moreover** naɓó *coordconn*.; toni naɓó *n*. **morning** barats<sup>a</sup> *n*. **morning glory** lòɓòlìà *n*. **moron** bóx *n*.; ɨɓááŋàsìàm *n*.

move in

**morrow** barats<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mortar** iwóts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲómóta *n*. **mortar bottom** iwótsíɔ̀z *n*. **mortar mouth** iwótsíàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mosquito** kímʉ́r *n*. **mosquito (small)** tsorokoní *n*. **most likely** kárɨká *adv*. **mote** símíɗiɗí *n*. **motel** epúáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mother (his/her/its)** ŋwáát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mother (my)** yáŋ *n*. **mother (your)** ŋɔ́*n*. **mother-in-law (her)** dádàt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mother-in-law (his)** ntsíémetá *n*. **mother-in-law (his/her sibling's spouse's mother)** ŋwáátìɲòt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mother-in-law (my sibling's spouse's mother)** yáŋìɲòt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mother-in-law (my, of men)** ɲ́ciemetá *n*. **mother-in-law (my, of women)** dadáŋ *n*. **mother-in-law (of men)** emetá *n*. **mother-in-law (your sibling's spouse's mother)** ŋɔ́ɲót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mother-in-law (your, of men)** biemetá *n*. **mother-in-law (your, of women)** dádò *n*. **motherhood** ŋwáátìnànès *n*. **motherliness** ŋwáátìnànès *n*. **motor** ɡúr *n*. **mottle** ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɛ́s *v*. **mottled** ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ̀n *v*.; ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ́s *v*. **mould** bɛrɛ́s *v*. **mound** ɨnʉkʉ́nʉ́kɛ́s *v*.; kìts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲatúkít<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**mount** otsés *v*. **mount (a beehive)** rɔ́ƙɛ́s *v*. **mount an offensive** iríɓéés *v*. **mount up** otsésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **mountain** kwar *n*. **mountain dweller** kwàrìkààm *n*. **mountain saddle** kwaréékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mountainside** rutet<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mountaintop** kwaráɡwarí *n*. **mourn** ilúrón *v*.; turúnón *v*. **mourner** turúnónìàm *n*. **mouse** ɗér *n*. **mouse species** naɓálámorú *n*. **mousebird (speckled)** tsówír *n*. **mouth** ak<sup>a</sup> *n*.; akɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mouth cover** ɲákáparat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **move** ɓɛƙɛ́s *v*.; dzuƙés *v*.; ɨlɔpɛs *v*.; ilotsesa zɛƙɔ́ ɛ *v*.; ɨsʉ́tɔ́n *v*.; rités *v*. **move (an object)** ɨsʉtɛs *v*. **move (emotionally)** tábès *v*. **move (migrate)** bòtòn *v*. **move after dark** buɗamés *v*. **move around** ɨlɨrɛs *v*.; ɨlɔmílɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; irímón *v*.; ɨwaríwárɛ́s *v*. **move around in** ɨlɔpílɔ́pɛ́s *v*. **move around repeatedly** ɨlɨrílírɛ́s *v*. **move aside** ècòn *v*.; èkòn *v*. **move away** botonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; dzuƙésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨsʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ritésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **move away on buttocks** dɔ́dɔrɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **move back** raʝánón *v*. **move blindly** ɓɛƙɛ́sá buɗámík<sup>e</sup> *v*. **move down** kídzìmòn *v*. **move emotionally** kʉpɛ́s *v*. **move in** ínésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; toƙízeesá así *v*.; toƙízèètòn *v*.; zɛƙwɛ́tɔ́n *v*.

**move in single file** ɨʝíílɔ̀n *v*.; tɔɗʉ́pɔ́n *v*.; torópón *v*. **move off** ɨsʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **move on all fours** tolíón *v*. **move on buttocks** dɔ́dɔ̀rɔ̀n *v*. **move oneself rhythmically** ɨtɨnítínɛ́sá así *v*. **move out** ritetés *v*. **move past** ɓʉ̀nɔ̀n *v*. **move quickly** ikómóòn *v*. **move rhythmically** ɨtɨnítínɛ́s *v*. **move slowly** inípónòn *v*. **move straight** ɨɗírírɔ̀n *v*. **move this way** botétón *v*.; dzuƙetés *v*.; ɨsʉtɛtɛ́s *v*. **move to a point** irídòn *v*. **move together** toríkínós *v*. **move up and down alternately** iyopíyópòn *v*. **movement (migration)** bot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **movie** kúrúkúríka ni ɓɛƙɛ́s *n*.; ɲévíɗyo *n*. **mow** ɨɗɛtɛs *v*.; ɨrɛʝɛs *v*. **much** iruɓes *v*. **muchomo** kɔr *n*. **mucilage** ɗòs *n*. **muck** dɔ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **muck things up** nts'áƙóna sèrèìk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **mucus** ɗɔ̀ƙɔ̀n *n*.; ɲarʉ́kʉ́m *n*. **mucus (cervical)** ɡaɗár *n*. **mucus (dried)** dɔ̀x *n*. **mud** dɔ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **mud (plaster)** tanaŋes *v*. **muddled talk** dɔ́bàtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **mudflap** fɔ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **mudslide** bɔ̀rɔ̀ts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; dìdìàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **muffler** ts'údemucé *n*.

**mug** ɲámáƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Muganda** Ŋímúɡanɗáéàm *n*. **mull over** ɲɛɓɛ́s *v*.; tamátámatés *v*.; tamítámiés *v*. **multi-patterned** mɛrɨmɛ́ránètòn *v*. **multiplicity** komás *n*. **multiply** bɨtɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; bɨtɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; komítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **multiply oneselves** komitésá así *v*. **multitude** kom *n*.; ɲerípírìp<sup>a</sup> *n*.; òdìòs *n*.; tʉ̀mɛ̀ɛ̀ *n*. **multitudinous** kòmòn *v*. **mumble (food)** iŋulúŋúlés *v*. **munch happily** ɨlʉ́mʉ́lʉ́mɛ́s *v*. **munchy** haʉ́dɔ̀n *v*. **murder** ɨɗɛɛs *v*. **murder (many)** sáɓés *v*. **murder (singly)** cɛɛ́s *v*.; cɛɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **murder each other** ɨɗáínɔ́s *v*. **murder repeatedly** ɨɗaiyes *v*. **murderer** sèààm *n*. **murderer (of many)** sáɓésìàm *n*. **murderer (singly)** cɛɛsíám *n*. **murky** kaɓúrútsánón *v*. **murmur** ídʉlɨdʉlɛ́sa tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*.; ɨŋʉrʉ́ŋʉ́rɔ̀n *v*. **Musa species** ɲómototó *n*. **muscle** em *n*. **muscle (abdominal)** ɲákwálɨkwal *n*. **muscle (cowl)** ɲálaƙamáít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **muscle (external oblique)** ɲɔpɔl *n*. **muscle (intercostal)** kileleɓú *n*. **muscle (mylohyoid)** mukét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **muscle (perineal)** ɲalamatsar *n*.; ɲekiɗoŋit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **muscle (plantaris)** ƙóróèm *n*. **muscle (rhomboid)** ɲɛ́sílɨsɨl *n*. **muscle (sacral)** ɲɛtsɨr *n*.

**muscle twitching** bàɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**mush (meal)** ɨlɨram *n*.; tɔbɔŋ *n*.; tʉɗʉtam *n*.

**mushily** bùr *ideo*.; dàb<sup>u</sup> *ideo*.; dùl *ideo*.; dùx *ideo*.

**mushroom** kɨnám *n*.

**mushroom (dik-dik)** ɲólíkɨnám *n*.

**mushroom (elephant)** oŋorikɨnám *n*.

**mushroom species** lɔmɔ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋíɓalɛl *n*.; ŋits'e *n*.

**mushy** burádòn *v*.; dabúdòn *v*.; dulúdòn *v*.; duxúdòn *v*.

**Muslim** tuɗúlónìàm *n*.

**must** ɨtámáánón *v*.

**must have … (earlier today)** nábàts<sup>e</sup> *adv*.

**must have … (long ago)** nánòk<sup>o</sup> *adv*.

**must have … (yesterday)** násàm *adv*.

**muster** iríréetés *v*.

**mute** mìɲɔ̀n *v*.

**mutilate** ɨɛmíɛ́mɛ́s *v*.

**mutter** ídʉlɨdʉlɛ́sa tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*.

**mutton** ɗóɗòèm *n*.

**muzzle (of weapon)** akɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**my** ŋ́k <sup>a</sup> *pro*.

**my cousin child** totóìm *n*.

**my friend** nádzàƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**myopic** mumúánón *v*.

**myself** ɲ́cìnèb<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**mythical beast** ɲaŋu *n*.

**nah** ńtóodó *interj*.; ńtóondó *interj*.

**nail** ɡóɡès *v*.; ɲɔ́sʉmár *n*.

**nail (finger)** tíbòlòkòɲ *n*.

**nailrod** ìsìk<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**naive** ɨɓááŋɔ̀n *v*.

**naivete** ɨɓááŋàs *n*.

**naked** ilérón *v*.; lemúánètòn *v*.; leŋúrúmòn *v*.; sɨlɔ́ʝɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; tuɗúsúmòn *v*.

**naked (totally)** wɛ̀r *ideo*.

**name** êd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kʉ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; óés *v*.

**name (hill/mountain)** Aŋatár *n*.; Aŋolekók<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Cùcùèìk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Curuk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Curukúdɛ̀ *n*.; Ɗʉmánámérìx *n*.; Dímánìàk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Dúnémorók<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Gàlàts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Gomóíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Góʒòwìk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ìmɛ̀r *n*.; Iwar *n*.; Kaacikóy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Kaakámár *n*.; Kaatíríám *n*.; Kaɓʉ́tákurí *n*.; Kádzàn *n*.; Kakaɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Kàkʉ̀tà *n*.; Kàlèànàŋìrò *n*.; Kàlèwèr *n*.; Kalɔbɛɲɛ́ɲ *n*.; Kaloŋoléárɛ́ŋan *n*.; Kamɔ́rɔ́mɔrát<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Kanamútó *n*.; Kanatárúk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Kàpɛ̀tà *n*.; Kapɛtapʉ́s *n*.; Karéɲaŋ *n*.; Karʉmɛmɛ́ *n*.; Kátárʉkɔ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; Katsakól *n*.; Katsolé *n*.; Kàxìɛ̀rà *n*.; Keepák<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Kɛ́tɛ́l *n*.; Kilóróŋ *n*.; Kɔ́cɔ́kɨɔ *n*.; Kocom *n*.; Kòfòè *n*.; Kókósowa *n*.; Kɔ̀pàkwàr *n*.; Kotorúbé *n*.; Kùɓààw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Kʉráhò *n*.; Laatso *n*.; Lɔbɛɛ́l *n*.; Lɔcáráƙwat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Locom *n*.; Lɔcɔ́ríàlɔ̀sìà *n*.; Lɔ́ɗɔ́wɔ̀n *n*.; Lɔɗʉ́r *n*.; Lɔkaaƙɨlɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lòkìlè *n*.; Lokinéne *n*.; Lokipáka *n*.; Lɔkɨtɔ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔkwakaramɔ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔ́mɛ́ʝ a *n*.; Loméríɗok<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔmíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔ́mɨl *n*.; Lomoɗóɲ *n*.; Lɔɲákw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔ́ŋʉ́sʉl *n*.; Loocíkwa *n*.; Lɔɔɗíŋ *n*.; Lòòɗòs *n*.; Looɗóy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lopéɗó *n*.; Lɔpɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lopokók<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lopúwà *n*.; Lɔ̀sɛ̀rà *n*.; Lósíl *n*.; Lòsòlìà *n*.; Lotim *n*.; Lotíyá *n*.; Lòtsòròɓò *n*.; Loukómor *n*.; Lowákuʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Mɔƙɔrɔ́ɡwàs *n*.; Morúaɲáo *n*.; Moruaŋákiné *n*.; Morúaŋápɨɔn *n*.; Moruaŋípi *n*.; Morúaŋítà *n*.; Morúápólón *n*.; Morúárɛ́ŋán *n*.; Morúatap<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Morúédikay<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Morúéris *n*.; Morukoyan *n*.; Morúlem *n*.; Morúɲaŋ *n*.; Morúŋole *n*.; Mùƙè *n*.; Ŋasɛp<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ŋusuman *n*.; Náápoŋo *n*.; Naɡomocóm *n*.; Naiɗíɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Náìtà *n*.;

Náɨtáy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Nakaɗapaláít<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Nakalalé *n*.; Nakíríkɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; Nàkòrìtààw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Nakɔrɔɗɔ́ *n*.; Naŋóléɓok<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Napitiro *n*.; Napóroto *n*.; Narúkyeɲ *n*.; Nasurukéɲ *n*.; Natípem *n*.; Natsíátà *n*.; Naʉrat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Nawáɗow<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɲakwác<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɲèràdzòɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɲèràtàɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɔrɔ́m *n*.; Ɔ́pʉs *n*.; Paalakán *n*.; Páɗɛ̀rɛ̀hò *n*.; Palúùkùɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Pílíkìts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Pútá *n*.; Rɔ́ɡɛ̀hò *n*.; Ròŋòt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Sààŋìròàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Seɡeríkwár *n*.; Séíkwàr *n*.; Séítíníkokór *n*.; Sɛkɛɗíáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Soƙoɡwáás *n*.; Tsakɨrɨk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Tsakúdèɓò *n*.; Tsíɡàk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Tsɔŋɔ́rán *n*.; Tsɔ́ráàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Taɓákókór *n*.; Tòlòyà *n*.; Tòòrwààk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Tutét<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**name (personal)** Acók<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Acúkwa *n*.; Àɗùpà *n*.; Aemun *n*.; Akaɗéérót<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Akɔl *n*.; Akóóro *n*.; Akúɗúkori *n*.; Apáálokiɓúk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Apáálokúk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Apáálomúƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Apáálòŋìrò *n*.; Apáásiá *n*.; Apérít<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Apʉs *n*.; Aramasán *n*.; Aríkó *n*.; Áryánkòrì *n*.; Asiróy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ceɡem *n*.; Ɗɔan *n*.; Dakáy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɛ́kìtɛ̀là *n*.; Erupe *n*.; Gutí *n*.; Íʝéekw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ilʉ́kɔ́l *n*.; Irwátà *n*.; Itírá *n*.; Ìʉ̀ɗà *n*.; Kali *n*.; Kalɨmapʉ́s *n*.; Kalɔyáŋ *n*.; Kawes *n*.; Kinimé *n*.; Kocí *n*.; Kɔɛ́s *n*.; Kɔkɔ́ *n*.; Kokóy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Koríye *n*.; Koroɓé *n*.; Koryaŋ *n*.; Kɔsɔŋ *n*.; Kúrúlè *n*.; Kʉsɛ́m *n*.; Kʉwám *n*.; Lemú *n*.; Loɓúɓúwo *n*.; Lɔcám *n*.; Lɔcáp<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Locíyo *n*.; Locóm *n*.; Locómín *n*.; Lɔɡyɛ́l *n*.; Loíkí *n*.; Lóʝérè *n*.; Lokapel *n*.; Lɔ̀kàts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lokauwa *n*.; Lokéɲériɓɔ *n*.; Lɔkíʝʉká *n*.; Lókírù *n*.; Lɔkɔl *n*.; Lɔ̀kʉ̀ɗà *n*.; Lɔkʉwám *n*.; Lokwaŋ *n*.; Lolém *n*.; Lɔmɛ́r *n*.; Lomoŋin *n*.; Lɔmɔ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔmʉ́ɲɛ́n *n*.; Lómúrìà *n*.; Lomutsú *n*.; Loɲá *n*.; Loɲáŋálem *n*.; Lɔ̀ɲàŋàsʉ̀wà *n*.; Loŋóle *n*.; Lòŋòlè *n*.; Loŋólépalɔ́r *n*.; Loŋólì *n*.; Lopeleméri *n*.; Lopéyók<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lopíè *n*.; Lopúsór *n*.; Lópúwà *n*.; Lorukuɗe *n*.; Losíke *n*.; Losíroy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lotsul *n*.; Lɔ̀tʉ̀ɗɔ̀ *n*.; Lotuk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lotukéy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lotyaŋ *n*.; Lourien *n*.; Loyaŋorok<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lúkà *n*.; Maarʉk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Mamʉkíria *n*.; Máríkò *n*.; Matéò *n*.; Matsú *n*.; Moɗiŋ *n*.; Moɗó *n*.; Ŋiriko *n*.; Ŋoya *n*.; Nacapíò *n*.; Naɗóóɲ *n*.; Nàɗù *n*.; Nakíŋa *n*.; Nákírù *n*.; Nakɔŋ *n*.; Nakyéɲ *n*.; Namɔ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*.; Naŋetéɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Náŋólì *n*.; Nápíyò *n*.; Napoliso *n*.; Narót<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Nátɔmɛ́ *n*.; Natsapúó *n*.; Natsíámu *n*.; Nàwà *n*.; Nayaón *n*.; Ɲáɓáts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɲáɓoliɡúr *n*.; Ɲakalees *n*.; Ɲákamʉ *n*.; Ɲákáy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɲálem *n*.; Ɲaŋasir *n*.; Ɲaŋorok<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɲékuɗuɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɲéléle *n*.; Ɲɛlɛtsa *n*.; Ɲémuƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɲɛpʉlɔ *n*.; Ɲétayoŋ *n*.; Ɲókoɗós *n*.; Ɲoŋoleɓók<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɲɔ́rɔ́cɔm *n*.; Océn *n*.; Ɔŋɔr *n*.; Pelén *n*.; Píipí *n*.; Pʉlʉkɔ́l *n*.; Rúfa *n*.; Saŋaɲ *n*.; Sɛʉsɛ́w<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Silóy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Síré *n*.; Suɡur *n*.; Tsɨlá *n*.; Tekó *n*.; Timatéw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Títò *n*.; Tɔ̀kɔ̀b <sup>a</sup> *n*.; Topér *n*.; Tówotó *n*.; Yakóɓò *n*.; Yarán *n*.; Yoánà *n*.

**name (place)** Árápííʝí *n*.; Ɓèlèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɓets'oniicékíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Bɔ̀rɔ̀tsààk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Buɗámóniicékíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Burukáy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Caalíím *n*.; Ɗàsòƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɗìɗèàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɗómòk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Dímán *n*.; Gàràʝìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Icékíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ilúúkori *n*.; Irikakokor *n*.; Isókóìàƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Íwá *n*.; Íwɔlɔ́*n*.; J'àòàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Kaaɓɔ́ŋ *n*.; Káákuma *n*.; Kaaláɓè *n*.; Kaehíƙɔ́ *n*.; Kaɨkɛm *n*.; Kaɨkɔ́ɓà *n*.; Kámíón *n*.; Kanarɔ́ *n*.; Kapalú *n*.; Kapísima *n*.; Kàsìlè *n*.; Kawalakɔ́l *n*.; Kiɓíc<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Koror *n*.; Kʉ́ràìàƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Kùrùmò *n*.; Kwarikabubúík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɛ̀rààƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔɓʉrák<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Locóto *n*.; Lóɗwàr *n*.; Lòìtà *n*.; Lokicókio *n*.; Lɔkíŋɔ́l *n*.; Lɔkɨtɛlɛ́ɛ́lɔɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔ́kɔ̀l *n*.; Lòkòrìkìpì *n*.; Lɔ́kʉ́rʉ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; Loƙúm *n*.; Lɔlɛ́líà *n*.; Lolítsíàƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔmálɛ́r *n*.; Lomataŋaáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔpɛlɨpɛl *n*.; Loporukɔlɔ́ŋ *n*.; Lɔrɛŋ *n*.; Loriɓóɓó *n*.; Losíroíáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Losor *n*.; Lotíɲam *n*.;

Lotirém *n*.; Lɔtɔ́ƙíkààw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔtɔlɛ́r *n*.; Loúsúnà *n*.; Loyóro *n*.; Morícoro *n*.; Móróɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ŋʉrak<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Náápoŋo *n*.; Nacákʉ́nɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; Nakalelé *n*.; Naɔyakíŋɔ́l *n*.; Natɔ́rɔ́kɔkítɔ́ *n*.; Nayapan *n*.; Ɲálámʉɲɛna *n*.; Òŋòrìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Òŋòrìpàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Píré *n*.; Rɔ́ƙɔ́dɛ̀ *n*.; Sèɡààw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Siƙák<sup>e</sup> *n*.; Ts'aɗíáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Tsùtsùkààw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Takaniƙʉlɛ́ *n*.; Tasapetíáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Teɓur *n*.; Tɔrɔŋɔ́ *n*.; Tulútúl *n*.; Wús *n*.

**name (river)** Cakalatɔ́m *n*.; Cerûb<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Ɗóɗò *n*.; Dìdìàk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Dímánìàk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Dɔ́dɔ̀f *n*.; Dúlél *n*.; Gɔrɨs *n*.; Íbotokok<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Iraf *n*.; Iryɔ́kɔ́ *n*.; Ísɛ́ *n*.; Iwam *n*.; Ƙolomúsábá *n*.; Kàƙòlò *n*.; Kàlɔ̀ʝɔ̀kɛ̀ɛ̀s *n*.; Kalɔtʉ́kɔ́ *n*.; Kaloturum *n*.; Kalouwan *n*.; Kámíónòàk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Kanaɗáp<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Kanákɛ́rɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Kaɲíkààl *n*.; Kàrɛ̀ŋà *n*.; Katoposiɲaŋ *n*.; Kátɔ́rɔ̀sà *n*.; Katsakól *n*.; Kátsápeto *n*.; Kàwàlɛ̀ɛ̀s *n*.; Kéékoŋa *n*.; Kerûb<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Kiɗorinamót<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Kɔ́cɔ́kɨɔ *n*.; Kumet<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔɓɔsɔɔŋɔ́r *n*.; Lɔcɔ́ríàlɔ̀sìà *n*.; Lɔɗʉ́r *n*.; Lɔɨsíká *n*.; Lɔɨtánɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lòkààpèlòt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔkasaŋatɛ́ *n*.; Lòkìlè *n*.; Lokipáka *n*.; Lɔkɨtɔ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔkʉ́ma *n*.; Lóloy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lɔmaaníkɔ *n*.; Lɔmacarɨwárɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lómìl *n*.; Lɔŋása *n*.; Lɔɔsɔ́m *n*.; Loteteleít<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Lòtsòròɓò *n*.; Meletisabá *n*.; Mɔƙɔ́rík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Mukulit<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Mʉtʉ́ nan *n*.; Nakamemeot<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Nakoɗíle *n*.; Nàkwàŋà *n*.; Namerí *n*.; Namétúròn *n*.; Namórú *n*.; Naŋóléɓok<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Napitiro *n*.; Natɔkɔ́ɔ́ŋɔr *n*.; Natsuƙúl *n*.; Natʉrʉkan *n*.; Nòf *n*.; Ɲerasabá *n*.; Ɲɔrɔbat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Oŋorisabá *n*.; Oŋórîz *n*.; Óríɓò *n*.; Óríɓosabá *n*.; Pakósábà *n*.; Palú *n*.; Popá *n*.; Puɗápúɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Sabaa Damán *n*.; Saloloŋ *n*.; Saŋar *n*.; Sɛkɛɗíáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Sɛkɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Síɔ̀ɔ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; Sɔ́ɡɛsabá *n*.; Tsakúdèɓò *n*.; Tamateeɓon *n*.; Tíríkɔ̀l *n*.; Tòòrwààk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Turakwareekw<sup>a</sup> *n*.;

Tùrùmàrààk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **name a newborn** óésa édie imá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **name of honor** éda na moranâd<sup>e</sup> *n*. **nanny (goat)** rieŋwa *n*. **nape (of neck)** fètìfèt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **nape of neck (fatty)** nìtsìnìts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Napore person** Kàrɛ̀ŋààm *n*.; Ŋíkátapʉ́ám *n*.; Nàpɔ̀rɛ̀ààm *n*.; tɔbɔŋɔ́ám *n*. **nappy** ets'íƙwâz *n*. **narrate** isíséés *v*. **narrative** emut<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲáɗís *n*. **narrator** emútíkààm *n*.; isíséésíàm *n*. **narrow** ɨɗíŋɔ́n *v*.; ɨrɨɗɔs *v*.; riɗímétòn *v*.; rɔ́ƙɔ́rɔƙánón *v*. **narrow (of an opening)** tɨɨts'ímɔ̀n *v*. **nasal bridge** sarɨsar *n*. **nasty** itútsón *v*.; ŋorótsánón *v*. **nation** kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **native** áméda kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **nature** kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **naughty** tarates *v*. **naughty (habitually)** taratiés *v*. **nauseated** iláƙízòn *v*.; talóón *v*. **navel** ƙɔ̀ɓ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **navel hair** ƙɔ̀ɓàsìts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **near** ɦyɔtɔ́ɡɔ̀n *v*.; ɨtɔ́mɔ́n *v*. **near death** inunúmétòn *v*. **near maturity (of grain)** titímóonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **near to each another** ɦyɔtɔ́ɡɨmɔ́s *v*. **nearby** ɦyàtàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **nearly ripe** bɔ́ŋɔ́n *v*. **neb** loɓôz *n*. **necessary** ɨtámáánón *v*. **neck** ɦyʉƙʉm *n*. **neckband** ɦyʉƙʉma ƙwázà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **neckbone** bɔkɔ́s *n*.; ɦyʉƙʉmʉ́ɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*.

**neckrest** kàràts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **neckring (metal)** ɦyʉƙʉmʉ́tsírím *n*. **necktie** ɲátáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **necktie (money-keeping)** ɲɛƙɨl *n*. **necrophilist** tirésíama ts'óóniicé *n*. **necrotize** iɗéɗéŋés *v*. **nectar** ɨɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **need** bɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*. **needle** mʉtʉ *n*.; ɲɛ́sɨnɗán *n*. **needle (knitting)** ɲɛ́sɨlɨɓá *n*. **needle-thin** tɨwídɔ̀n *v*. **needle-thinly** tìw *ideo*. **neglect** balɛ́s *v*.; balɛtɛ́s *v*.; hakaikés *v*.; ɨlaʝíláʝɛ́s *v*. **neglect (property)** ɨsɔ́ɓɔ́lɛ́s *v*. **neglect oneself** balɛ́sá así *v*. **neglected** hakaikós *v*. **negligent** ɨtátsámánón *v*. **negotiate** ɗɔtsɛtɛ́sá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **neighbor** ɨtɔ́mɔ́nìàm *n*.; ŋƙáƙínósíàm *n*.; narúétìàm *n*. **neighbor (agreer)** tsámʉ́nɔtɔ́síàm *n*. **neighbor (close)** ɦyɔtɔ́ɡɔ̀nìàm *n*. **neighbor (sharer)** tɔ̀mɔ̀rààm *n*. **neighbor each other** narúétinós *v*. **neighborhood** narúét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **neighbors (be)** ɨtɔ́mʉ́nɔ́s *v*. **Neotonia wightii** simísímàt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **nephew (her husband's sibling's son)** ntsínámúíìm *n*. **nephew (his brother's son)** ntsíím *n*. **nephew (his/her brother's son)** leatíím *n*. **nephew (his/her sister's son)** yeatíím *n*. **nephew (my brother's son)** ɛdéìm *n*.; ɲ́cììm *n*.

**nephew (my husband's sibling's son)** ɲ́cinamúíìm *n*. **nephew (my sister's son)** yeáìm *n*. **nephew (sororal)** momó *n*. **nephew (your brother's son)** biím *n*.; léóím *n*. **nephew (your husband's sibling's son)** binamúíìm *n*. **nephew (your sister's son)** yáóím *n*. **nephew-in-law (his/her child's spouse's brother)** ntsíɲótàìm *n*. **nephew-in-law (my child's spouse's brother)** ɲ́cìɲòtàìm *n*. **nephew-in-law (your child's spouse's brother)** biɲótáìm *n*. **nerve** ŋísɨl *n*. **nervous** rukurúkón *v*. **nest** ɡwáho *n*. **net (trap)** sáɡòsìm *n*. **net-trapping** sâɡw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **network (cellular)** ɲénétìwàk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; suɡur *n*. **never** ʝɨkî *adv*.; mʉ̀kà *adv*.; tsʉ̀tᶶ *adv*. **never-ending** rítsírɨtsánón *v*. **new** erútsón *v*. **new (of foliage)** ɨlíɓɔ́n *v*. **new (plant growth)** lìtɔ̀n *v*. **new thing** ŋípyà *n*. **news** emut<sup>a</sup> *n*.; emútík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲéripót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **next** tɔtʉ́pɔ́n *v*. **next (be the)** mɨtɔna ɗíɛ́tûb<sup>a</sup> *v*. **next (time)** táá *adv*. **next to** ɨɓákɔ́n *v*.; ɨtɔ́mɔ́n *v*. **next to (move)** ɨɓákɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **next to each other** ɨɓákínɔ́s *v*.; ɨtɔ́mʉ́nɔ́s *v*. **next year** kaɨnɔ na táà *n*.; kɛɨnats<sup>a</sup> *n*.


**night-walker** ɓɛƙɛ́síama mukú *n*. **nightjar** bóx *n*. **nighttime** mukú *n*. **nighty-night!** bubú *nurs*. **nimble** pɔɗɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **nimbly** pɔ̀ɗ ɔ *ideo*. **nine** tude ńda kiɗi ts'aɡús *num*. **nine o'clock** ɲásáatɨkaa aɗátìk<sup>e</sup> *n*. **nineteen** toomíní ńda kiɗi túde ńda kiɗi ts'aɡús *n*. **ninety** toomínékwa túde ńda kiɗi ts'aɡús *n*. **nipple** ídòkàts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **nit(s)** ɨnak<sup>a</sup> *n*. **no** ńtóodó *interj*.; ńtóondó *interj*. **no-no!** kɔkɔ́*nurs*. **nocturnal emission** ɗír *n*. **nod** itéƙítéƙés *v*. **nod off** ɨlʉ́zɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **noise** nɔ̀s *n*. **noise (make a)** arútónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **noise (make)** arútón *v*. **noise (make, of a vehicle)** fútón *v*. **noisy** ilélémùòn *v*. **nomad** botibotosíám *n*. **nomadic** botibotos *v*. **nominate for office** wasɨtɛs *v*.; wasítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **nomination** was *n*. **nominee** wasɔ́ám *n*. **non-governmental organization** lɔʝɔkɔtáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; toráƙádòs *n*. **nonchalant** faɗétón *v*. **nonsense** dɔ́bàtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɨɓááŋàsìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **noon** ikáɡwaríìk<sup>e</sup> *n*.; ódoo bɨrɨr *n*. **normal (return to)** xɔ́dɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **north** kɔ́ɔ́kwar<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*.; nɔ́ɔ́kwar<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*.

obvious

**North America** Amérìkà *n*.; Ɓets'oniicékíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **northerly direction** ɡwárixan *dem*. **northerner** kɔ́ɔ́kwarɔ́ám *n*. **northward** kɔ́ɔ́kwar<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **nose** aƙat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **nosebleed (have a)** ƙòlòn *v*. **nosebone** aƙatíɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **nostril** aƙat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; aƙatíékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **not** eʝá *adv*.; máa *adv*.; mòò *adv*.; ńtá *adv*. **not be** beníón *v*.; bɛnɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **not be (somewhere)** bɨrɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **not enough** ɡàɗɔ̀n *v*. **not full** kíón *v*. **not make sense** ɗɛ̀ƙwɔ̀n *v*. **not sit well** ts'ábès *v*. **not there** bɨrɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **not yet be** sárón *v*. **notch** ɨsɛɓɛs *v*.; ɨtɛɓɛs *v*. **notch (ears)** tɔmʉɲɛs *v*.; topones *v*. **notch (jugular)** tɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **notched** ɨsɛɓɔs *v*. **note (monetary)** kaúdzokabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲónót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **notice** ewanes *v*.; ewanetés *v*. **novelty** ŋípyà *n*. **November** Kawés *n*.; Loipo *n*. **now** nápáka na *adv*.; názɛ̀ƙwà *n*.; ts'ɔ̀ɔ̀ *adv*. **now now!** tíɔ̀ *interj*.; tíɔ ʝɔ́ɔ̀ *interj*. **nowadays** ódowicíkó nì *n*.; ódowicíkó nì kɔ̀nà *n*. **nude** ilérón *v*.; lemúánètòn *v*.; leŋúrúmòn *v*.; tuɗúsúmòn *v*. **nugget** ɡwas *n*. **numb (of body parts)** ɨmʉ́nʉ́kʉ̀kʉ̀ɔ̀n *v*.

**number** ɨmaarɛ́s *v*.; ɲánamɓá *n*. **number (large)** tʉ̀mɛ̀ɛ̀ *n*. **numbered** ɨmaarɔ́s *v*. **numbness (of body)** ɲɛ́mʉnʉkʉ́ *n*. **numerous** miƙídòn *v*. **numerously** mìƙⁱ *ideo*. **nun** ɓíkìrà *n*. **nurse** ɗakɨtárìàm *n*. **nurse (the sick)** maitetés *v*. **nurture (newborn)** tɔʉ́rʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **Nyangatom people** Ŋíóyatom *n*. **Nyangatom person** Ŋísaakɔ́lìàm *n*. **Nyang'ia language** Ŋíɲaŋíyátòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Nyang'ia person** Ŋíɲaŋíyáàm *n*. **nylon** náìlòn *n*. **obese** iɓutúɓútòn *v*. **obey** nesíbes *v*. **obey (habitually)** nesíbiés *v*. **object** kɔ́rɔ́ɓâd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **object (large)** òrìkìrìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **object (surveiled)** rɔtam *n*. **objects** kúrúɓâd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **obligation** amʉ́ts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **obliquely** ŋabér<sup>o</sup> *n*. **obliterate** ɨƙɔmɛs *v*. **oblong** sʉlʉ́tʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **obscure** ɨɲʉ́ɲʉ́ánón *v*. **observatory** dìyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **observe** tɨrɨfɛs *v*.; tɨrɨfɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɨtɨmɛs *v*. **observe (ceremony)** ɨnʉmʉ́nʉ́mɛ́s *v*.; ɨnʉ́nʉ́mɛ́s *v*. **obsessed with girls** iɲéráánón *v*. **obsessed with men** ɨɲɔ́táánón *v*. **obstinate** ɨɗíkílɔ̀n *v*. **obstruct** ɗɨnɛ́s *v*.; itítírés *v*. **obstructed** ɗɨnɔ́s *v*. **obvious** takánón *v*.

#### obviously

**obviously** tsábò *adv*. **occupy** ɔ́bɛ̀s *v*. **occur** ikásíìmètòn *v*.; itíyáìmètòn *v*. **ocean** ɲánam *n*. **ocher** ŋɔr *n*. **Ochna species** ɲéleɓuléɓu *n*. **October** Lɔlɔɓáy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Terés *n*. **odd jobs** ɲɛ́lɛ́ʝɨlɛʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **odd jobs (do)** ɨlɛʝílɛ́ʝɛ́s *v*. **odds with each other (be at)** ɗúlúnós *v*. **odor** ɔn *n*.; ɔnɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Oenanthe palustris** ŋálómóyá *n*. **of age** zòòn *v*. **off (kill)** ɨɗɛɛs *v*. **off (rotten)** masánón *v*. **off limits** itáléánón *v*.; itálóós *v*. **offend** risés *v*. **offender** ɲɔ́mɔkɔsáàm *n*.; tɛ́ŋɛ́rìàm *n*. **offense** tɛ́ŋɛ́r *n*. **offering (animal)** ɲapʉɔ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **offerings** meetésíicík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **office** ɲápís *n*. **officer** ŋurutiesíama tódà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **official** ŋurutiesíama mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **official (government)** ámázeáma ɲápukaní *n*.; túbesiama ɲápukání *n*. **offload a load** ɓuƙetésá botá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **offspring** kwats<sup>a</sup> *n*. **oh my God!** Ɲakuʝ<sup>a</sup> *interj*. **oh my goodness** hóítá kwí *interj*. **oh my wordǃ** hóítá kwí *interj*. **oh!** ábaŋ *interj*.; té *interj*.; yáŋ *interj*. **oh, I see** nés *adv*. **oh, you mean** nés *adv*. **oil** ceím *n*.

**oil (seed)** útɔ̀ *n*. **oily** kùx *ideo*. **okay!** maráŋ *interj*. **okra** ɲɔlɔlɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **old** dúnésòn *v*.; kɔ̀wɔ̀n *v*.; zòòn *v*. **old (of many)** dunaakón *v*. **old man** ʝákám *n*. **old men** ʝák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **old people** dunaakóniik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **old person** dúnésìàm *n*. **old woman** dúnéìm *n*. **old-fashioned** kɔ̀wɔ̀n *v*. **oldness** zeís *n*. **Olea europaea (africana)** dèmìyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Olinia rochetiana** ɓets'akáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **omasum** ɲémékweɲ *n*. **on** ɡwaríédek<sup>e</sup> *n*. **on all fours** tíɡàkòn *v*. **on empty stomach** kùk<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **on foot** dɛ̀ìk<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **on that day** ódeedóó *n*. **on the feet** dɛ̀ìkà<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **on the legs** dɛ̀ìkà<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **on the move** ɓɛƙɛsɔs *v*. **on the way** múkò *n*. **on top** ɡwaríédek<sup>e</sup> *n*. **once** kɔn<sup>ɔ</sup> *num*. **once and for all** kɔ́nítɨák<sup>e</sup> *pro*. **once upon a time** kónító ódòwì *n*. **one** kɔ̀n *num*.; kɔ̀nɔ̀n *v*. **one (make into)** kɔnítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **one at a time** kóníátìk<sup>e</sup> *v*.; kóníón *v*. **one day** kónító ódòwì *n*.; na tsóíta kɔní *n*. **one o'clock** ɲásáatɨkaa tudátie ńda kiɗi léɓèts<sup>e</sup> *n*.

**one time** kɔn<sup>ɔ</sup> *num*. **one-by-one** kóníátìk<sup>e</sup> *v*.; kóníón *v*. **onion** ɲékuduŋƙúru *n*. **only** ɛɗá *adv*. **onward** wàxìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **ooze** tɔfɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **opaque (thick)** tìnòn *v*. **open** bɔrɔ́ɔ́n *v*.; bótsón *v*.; fotólón *v*.; ŋáɲámòn *v*.; ŋáɲɛ́s *v*.; ŋáɲɔ́s *v*.; ŋawíɔ́n *v*. **open (completely)** ùwòò *ideo*. **open fire on** ɗamatés *v*.; tɔƙʉmʉ́ƙʉ́mɛ́s *v*. **open up** tɛlɛɛs *v*. **open up (that way)** ŋáɲɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **open up this way** ŋaɲɛtɛ́s *v*. **open wide** hádoletés *v*. **open-topped** lɛɓɛ́ɲɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **opening** ak<sup>a</sup> *n*.; akɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **opening (center)** wɛ̀lèèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **opening (small)** wɛ̀l *n*. **operate on** hoés *v*.; hoetés *v*. **operating room** hoesího *n*. **operation (conduct an)** iríɓéés *v*. **operation (military)** ɲériɓá *n*. **operator** ŋíɗɛrɛpáìàm *n*. **oppose** ɨƙaíƙɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨƙáƙɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨƙáƙɛ́ɛtɛ́s *v*. **opposite side** jíjè *n*. **or** kèɗè *coordconn*.; kòrì *coordconn*. **OR (operating room)** hoesího *n*. **oracle** ɲakuʝíícíkáàm *n*. **orange** ɲámucúŋ́ƙà *n*. **orange drink** ɲɛ́kwɨɲcá *n*. **orbit** ɨríŋɔ́n *v*. **orchestrate** itukanitetés *v*.

**order** ɨɗɔ́bɛ̀s *v*.; ɨɗɔ́bɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨnábɛs *v*.; ɨnábɛtɛ́s *v*.; itíbès *v*.; itíbesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtsɨkɛs *v*. **order out** taŋasɛs *v*. **orders (for marching)** tàŋàs *n*. **organ fat** sábà *n*. **organization** máɗíŋ *n*.; ɲéɡurúf *n*. **organize** ɨɗɨmɛ́s *v*.; ɨɗɨmɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɗimiés *v*.; iɗimiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ipáŋƙeés *v*.; itukanitetés *v*. **organized** ɨɗɨmɔ́s *v*. **organizer** iɗimiesíàm *n*.; ìʉ̀ɗààm *n*. **organs (ritual)** ɲorópúò *n*. **orgasm (have an)** ɨrákɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **orgasmic (become)** ɛfɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **oribi** kɔtɔ́r *n*. **origin** itsyákétònìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Ormocarpum trichocarpum** mozokoɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **orphan** bɔnán *n*. **orphaned** ikókíánón *v*. **orphanhood** bɔnánés *n*. **oryx (Beisa)** tsarʉ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **oryx (male)** tènùs *n*. **oryx horn** tsarʉ́kʉ́ɛ̀b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **os temporale** bòsìɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **oscillate** iŋolíŋólés *v*. **ostrich** lèwèɲ *n*. **Osyris abyssinica** tsereɗeɗí *n*. **other(s)** kiɗíása *pro*. **otherwise** náa táà *subordconn*. **ouch!** aaii *interj*.; áí *interj*. **ought** ɨtámáánón *v*. **our (exclusive)** ŋɡw<sup>a</sup> *pro*. **our (inclusive)** ɲjín *pro*. **ours (exclusive)** ŋɡóɛ́n *pro*. **ours (inclusive)** ɲjíníɛ̀n *pro*. **ourselves (exclusive)** ŋɡónébitín *n*.

**ourselves (inclusive)** ɲjínínebitín *n*. **oust** ɨlɔ́líɛ́s *v*. **out (finished)** tɛ́zɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **out (of stars)** ʝʉ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **out of sight** kúbòn *v*.; lwàŋ *ideo*. **out of work** ɨlwárɔ́na teréɡù *v*. **out-of-joint (get)** ɓuumón *v*. **outbuilding** ɲésitó *n*. **outcrop** rikírík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **outcropping** kúc<sup>a</sup> *n*. **outcry** werets<sup>a</sup> *n*. **outdo** ɨlɔɛs *v*.; ɨlɔɛtɛ́s *v*.; ipíyéésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **outer part** kanɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **outer stomach** kɨrarap<sup>a</sup> *n*. **outfit** ɲéyúnìfòm *n*. **outhouse** ets'íhò *n*.; ɲótsorón *n*. **outlaw** mɛnáám *n*. **outmoded** kɔ̀wɔ̀n *v*. **outside** biy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; biyáxán *n*.; kànɛ̀dɛ̀k <sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **outsider** ámá na biyá<sup>e</sup> *n*.; ɦyɔ̀àm *n*.; kíʝíkààm *n*.; ŋíɓúkúìàm *n*.; ɲeɓúkúit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **oval** semélémòn *v*. **ovary** ɓiɓáhò *n*. **over here** nɔ́ɔ́na *dem*. **over there** kéda ke *dem*.; kéíta ke *dem*.; kíxána ke *n*.; kɔ́ɔ́kɛ *dem*. **overabundance (here)** níbàdà *n*. **overabundance (there)** kíbàdà *n*. **overall (skin)** kɔ́lɔ́ts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **overcast** kùpòn *v*. **overcast (become)** ɡobétón *v*. **overcast weather** kùpààƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **overcome** iloimétòn *v*.; ipíyéésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **overcrowd** ƙídzɛ̀s *v*. **overdo** taɗɛɛs *v*.

**overeat** iwótsóòn *v*.; ɲaɗésá ŋƙáƙá<sup>e</sup> *v*.; wɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **overflow** ɨlápɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **overfull** ɨsʉ́wɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **overgrown** sɔɓɔ́lɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; tsèkòn *v*. **overlook** hakaikés *v*.; ɨlaʝíláʝɛ́s *v*. **overlooked** hakaikós *v*. **overpower** itikes *v*. **override** ilotsesa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **overrun** ƙídzɛ̀s *v*. **oversee** ɨrɨtsɛ́s *v*. **oversleep** towúryánòn *v*. **overtake** ilaŋés *v*.; ɨsʉkɛs *v*.; rítsɛ́s *v*.; sʉ́kɛ́s *v*. **overthrown** rúmánònà kàràtsʉ̀ *v*. **overturn** bukures *v*.; bukúrésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; bukúrésuƙota así *v*.; buƙusítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɓéléés *v*.; iɓéléetés *v*.; iɓéléìmètòn *v*.; iɓélúkáìmètòn *v*.; iɓélúkéés *v*.; pukés *v*.; puketés *v*. **overturn away** pukésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **overweight** iɓutúɓútòn *v*. **overwhelm** kurés *v*.; kurésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **overwhelming (become)** kurósúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **ovum** ɓìɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ow!** aaii *interj*.; áí *interj*. **oware (game)** ɲékilelés *n*. **owl (African scops-)** ƙórór *n*. **owl (eagle-)** lófúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **owner** ámêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **owner (of land)** áméda kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **ox** râɡw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ox name** ráɡòèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ox plow** ɲɛ́mɛlɛkʉ́à nà ɦyɔ̀ɔ̀ <sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **ox song** ráɡòdìkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **oxpecker (red-billed)** dzàr *n*.

**Ozoroa insignis (reticulata)** mókol *n*. **pace off** ɨmaarɛ́sá dɛ̀ìkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **Pachycarpus schweinfurthii** lóúpè *n*. **pacify** ɨkanɛ́s *v*.; ɨkaníkánɛ́s *v*. **pack** ɨɗɨlɛs *v*.; ɨsɨkɛs *v*. **pack down** ɨɗɛŋɛs *v*. **pack down personally** ɨɗɛŋíɗɛ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **package** méy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **packed down** tɔrɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **packed down (become)** iɗéŋímètòn *v*. **packet** méy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **paddle** iƙures *v*. **paddle (spank)** ipíkéés *v*. **padlock** ɲékifúl *n*. **pagan** ŋíkafírìàm *n*. **pail** ɲáɓákɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛ́ɓákɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **pail (metal)** ɲépeelí *n*. **pain (cause sharp)** ɨrɛɓírɛ́ɓɛ́s *v*. **painful** dódòn *v*. **painfully** wìl *ideo*.; wìlìwìl *ideo*. **paint** ŋɔrɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɲáraŋɡí *n*.; tsáŋés *v*. **paintbrush** tsɨtsín *n*. **painted** tsáŋós *v*. **palate** aƙár *n*. **palate (cleft)** akáts'ɛ́a na pakós *n*. **palm (African fan)** ŋíɗʉkan *n*. **palm (African wild date)** lɔ̀kàtàt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **palm (Borassus)** ŋíɗʉkan *n*. **palm (of hand)** kwɛtááƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **palm tree species** ɲétenɗé *n*. **palpebra** ɡɔrɔ́x *n*. **palpitate** dìkwòn *v*. **pan** dóm *n*.; ɨlaƙɛs *v*.; ɨlaƙíláƙɛ́s *v*.; ɨláláƙɛ́s *v*.; ɲákaláát<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**pan (metal)** ɲásipiryá *n*.; ɲésipiriyá *n*.

**pan (small)** dómáìm *n*. **pan bottom** dómóɔ̀z *n*. **pancreas** lópey<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pandemonium** ɲɔ́ŋɔtsán *n*. **pandemonium (go into)** doʝánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; lɔŋɔanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **panel (solar)** ɲɔ́sɔ́la *n*. **panga** ɲápaŋká *n*. **pangolin** mɛkɛmɛkán *n*. **panic** doʝánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; lɔŋɔanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɲɔ́ŋɔtsán *n*. **Panicum maximum** òŋòrìkù *n*. **panties (pair of)** ɲekúrúm *n*. **pants (pair of)** ɲétorós *n*.; ɲótorós *n*. **papaya** ɲápaɨpáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **paper** kàbàɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲákaratás *n*. **paper (file)** ɲɛ́páìl *n*. **Pappea capensis** dzôɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **parable** taɗápítotós *n*. **parade** ɲéperét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tɛtsɛ́sá ɲéperétì *v*. **parade about** inésóòn *v*. **paraffin** ceím *n*. **paralyzed (from fear)** dodimórón *v*. **parasite** ƙʉts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **parasitic plant** lɛ̂z *n*. **parasitic plant species** ɲáɓús *n*.; tìlàlɛ̀z *n*. **parcel** taɲáléés *v*. **parcel out** ɨɲíɲínɛ́s *v*.; taɲáléetés *v*. **parch** mɔsɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **parched** mɔ̀sɔ̀n *v*.; paupáwón *v*. **parched (lightly)** mɔsímɔ́sɔ̀n *v*. **pardon** iƙenes *v*.; óɡoés *v*. **pare** ɨlɨmɛs *v*.; ɨpɛlɛs *v*. **pare down** ɨlɨmɛtɛ́s *v*. **parent** ƙwaatetésíàm *n*.

**parent-in-law** emetá *n*. **parent-in-law (his)** ntsíémetá *n*. **parent-in-law (my, of men)** ɲ́ciemetá *n*. **parent-in-law (your, of men)** biemetá *n*. **parenthesia (be in)** isálílòn *v*. **paresthesia (go into)** isálílètòn *v*. **parish** ɲápárìx *n*. **parish chief** ámázeáma ɲépárìxì *n*.; ɲékúŋut<sup>a</sup> *n*. **parish security officer** tsítsá na kwáts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **parking place** ɨnábɛ̀sìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **parrot** loki *n*. **parry** ɨɓatɛs *v*. **parry repeatedly** ɨɓatíɓátɛ́s *v*. **part** bácík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; xɔnɔ́ɔ́kɔn *n*. **part (back)** ʝírɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **part (body)** ɲekiner *n*. **part (inner)** áƙwɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **part (middle)** bakútsêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **part (straight, middle)** ɡòɡòròʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **part (top)** ɡwaríêd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; iked<sup>a</sup> *n*. **part ways** terémétòn *v*.; terémón *v*.; terémónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **participate** ɓuƙonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **particle** kiɗoɗots<sup>a</sup> *n*.; símíɗiɗí *n*. **partition** naƙʉ́lɛ́*n*. **party** iyóómètòn *v*.; ɲápáti *n*. **pass** ɨkɔɓɛs *v*.; ɨlámɔ́n *v*.; ilaŋés *v*.; ilúɲón *v*.; ilúɲónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pass (a test)** ɡórés *v*. **pass (time)** dzuƙés *v*. **pass a law** eɡésá ɨtsɨkɛsí *v*. **pass along here** ɨkɔɓɛtɛ́s *v*. **pass along there** ɨkɔ́ɓɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pass away** bitsétón *v*.

**pass by** ɓʉ̀nɔ̀n *v*.; ilúɲón *v*.; ilúɲónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pass by going** ɓʉnɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pass gas** fenétón *v*. **pass here via** ɨɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **pass off** iʝokes *v*.; iʝókésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pass on** iʝokes *v*.; iʝókésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pass on here** ɨkɔɓɛtɛ́s *v*. **pass on problems** iʝokesa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **pass on there** ɨkɔ́ɓɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pass out** rèŋòn *v*. **pass over** ɡórés *v*.; íɡorés *v*.; íɡorésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pass over a spear** ɡóriesá ɓɨsá<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **pass over repeatedly** ɡóriés *v*.; íɡoriés *v*. **pass round to each other** ɨkɔ́ɓínɔ́s *v*. **pass through** ɓuƙonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; pʉtʉ́mɔ́n *v*. **pass time** ɨtɛ́mɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **pass via** ɨɛ́bɛ̀s *v*.; ɨɛ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **passageway** wɛ̀l *n*. **passageway (center)** wɛ̀lèèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **passport** ɓɛƙɛ́síkabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kabaɗa na ɓɛƙɛ́sí *n*. **past (distant)** tsò *adv*. **paste** ilies *v*.; iliílíés *v*. **pasted** iliílíós *v*.; ilios *v*. **pastor** pásìtà *n*. **pasture** wà *n*.; waitetés *v*. **pat** iturútúrés *v*. **pat down** ɨnatsínátsɛ́s *v*.; tárábes *v*.; tárábiés *v*. **patch** rátsɛ́s *v*.; taɗapes *v*. **patch (bare)** ɲapatsole *n*. **patch (hard)** ɲapáyál *n*. **patch of cleared forest** tsɛ̀f *n*. **patch of grass** xʉram *n*. **patch repeatedly** rátsiés *v*. **patch up** taɗapetés *v*.

**patched** komolánón *v*.; koríánètòn *v*.; tábàsànètòn *v*.; taɗapos *v*. **pate** ikáɡwarí *n*. **patella** bùrùkùts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **path** muce *n*. **pathetic** pás *n*. **patheticness** pásìnànès *n*. **patients** mayaakóniik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **patriclan** àsàk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔ́dɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **paunch** ɡwàʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **paunchy** heɓúlúmòn *v*. **pause** ɨmɔ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; isíƙóòn *v*.; mɔ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **pawpaw** ɲápaɨpáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pay** taatses *v*. **pay (tax)** ƙúdès *v*. **pay a fine unjustly** taatsesa káwí *v*. **pay brideprice** buƙés *v*.; buƙetés *v*. **pay fine (for impregnation)** ɨtsʉlɛs *v*. **pay haphazardly** taatsesá bùɗàmàk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **pay in vain** taatsesa tsam *v*. **pay off** ɨlʉŋʉ́lʉ́ŋɛ́s *v*.; taatsésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pay out brideprice** buƙésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pay tax** taatsesa ɲéutsúrùⁱ *v*. **pay toward** tɔ́ƙɛ́s *v*. **payback (get)** ɲaŋésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **payment** tààts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **payment slip** taatsakabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **peace** ŋíkísila *n*.; ɲɛkɨsɨl *n*. **peace (make)** ɨsílítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **peaceful** ɨsílɔ́n *v*.; tisílón *v*. **peaceful (become)** ɨsílɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **peaceful person** ɨsílɔ́nìàm *n*. **peak** kwaráɡwarí *n*. **peanut(s)** ɲépulé *n*.; taráɗá *n*.

**pebble** ɡwas *n*. **pec** làf *n*. **peck** itoɗítóɗés *v*.; ɨtɔ́tɔ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **pectoral muscle** làf *n*. **pectus** bakuts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pedal a bicycle** takwésá ɲamɨɨlɨí *v*. **peddler** ŋímutsurúsìàm *n*. **peddler (being a)** ŋímutsurúsìnànès *n*. **pedestrian** ɓɛƙɛ́síàm *n*. **pee** kʉtsáƙón *v*.; kwats<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pee-pee** kwàà *nurs*. **peek at** ikórímés *v*.; ilóíkés *v*. **peek out** ts'ʉ̀fɔ̀n *v*. **peek through** tɛkɛɲɛs *v*. **peek through repeatedly** tekeɲiés *v*. **peel** ɨpɛlɛs *v*.; ɔmɔ́x *n*.; poxés *v*. **peel off** ɨwalɛtɛ́s *v*.; moxés *v*.; poxésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **peel with teeth** ɨsɨmɛs *v*. **peelable food** ɨsɨmam *n*. **peeling** ɨpɛlɛtam *n*. **peep at** ikórímés *v*.; ilóíkés *v*. **peep out** ts'ʉ̀fɔ̀n *v*. **peer at** tɨrɨfɛs *v*.; tɨrɨfɛtɛ́s *v*. **peer at over** ɨrɨnɛs *v*. **peer through** tɛkɛɲɛs *v*. **peer through repeatedly** tekeɲiés *v*. **peg** ɡóɡès *v*.; kìnòròt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Pellaea adiantoidea** ts'aɗícɛ́mɛ̀r *n*. **pelt** ídʉrɛ́s *v*.; ínósìts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ts'ɛ̀ *n*. **pelvis** róróìɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **pen** ɲákalám *n*. **penalty (financial)** ɲáfaín *n*. **penance (Catholic)** penitésìyà *n*. **pencil** ɲɛ́pínísìl *n*.

**penetrate (area)** utés *v*.; utésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **penile shaft** ɲɛ́sɛɛɓɔ́*n*. **penis** kwan *n*. **penis hole** kwaníékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **penitentiary** zíkɛ́sìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **penny** ŋáɓɔ́ɔla *n*. **Pentarrhinum insipidum** urém *n*. **Pentecost** pɛntɛkɔ́stɛ̀ *n*. **Pentecostal** Ŋímorokóléìàm *n*. **people** ròɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **people (tribe)** dìyw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲákaɓɨlá *n*. **people!** òɓà *interj*.; ròɓà *interj*. **pepper** ɲépilipíli *n*. **pepper (red)** ɲákamʉlára *n*. **perceive** enés *v*. **perch** itsélélèòn *v*. **perfect** xɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; xɔtánón *v*. **perforate** ɓɛkɛ́s *v*.; ɓɛkɛtɛ́s *v*.; húbutés *v*.; pulés *v*.; ruɗés *v*. **perforate (with a tool)** ɡóɡès *v*. **perforate noisily** rɔɗɛ́s *v*. **perforate repeatedly** pulutiés *v*. **perform a miracle** ikúʝíánón *v*. **perfume (natural)** ɓʉ́ɓʉ́s *n*. **perhaps** ƙámá kiɗíé *v*.; ndóó ɦyè *n*. **peril** ɡaánàs *n*. **perilous** ɡaanón *v*.; ɨpáríŋánón *v*. **perineal muscle** ɲalamatsar *n*.; ɲekiɗoŋit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **peripheral vision** ɗoɗékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **perish** bitsétón *v*.; ɨríɗɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **perjure** isuɗes *v*.; isuɗetés *v*. **perjury** ɲɔ́pɔkɔca *n*. **permanently** kìŋ *ideo*. **permit** talakes *v*.

**perplexed** iɓíléròn *v*.; ɨcɔ́ŋáimetona iká<sup>e</sup> *v*. **Persea americana** ɲóvakáɗò *n*. **persevere** ɨɗaŋíɗáŋɔ̀n *v*.; ɨmʉ́kɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **persist** ɨɗaŋíɗáŋɔ̀n *v*.; taɗáŋón *v*. **person** ám *n*. **person (indigenous)** áméda kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **person (surveiled)** rɔtam *n*. **person in authority** topéɗésuƙotíám *n*. **person who prays** wáánààm *n*. **personal item** ámákɔrɔ́ɓâd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **personal property** ámákɔrɔ́ɓâd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **personhood** ámánànès *n*. **perspiration** kirot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **perspire** kirotánón *v*. **persuade** sʉ́bɛ̀s *v*.; sʉ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **perturbed** walɨwálɔ́n *v*. **pervert** ɲárásíám *n*. **pester** ilúlúés *v*. **pestilence** koɗó *n*. **pestle** àʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; iwótsídàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kuɲuk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pet (have as a)** totores *v*. **Peter** Pétèrò *n*. **Peter (biblical)** Pétèrò *n*. **petite** tsaʉ́ɗímɔ̀n *v*. **petrol** ceím *n*.; ɲépetorón *n*. **phallus** kwan *n*. **phantom** lopéren *n*.; tás *n*. **philanthropic** dòòn *v*. **philanthropist** dónésìàm *n*.; lɔʝɔkɔtáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **philanthropists** roɓa ni ɡúrítínía dayaák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **philanthropy** daás *n*. **Philemon (biblical)** Pɨlɛmɔ́nɛ̀ *n*. **Philippians (biblical)** Pilípoik<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**phlebotomize** kɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **phlegm** ɗɔ̀ƙɔ̀n *n*.; ɲarʉ́kʉ́m *n*. **phlegm (newborn)** kíɓɔ́ɔ̀z *n*. **Phoenix reclinata** lɔ̀kàtàt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **phone** dʉrʉdʉr *n*.; ɲásím *n*. **phone in** iwetés *v*. **phone out** iwésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **phony** ɨtsárʉ́ánón *v*.; láŋ *n*. **phoot!** pʉ̀ʉ̀tᶶ *ideo*.; rɛ̀s *ideo*. **photo(graph)** kúrúkúr *n*.; ɲɛ́pítsa *n*. **photograph** iwetés *v*. **Phymateus species** ɓɔlɔrɔts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **physical therapist** ʝʉ́rɛ́sìàm *n*. **physically fit** itsyátón *v*. **physician** ɗakɨtárìàm *n*. **pick** ɗʉmɛtɛ́s *v*.; iɗókóliés *v*.; ɲésurúr *n*. **pick (choose)** xɔ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **pick (nibble)** ɲɛ́ɲɛ́s *v*. **pick (teeth)** mínɛ́s *v*. **pick at** itoɗítóɗés *v*. **pick categorially** ɨsíílɛtɛ́s *v*. **pick clean** iúréés *v*. **pick fight with** itoʝiés *v*. **pick off** ɨkáábɛs *v*.; ɨkákápɛ́s *v*.; moxés *v*. **pick out** ikuɗúkúɗés *v*.; ɨƙɛlɛs *v*.; ɨƙɛlɛtɛ́s *v*.; ƙɛ́lɛ́s *v*.; tɔsɛɛtɛ́s *v*. **pick up** ɗʉmɛ́s *v*.; ɗʉmɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨɗɛpɛs *v*.; ɨɗɛpɛtɛ́s *v*. **pick up (multiply)** ɨɗɛpíɗɛ́pɛ́s *v*.; ɨɗɛpíɗɛ́pɛtɛ́s *v*. **pick up a scent** wetésá kɔíná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **pick up and bring** ɨɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **pick up and take** ɨɛ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pick-pocket** ɗíɗítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɗíɗítɛtɛ́s *v*. **pickaxe** ɲésurúr *n*. **picked (chosen)** xɔ́bɔtɔ́s *v*.

**picture** kúrúkúr *n*.; ɲɛ́pítsa *n*. **piece** ʝulam *n*. **piece (small)** ʝulamáím *n*.; pɛsɛlam *n*.; pɛ́sɛ́lamed<sup>a</sup> *n*. **piece of junk** ƙwɛsɛ́*n*. **pierce** itsumés *v*.; pulés *v*. **pierce noisily** rɔɗɛ́s *v*. **pierce repeatedly** pulutiés *v*. **piercer** pulutiesíàm *n*. **pig** ɲéɡuruwé *n*. **pig out** iwótsóòn *v*.; ɲaɗésá ŋƙáƙá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **pigeon** bîb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pigeon (green)** orómó *n*. **pigeon (olive)** lótúrum *n*. **pigeon (speckled)** rutúdùm *n*. **pigment** ɲáraŋɡí *n*. **pile** ɨnʉkʉ́nʉ́kɛ́s *v*.; itukes *v*.; kìts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲatúkít<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tutukesíáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pile (of dry branches)** ràm *n*. **pile on** iɗóɗókés *v*. **pile on (add)** tasaɓes *v*. **pile up** iruketés *v*.; ituketés *v*.; kitsetés *v*.; tutuketés *v*. **piled up** iɗóɗókánón *v*.; tutukánón *v*. **pilfer** ɨtíɗíɗɛ́s *v*. **pill** cɛ̀mɛ̀rìèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pillage** toɓésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pillage and bring** toɓetés *v*. **pillow** dɨƙwam *n*. **pimples** ŋ́kaŋók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pin** mʉtʉ *n*. **pin (safety)** ɲákwác *n*. **pinch** rɨɗɛ́s *v*.; tʉnɛ́s *v*. **pinch all over** tʉnʉ́tʉ́natés *v*. **pinch each other** tʉ́nítʉ́nímɔ́s *v*. **pinch flirtatiously** tunútúniés *v*. **pinch off** ƙɨtɛ́s *v*.; tɔɲɨmɛtɛ́s *v*.

**pinch up (granules)** tʉsɛ́s *v*. **pinkish-red** ɗiwiɗíwón *v*. **pinnacle (of hut)** lómoloró *n*. **pinpoint** ɗóɗiés *v*. **pinworms** lɔkɨtʉ́r *n*. **pipe (borehole)** ɲatsʉʉmáárí *n*. **pipe (tobacco)** làr *n*. **pipe-stem** laradakw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **piquant** ɓariɓárón *v*.; ɓárikíkón *v*. **PISO (parish intelligence and security officer)** tsítsá na kwáts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pissed off** ɨlílíɔ̀n *v*. **pissed off (become)** ɨlílíɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pistol** ɲɛ́písítɔ̀l *n*. **pistol grip** ƙɔ̀ɓ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **pit (trapping)** ɲɔ́sɔ́ɔ́ƙat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pitch** tɔrɛ́s *v*. **pitch (mead)** ts'ɔƙɛ́s *v*. **pitch (soccer)** ɲakwaanʝa *n*. **pitch away** tɔrɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pitch this way** tɔrɛtɛ́s *v*. **pitcher** ɲewataʝá *n*. **pitcher (wooden)** ɲɛkʉlʉmɛ *n*. **pitcherful** ɲewataʝá *n*. **pitfall trap** ɲɔ́sɔ́ɔ́ƙat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pitted** tsakátsákánón *v*. **Pittosporum viridiflorum** ɲékwaŋa *n*. **pity (have)** isyónón *v*. **pity on (take)** isyones *v*. **placate** ɨkanɛ́s *v*.; ɨkaníkánɛ́s *v*. **place** aw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; bácík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; eɡés *v*.; eɡetés *v*.; kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **place of honor** zɛƙɔ́áwa na maráŋ *n*. **placenta** ŋaxɔ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **placid** tisílón *v*.

**plague** koɗó *n*. **plain** ɓàŋɔ̀n *v*.; dús *n*.; ɨɓámɔ́n *v*. **plainness** ɓaŋás *n*. **plait** bɛrɛ́s *v*.; sikwés *v*. **plait up** sikwetés *v*. **plan** iɗimiés *v*.; iɗimiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ipáŋƙeés *v*. **plan a time** hoetésá ɲásáatí *v*. **plane (air-)** iɗékè *n*. **plane (even)** ɨkʉlɛs *v*.; ɨkʉlɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨkwalɛs *v*. **plane off** ɨkʉ́lɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **plank** ɲáɓáo *n*. **plant** dakw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; íbɨtɛ́s *v*. **plant (unknown)** kɔ́rɔ́ɓáìdàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**plant disease** xoúxoú *n*.

**plant species** bɛfácɛ́mɛ́r *n*.; bʉlʉbʉláta na sábàìkà<sup>e</sup> *n*.; bùsùbùs *n*.; dàlìs *n*.; dodík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɡàsàràkwàts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɡòmòʝòʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɡùʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ídemecɛmɛ́r *n*.; ídèmèdàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ídocɛmɛ́r *n*.; ɨɗak<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ʝáláts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ʝɨʝîd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ʝʉ̀ʝʉ̀ *n*.; kèlèrw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kìmɔ̀ɗɔ̀rɔ̀ts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kòkòròts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kɔmɔ́m *n*.; komóts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; loɓóŋiɓóŋ *n*.; lomerúk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lɔmɔ́y a *n*.; lɔsalát<sup>a</sup> *n*.; mɛ́rɛ́ɗɛɗɛ́ *n*.; múmùt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋálómóyá *n*.; ŋímáarɔy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋítɛ́sʉrɔ *n*.; ɲáɓáɓú *n*.; ɲálamorú *n*.; ɲápat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲasal *n*.; ɲɛcaɓoy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛ́ɛkɨmá *n*.; ɲékilitón *n*.; ɲesuƙuru *n*.; ɲɛ́sʉ́tɛ̀*n*.; ɲétúlerú *n*.; ɲéúɗe *n*.; ɲéúlam *n*.; ɲɛʉrʉlats<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛ́ʉrʉmɛmɛ́ *n*.; ɲoɗokole *n*.; ɔ́bɛ̀r *n*.; ɔ́ʝítínícɛmɛ́r *n*.; òŋòrìkwàts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ráɡàn *n*.; sʉ́ƙʉ́sʉƙá *n*.; ts'aɗícɛ́mɛ̀r *n*.; tsákàts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tsamʉya *n*.; tâb<sup>a</sup> *n*.; túḿbàb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **plantain** ɲómototó *n*.

**plaster** ɨlɔɓílɔ́ɓɛ́s *v*.; ɨpʉtsɛs *v*.; ɨwarɛs *v*.

**plaster (mud)** tànàŋ *n*.

**plaster (with mud)** tanaŋes *v*.

**plastered** ɨwarɔs *v*.

#### plate

**plate** ɲásaaní *n*. **plateau** lopem *n*. **platform** lɔpɨtá *n*. **platform (make a)** ɨpɛ́tɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **platoon** ɲépalatún *n*. **play** ɲaɓolya *n*.; wáák<sup>a</sup> *n*.; wáák<sup>a</sup> *v*. **play (dramatic)** wááka na támɔtɔ́s *n*. **play around with** wáákitetés *v*. **play the field (sexually)** weesa kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **play with** ɨmɨnímínɛ́s *v*.; mɨnímínatés *v*. **player** wáákààm *n*. **playful** wáákós *v*. **plead with** iƙenes *v*. **pleasant** dòòn *v*. **pleasantness** daás *n*. **please** ɨlákásítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨmʉ́mʉ́ɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; kóʝ<sup>a</sup> *adv*. **Plecthranthus species** ɡàsàràkwàts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **plentitude (here)** níbàdà *n*. **plentitude (there)** kíbàdà *n*. **plenty** ŋábɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; nábɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tàn *n*. **pliable** lumúdòn *v*. **pliably** lùm *ideo*. **pliers** ɲɔkɔ́ɲɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **plop down** rɛfɛ́kɛ́ɲɔ̀n *v*. **plop!** pùs *ideo*. **plot (owned)** ɲeɗúkór *n*. **plot against** ɨmanɛs *v*. **plow** tɔkɔ́bɛs *v*. **plow (make to)** tɔkɔ́bɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **plow (ox-)** ɲɛ́mɛlɛkʉ́à nà ɦyɔ̀ɔ̀ <sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **plowed** tɔkɔ́bɨtɔtɔ́s *v*. **plower** tɔ̀kɔ̀bààm *n*. **plowing** tɔ̀kɔ̀b a *v*.

**plowing season** tɔkɔbatsóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pluck** sɔrɛ́s *v*.; tɔtsʉɗɛs *v*.; tʉtsʉɗɛs *v*. **pluck off** ɓotsetés *v*. **pluck off repeatedly** ɓotsotiés *v*. **plug** ɨmíɗítsɛ́s *v*.; ts'ʉ́bʉlát<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ts'ʉ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*.; tɨts'ɛ́s *v*.; tʉ́zʉɗɛ́s *v*. **plug (chewable)** ts'àf *n*. **plug (lip)** ɡwalát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **plug oneself in** ɨmíɗítsɛ́sa así *v*. **plug up** tɨts'ɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tits'ímétòn *v*.; tʉ́zʉɗɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **plugged** tɨts'ɔ́s *v*. **plume** tùk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **plumed** tsowírímòn *v*. **plump** dɛʝɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; zízòn *v*. **plump person** zízònìàm *n*. **plumply** dɛ̀ʝ ɛ *ideo*. **plunder** iɓolíɓólés *v*.; iɓolíɓólésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taɓales *v*.; toɓésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **plunder and bring** toɓetés *v*. **plural** kòmòn *v*. **plurality** komás *n*. **pneumonia** ɲeɗekea bákútsìkà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **pock** itwelítwélés *v*. **pocked** itwelítwélós *v*.; tsakátsákánón *v*. **pocket** ofur *n*. **pocket (back)** ofura na ʝírì *n*. **pocket (front)** ofura na wáxì *n*. **pockmarked** tsakátsákánón *v*. **podium** lɔpɨtá *n*. **point** ekw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ekwed<sup>a</sup> *n*.; náƙáfɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **point (topic)** mɛnéékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **point (word)** tódèèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **point at** ɗóɗés *v*.; ɗoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **point at sunset** ɗóɗiesá tsòònì *v*. **point backward** kámáránón *v*. **point downward (of horns)** ɨlʉ́kánètòn *v*.

**point of departure** wàxɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **point out** ɗóɗés *v*.; ɗoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **point to** ɗóɗés *v*.; ɗoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **point to secretly** ɗóɗiés *v*. **pointed** ɨwítsɔ́n *v*.; ts'íts'ɔ́n *v*. **pointless** buɗámón *v*. **pointless talk** ɨɓámɔ́nìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **points** áƙátìkìn *n*.; ekwin *n*. **pointy** tsuɓáánètòn *v*. **poison** cɛ̀mɛ̀r *n*.; ɨŋaalɛ́s *v*.; ɲekísórìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **poisoner** ɨŋaalɛ́síàm *n*. **poke** iƙumes *v*.; itsemes *v*. **poke around on** itsemítsémés *v*. **Pokot person** Ŋúupéám *n*. **pole (forked)** titír *n*. **pole (horizontal)** rìkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pole (wooden)** dakw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **polecat** ɲewuruŋorok<sup>a</sup> *n*. **police** pólìs *n*. **police post** ɲɛ́pɔ́sìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **polish** iríƙéés *v*. **politick** sʉ́bɛ̀s *n*. **pollen** ɗukes *n*.; ɨɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **polling station** ɡóózésíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pollywog** ŋʉ́ɗʉ́ŋʉ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **polydactyly** ɲɛ́ɗɔ́nɨɗɔn *n*. **pond** tábàr *n*. **pond water** tábarɨcue *n*. **ponder** ɲɛɓɛ́s *v*.; tamátámatés *v*.; tamɛtɛ́s *v*.; tamítámiés *v*. **poo-poo!** dí *nurs*. **pooched out** ɓotólómòn *v*. **poofy** bʉlʉbʉlɔs *v*. **pool** ɨmɨlímílɔ̀n *v*.; tábàr *n*. **pool (riverbed)** ɲéɓwál *n*.

**pool (rock)** sát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **poop** ets'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; nts'áƙón *v*. **poor** bùlòn *v*.; ikúrúfánón *v*. **poor as a dog** iŋókíánón *v*. **poor eyesight (have)** múɗúkánón *v*.; ŋwaxɔna ekwitíní *v*. **poor person** ikúrúfánóníàm *n*.; ŋók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **poorly** ɡàànìk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **pop (soda)** ɲɔ́sɔ́ɗa *n*. **pop (sound)** ɗɛɗɛanón *v*.; rɛɗɛɗánón *v*. **pop out** ɨpírísɛtɛ́s *v*. **pop!** pɨrɨs *ideo*. **pope** abáŋ *n*.; pápà *n*. **populate** ínésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **population** ɲɛkɨmar *n*. **porch** hodzíŋ *n*. **porcupine** tɔ̀rɔ̀mìɲ *n*. **porridge** ŋáítɔ̀ *n*.; ɲéúʝi *n*. **porridge (fermented)** rùt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **porridge (thick)** ízotam *n*. **portion** taɲáléés *v*.; xɔnɔ́ɔ́kɔn *n*. **portion (best)** ɲopol *n*. **portion (first)** ɲopol *n*. **portion (of meat)** ɲekiner *n*. **portion out** taɲáléetés *v*. **Portulaca quadrifida** ɨɗak<sup>a</sup> *n*. **posho** tɔbɔŋ *n*. **posho (solid)** ɨlɨram *n*.; lúɡùm *n*. **posho (stiff)** tʉɗʉtam *n*. **posho (watery)** ɓɔtí *n*. **position** was *n*. **position (social)** zeís *n*.; zeísínànès *n*. **possess** ɡirés *v*. **possession (demonic)** lejénánès *n*. **possessions** ɲámáli *n*. **possible** itíyéetam *n*. **post (police)** ɲɛ́pɔ́sìt<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**postpone** íbokés *v*. **postpone repeatedly** dzúƙudzuƙiés *v*.; irotírótés *v*. **posture** was *n*. **pot** dóm *n*. **pot (metal)** ɲásipiryá *n*.; ɲésipiriyá *n*.; tsɨrɨmʉ́dòm *n*. **pot (of beer)** mɛ̀sɛ̀dòm *n*. **pot (small clay)** ɲeƙulu *n*. **pot (small)** dómáìm *n*. **pot bottom** dómóɔ̀z *n*. **pot of edible termites (first)** wàxìdòm *n*. **pot-belly** ɡwàʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pot-holed** ƙumúƙúmánón *v*. **potable** wetam *n*. **potato (wild)** keîdz<sup>a</sup> *n*. **potato(es)** ɲɛ́ɓɨás *n*. **potbellied** heɓúlúmòn *v*. **potsherd** tɔɓɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **potter** bɛrɛ́síama dómítíní *n*. **pottery (broken)** tɔɓɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pouch** ofur *n*. **poultry** ɲɔ́kɔkɔr *n*. **pounce** tonyámónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pound** ɗúlútés *v*.; ɨɗatɛs *v*.; iɗoses *v*.; tɔ́ ts'ɛ́s *v*. **pound (in a mortar)** iwotses *v*. **pound (with a pestle)** íɲɛ́s *v*. **pound repeatedly** itsomítsómés *v*. **pounded (with a pestle)** íɲɔ́s *v*. **pour** ƙídɨƙídɔ̀n *v*.; ƙúdès *v*. **pour down** iyééseetés *v*. **pour from small opening** ádʉdʉƙɛ́s *v*. **pour into** ɨtʉrɛs *v*.; otés *v*.; otésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pour out** furúdòn *v*.; iyééseetés *v*.; ƙúdesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ƙúdetés *v*.

**pour out (noisily)** ídʉlɨdʉlɛ́s *v*. **pour out into** otetés *v*. **pour out to last drop** ɨʝíírɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pour to last drop** ɨʝíírɛ́s *v*. **pout** ɨɓʉ́tʉ́ŋɔ̀n *v*.; imutúmútòn *v*. **pouty** ɨmʉtʉ́mʉ́tɔ́s *v*. **poverty** ŋókínànès *n*. **poverty-stricken** ikúrúfánón *v*. **poverty-stricken person** ikúrúfánóníàm *n*. **powder** kabas *n*.; kábàsìn *n*. **powderily** lyàm *ideo*. **powdery** ɨwɨɗɔs *v*.; lyamádòn *v*. **power** ŋɡúf *n*.; ŋɨxás *n*.; ɲapéɗór *n*.; zeís *n*. **powerful** ŋìxɔ̀n *v*. **practice** itétémés *v*. **praise** itúrútés *v*.; tamɛɛs *v*. **praise oneself** itúrútésá así *v*. **prattle** ilemílémòn *v*. **pray** wáán *v*. **pray (call-and-response)** taƙates *v*. **pray against** taƙátésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pray away** taƙátésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **prayer** wáán *n*. **prayer (call-and-response)** tàƙàt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **prayer (closing)** wáána na tɛ́zɛ̀tɔ̀nì *n*. **prayer book** ɲáɓúka wáánà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **prayer for gravedigger** wáána na muɗésíàmà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **prayerful person** wáánààm *n*. **praying mantis** tʉ́w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **preach** ɨtátámɛ́s *v*. **preacher** ɨtátámɛ́síàm *n*. **precarious** ɨpáríŋánón *v*. **precipice** látsó *n*. **precipitation** dìdì *n*.

**precipitous** iwósétòn *v*.; kʉ́bɛ̀lɛ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **precisely** dàn *adv*. **predator** loúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **predawn** eúzòn *v*.; ɲaɓáít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **preeminence** zeís *n*. **pregnancy taboo** ts'ìn *n*. **pregnant** taríɔ́n *v*. **pregnant (newly)** ƙeɗétón *v*. **pregnant (prohibitively)** ts'ìnɔ̀n *v*. **pregnant (recently̠ )** sɨbánón *v*. **premeditate** ɨwɔ́ŋɔ́n *v*. **preoccupied** íɡùʝùɡùʝòn *v*.; itúmúránón *v*.; wasɨtɛsa iká<sup>e</sup> *v*. **preoccupy** itúmúránitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **preparation (for travel)** sùɓèt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **prepare** ɨɗɨmɛ́s *v*.; ɨɗɨmɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɗimiés *v*.; iɗimiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itemités *v*. **prepare (food)** itiŋés *v*. **prepare oneself** iɗimiesá así *v*. **prepare to go** súɓánòn *v*.; suɓétón *v*. **prepared** ɨɗɨmɛ́sɔ́n *v*. **presence** ɡwarí *n*. **present** dónés *v*.; dónésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; takánón *v*.; tɔ́rɔ́bɛs *v*. **presently** nápáka na *adv*. **press** bízès *v*.; ɨɗɔtsɛs *v*.; ɨsɨkares *v*. **press all over** bízibizatés *v*. **press for details** ɨnɨnɛ́s *v*. **press on** ɨɗaŋíɗáŋɔ̀n *v*.; ɨmʉ́kɔ́ɔ̀n *v*.; ʝʉ́rɛ́s *v*. **press out** bízetés *v*.; ʝʉ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ʝʉrɛtɛ́s *v*. **press repeatedly** ɨɗaŋíɗáŋɛ́s *v*. **pressed** rɔ́ƙɔ́rɔƙánón *v*. **pressure** ɨsɨkares *v*.; rɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; rɛɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔrɛɛs *v*.

**pressured** toreimétòn *v*. **pressurize** ɨsɨkares *v*. **pretend** iɲétsóòn *v*.; iyétsóòn *v*. **prettiness** daás *n*. **pretty** dòòn *v*. **prevail** taɗáŋón *v*. **prevaricate** isuɗesa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; itoŋetésá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*.; yʉanitetés *v*.; yʉanón *v*. **prevarication** yʉɛ *n*. **prevent** ɨrɛtɛs *v*.; isíƙéés *v*.; itítírés *v*. **prey on** tɔɓɛlɛs *v*. **price** dzîɡw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; dzíɡwèsèd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲéɓéy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **prick** ts'ɔɗɨtɛs *v*. **priest (Catholic)** páɗɛ̀r *n*. **primate (female)** ɔɡɛraŋwa *n*. **primate (half-grown)** kukát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **primate (male)** ɔ̀ɡɛ̀r *n*. **primate infant** kíɗɔlɛ́*n*. **primer (ignition)** ɔ́zɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **principal** ámázeáma ɲésukúluⁱ *n*. **print** ipíríntiŋeetés *v*. **print a book** iwetésá ɲáɓúkwì *v*. **prison** zíkɛ́sìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **prison guard** cookaama zíkɛ́siicé *n*. **prisoner** ŋímamɓʉ́sìàm *n*. **pristine** ɗòwòn *v*.; tɨlíwɔ́n *v*.; xɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; xɔtánón *v*. **private** búdòs *v*. **probably** kárɨká *adv*.; ntsúó ts'ɔɔ *pro*. **probe** ɨnɨnɛ́s *v*. **problems** mɛn *n*.; ŋítsan *n*. **proboscis (elephant)** òŋòrìkwɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **procedure** ɲɛpɨtɛ *n*. **proceed** pórón *v*. **proceed (to do)** itáƙúòn *v*.

**process issues** bɛrɛ́sá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **procession** ɲɛɗʉpɛ *n*. **prod** iƙumes *v*.; itsemes *v*. **produce** ƙwaatítetés *v*.; pulutetés *v*. **produce a lot of** cɛɛtɛ́s *v*. **produce seeds** eɡésá ekwí *v*. **product** dzíɡwam *n*.; dzíɡwetam *n*.; dzííƙotam *n*. **profit** bɨtɨtam *n*.; ɨkɛ́ítɛtɛ́s *v*. **profit from** raʝetés *v*. **progeny** kwats<sup>a</sup> *n*. **prohibit** dimités *v*.; dimitetés *v*.; itáléés *v*. **prohibited** itáléánón *v*.; itálóós *v*. **prohibition** ɲatal *n*. **project** ɨrʉtsɛs *v*.; ɲɛ́prɔ́ʝɛ̀kìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **project anorectum** doletésá ɔ́zà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **prolapse** ɨtsʉ́bʉ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*. **prolapsed** ɨtsʉ́bʉ̀ɗʉ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **prolific** bòmòn *v*. **prolong** zikíbètòn *v*.; zikíbitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **prolonged (become)** zikíbonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **promenade** tasɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **promiscuous (sexually)** furés *v*.; ɨmáláánón *v*. **promise** iɓoletés *v*. **promise each other** iɓólínós *v*. **promote** zeites *v*.; zeitésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pronely** ɓɛlɛlɛts<sup>ɛ</sup> *ideo*. **pronounce** kʉtɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **prop** ɨƙɔŋɛs *v*.; titirés *v*. **prop (the head)** díƙwɛ́s *v*. **prop against** ɨƙɔ́ŋítɛ́s *v*.; ɨƙɔ́ŋítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **prop on** ɨƙɔ́ŋítɛ́s *v*.; ɨƙɔ́ŋítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **prop up** ɨƙaŋɛs *v*.; titiretés *v*. **propane gas** ɲáɡás *n*.

**propeller blade** ɗàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; suɡuráɗáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **proper** itémón *v*. **proper (of many)** dayaakón *v*. **property** kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲámáli *n*. **prophecy** faɗás *n*. **prophesy** fàɗòn *v*.; ikúʝíánón *v*. **prophet** fàɗònìàm *n*.; ɲakuʝíícíkáàm *n*. **propolis** sɔs *n*. **propped against** ɨƙɔ́ŋítɔ́s *v*. **propped on** ɨƙɔ́ŋítɔ́s *v*. **proprietor** ámêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **proscribe** dimités *v*.; dimitetés *v*. **prosecutor** ɨsíítɛ́sìàm *n*. **prospect** ɦyeités *v*. **prosperity** ídzànànès *n*.; zɛƙwa ná dà *n*. **prostitute** ɲamáláɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **prostrate** bùkòn *v*.; bukukánón *v*. **Protea gaguedi** ɲícwéɲé *n*. **protect** cookés *v*. **protected** cookotós *v*. **protector** còòkààm *n*. **protest** nɛpɛƙánón *v*. **Protestant** sɛ́mìs *n*. **protract** zikíbitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **protracted (become)** zikíbonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **protrude** tɨbíɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **protrude (of ears)** kweelémòn *v*. **protruding** ɓotólómòn *v*.; tɨbíɔ́n *v*. **protrusion** rúɡèts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **protuberance** rúɡèts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **proud** itúrón *v*. **proverb** taɗápítotós *n*. **provide for** bɔnɛ́s *v*.; íɡɔɲɛ́s *v*. **provider** bɔnɛ́ám *n*. **provision** bɔn *n*. **provocation** ɓɛkam *n*. **provocativeness** ʝʉ́ránànès *n*.

#### provoke

**provoke** ɓɛkɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨsʉ́sʉ́ɛ́s *v*.; itsemes *v*.; itsótsóés *v*. **provoke (verbally)** ɨtɔ́ŋɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **provoking** ɓɛkánón *v*.; ʝʉ́ránòn *v*. **prowl** tonyámón *v*.; totséɗón *v*. **prune** ɨƙwáƙwárɛ́s *v*.; isésélés *v*. **pry apart** ɓereɲiés *v*. **pry bar** ɲotolim *n*. **pry open** ɓereɲiés *v*. **pseudo-** láŋ *n*. **Pseudocedrela species** ɲókotit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Psidium guajava** ɲóɡóva *n*. **psyche** ɡúr *n*. **ptooey!** tʉ̀ *ideo*. **puberty (enter)** teɓúránétòn *v*. **puberty (enter, of boys)** ɨɓʉyákòn *v*. **pubic area** didis *n*. **pubic bone** didisíɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **pubic hair** didisísíts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔ́zàsìts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tɛ̀mʉ̀r *n*. **pubis** didisíɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **public** ŋáɲɔ́s *v*. **publish a book** iwetésá ɲáɓúkwì *v*. **puddle** ɨmɨlímílɔ̀n *v*. **pudendum** didis *n*. **pudgily** lèɓ<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **pudgy** ɡerúsúmòn *v*.; leɓúdòn *v*.; rexúkúmòn *v*. **puff adder** bɛf *n*. **puff up** xuanón *v*.; xuxuanitetés *v*.; xuxuanón *v*. **puffily** bɔ̀f *ideo*.; lèɓ<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **puffy** bɔfɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; bʉlʉbʉlɔs *v*.; dúduránón *v*.; leɓúdòn *v*. **puke** ɦyɛnɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; ɦyɛ̀nɔ̀n *v*.

**pull** béberés *v*.; eminés *v*.; iɓwates *v*.; ɨʝʉkɛtɛ́s *v*.; ipoles *v*.; ɨtsɔrɛtɛ́s *v*. **pull (make)** ɨʝʉ́kítɛtɛs *v*. **pull along** béberiés *v*. **pull apart** ɗusés *v*.; ɗusésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɗusutes *v*.; eminiés *v*.; ɨkɛ́ŋɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; tɔŋɛɗɛs *v*. **pull away** béberésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; eminésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pull back** dolés *v*.; doletés *v*.; rʉʝɛ́s *v*. **pull back foreskin** doletésá kwaní *v*. **pull down** inietés *v*.; lɔkɔɗɛtɛ́s *v*. **pull forcefully** iɓwatetés *v*. **pull in** béberetés *v*. **pull off** ɓotsetés *v*.; eminésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔkɛtɛs *v*.; tɔkɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tolés *v*.; toletés *v*. **pull off (bark)** iɓóɓólés *v*. **pull off repeatedly** ɓotsotiés *v*.; tolotiés *v*. **pull on** ɗʉ́rɛ́s *v*.; ɗʉtɛ́s *v*. **pull oneself away** ƙɛlɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **pull oneself back** rʉʝɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **pull out** ɗʉrɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɗʉtɛtɛ́s *v*.; eminetés *v*.; faɗetés *v*.; ipoletés *v*.; ritetés *v*.; ruutésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ruutetés *v*.; tɔkɛtɛs *v*.; tɔkɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔkɛtɛtɛ́s *v*.; tolés *v*.; toletés *v*.; tɔtsʉɗɛs *v*.; tʉtsʉɗɛs *v*.; tuutes *v*.; tuutetés *v*. **pull out repeatedly** tolotiés *v*. **pull over** ɨtɨlɛtɛ́s *v*. **pull this way** béberetés *v*. **pull up** ɗués *v*.; ɗuetés *v*.; eminetés *v*.; ipoletés *v*.; rués *v*. **pulsate** dìkwòn *v*.; ƙádiƙádòn *v*. **pulse** ƙádiƙádòn *v*. **pulverize** itsomes *v*. **pummel** ɗúlútés *v*.

#### pump

**pump** íɲɛ́s *v*. **pump up** ɨsɨkɛs *v*. **pumpkin** kaiɗey<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pumpkin (oblong)** naperorwá *n*.; tsòkòlòr *n*. **pumpkin (small unripe)** ɗɔ̀l *n*. **pumpkin (unripe)** ŋíkalʉtʉ́rɔ *n*. **pumpkin juice** kaiɗeícúé *n*. **pumpkin piece** kaiɗeíbɔrɔƙɔ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **pumpkin ring** ɨbɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pumpkin seed** kaiɗeíékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pumpkin stem base** kaiɗeíáƙát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **punch** tanaŋes *v*. **punch (a hole)** húbutés *v*.; pulés *v*.; ruɗés *v*. **puncture** ɓɛkɛ́s *v*.; ɓɛkɛtɛ́s *v*.; itsumés *v*.; pulés *v*.; ruɗés *v*. **puncture repeatedly** pulutiés *v*. **punish** iɗoŋes *v*. **puny** ɡɔɗírímɔ̀n *v*. **pupil** isóméésíàm *n*.; ɲósomáám *n*. **pupil (of eye)** tiléŋ *n*. **puppy** ŋókíìm *n*. **pure** ɓèts'òn *v*.; tɨlíwɔ́n *v*.; xɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; xɔtánón *v*. **purity (of food)** lɛtsɛ́kɛ́ɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **purplish-red** kɨpʉ́ránètòn *v*. **purpose** ɲákásìèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **purr** ŋɔ́rɔ́rɔ̀n *v*. **purse** ɲáníɓàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **pursue** ɨlɔŋɛs *v*.; ɨmítíŋɛɛ́s *v*. **pursue after** ɨlɔ́ŋɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **pursue each other sexually** ríínós *v*. **pus** báts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **push** ɨɗɔtsɛs *v*.; ɨʝʉkɛs *v*.; ɨpʉnɛs *v*.; rités *v*.

**push along** ɨʝʉkʉ́ʝʉ́kɛ́s *v*. **push aside repeatedly** iʝúkúmiés *v*. **push away** ɨʝʉ́kɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ritésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **push buttons (provoke)** itsemes *v*. **push down** ɗaɗátésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **push in and out** irúrúƙés *v*. **push into** ipúkútsésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; lakates *v*. **push into repeatedly** lakatiés *v*. **push near to** bɨɲɛ́s *v*. **push on** bízès *v*. **push over** ɨtílɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **push over side** lakates *v*. **push over side repeatedly** lakatiés *v*. **pushing** ʝʉ́ránòn *v*. **put** eɡés *v*.; eɡetés *v*. **put ahead** ɛkwɨtɛs *v*.; ɛkwítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **put alongside** ɨnapɛs *v*. **put aside** ɨnápɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨŋáɗɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨŋáɗɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; óɡoɗés *v*.; óɡoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; oƙésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **put away** óɡoɗés *v*.; óɡoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; oƙésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **put back** raʝésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; raʝetés *v*. **put beside** ɨnapɛs *v*. **put in** ɓuƙítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; imetsités *v*. **put in a sling** íbatalɛ́s *v*. **put in front** ɛkwɨtɛs *v*.; ɛkwítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **put in jail** eɡésá ɲáʝálaák<sup>e</sup> *v*. **put in order** ɨnábɛ̀sʉ̀ƙɔ̀t a *v*.; itíbès *v*.; itíbesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **put in twos** leɓetsítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **put inside** xutésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **put nearby** taraŋés *v*. **put off** íbokés *v*. **put off odor** mídzòn *v*. **put off repeatedly** dzúƙudzuƙiés *v*.; irotírótés *v*. **put on** iwales *v*.; ŋábès *v*.

**put on (beads)** otés *v*. **put on a feather** iwalesa túkà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **put out** ts'eites *v*.; ts'eítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **put to sleep** epítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **put to work** ikásíitetés *v*.; teréɡanitetés *v*. **put together** itóyéés *v*. **put two-by-two** leɓetsítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **put up** íbokés *v*. **put up with** taɗaŋes *v*. **put upright** ɨtsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tsírítɛtɛ́s *v*. **put weight on** tuɓútitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **put in** otés *v*. **putrefy** mʉ́mʉ́tɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **putrid** mʉ́mʉ́tɔ̀n *v*.; ŋorótsánón *v*. **pyrosis** kíɓɔ́ɔ̀z *n*. **python** ɲomórótòt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **python tail-tip** ɲéɡets<sup>a</sup> *n*. **quaff** itúlákáɲés *v*. **quail** ɲélúru *n*. **quake** irikíríkòn *v*.; kwalíkwálɔ̀n *v*.; ɲéríkirik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **quaking sound** ɓʉlʉɓʉl *ideo*. **qualms (have)** paupáwón *v*. **quarrel** dèƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **quarrel (of many)** ilérúmùòn *v*. **quarrel with (start a)** déƙwítetés *v*. **quarreler** deƙwideƙosíám *n*. **quarreling** ɲelerum *n*. **quarrelsome** deƙwideƙos *v*. **quarter (area)** nabɨɗɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **quartzite** séy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **queasy** iláƙízòn *v*.; itikítíkòn *v*.; talóón *v*. **queen bee** lókílóróŋ *n*.; okílóŋór *n*. **queen termite** dádata dáŋá<sup>e</sup> *n*.; dáŋádadát<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋwááta dáŋá<sup>e</sup> *n*.

**quelea (red-billed)** kimír *n*. **quench** ts'eites *v*.; ts'eítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **question** esetés *n*.; esetiés *v*.; iŋáyéés *v*. **question things** itóŋóiesá mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **quibble** ɨɲʉ́ɲʉ́rɔ̀n *v*. **quick** itírónòn *v*.; wɛ́ɛ́nɔ̀n *v*. **quickly** ɗàmʉ̀s *adv*.; ɗɛ̀mʉ̀s *adv*. **quiet** ɨʝɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; líídòn *v*.; tisílón *v*. **quiet down** ɨʝɛ́mítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨʝɛ́mɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **quietly** ʝìr *ideo*.; lì *ideo*.; sokósíìk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **quish!** pìs *ideo*.; tùs *ideo*. **quit** kuritésúƙota así *v*. **quiver** kìtòn *v*.; kwalíkwálɔ̀n *v*.; nɛ́rɨnɛ́rɔ́n *v*. **quiver (begin to)** kitétón *v*. **quiver (make)** kitítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **rabbit** tulú *n*. **rabbit nickname** bositíníàm *n*. **race** ɨrʉtsɛsa así *v*.; tsùwà *v*.; tsuwa na ɨɓákɔ́nì *n*. **rack (drying)** lɔpɨtá *n*. **racket** nɔ̀s *n*. **racket (make a)** ilélémùòn *v*. **radiance** daás *n*. **radiant** dòòn *v*. **radiator** ɡàfìɡàf *n*. **radio** dʉrʉdʉr *n*.; ɲéréɗi *n*. **rafter stick** tɨmɛ́l *n*. **rag** kàbàɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rage** ɡaánàs *n*.; ɨlɛ́ɔ́n *v*.; ɲɛlɨl *n*. **ragged** ɨkárɔ́n *v*.; kɔrɔ́ɗɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; rídziridzánón *v*.; rúɡuruɡánón *v*. **raid** toɓés *v*.; toɓésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **raid and bring** toɓetés *v*. **raider** toɓésíàm *n*. **rain** dìdì *n*.; wat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; wàtòn *v*.

**rain (drizzling)** ɲɛ́límɨlɨm *n*. **rain (dry season)** ódzadidí *n*. **rain (gentle)** ɗéródɛík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rain (light)** kʉ́f *n*.; rɛ̀b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **rain elsewhere** ɨtsɛ́ɛ́rɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **rain from the west** tsóéàm *n*. **rain sickness** didiɲeɗeké *n*. **rain-stopper** tuɗúlónìàm *n*. **rainbow** nàtɔ̀lɔ̀kà *n*. **rains (eastern)** obólén *n*. **rains (intermittent)** ɲerupe *n*. **rainy season** diditsóy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔtáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **raise** ɓuƙés *v*.; ŋkáítetés *v*.; tasɛɛs *v*.; zikíbitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **raise (make)** ɨkɛ́ítɛtɛ́s *v*. **raise buttocks** tsúdòn *v*. **raise the head** wasɨtɛsa iká<sup>e</sup> *v*. **raise to kick** dɛŋɛlɛs *v*. **raise up** ɨkɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨkɛɛtɛ́s *v*. **raise up (develop)** bɛrɛ́s *v*. **raised up** ikeimétòn *v*.; ɨkɔɔtɔ́s *v*. **rake** ɨƙwɛrɛs *v*.; ŋírés *v*.; ɲaƙwárɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **rake (with nails)** soƙóríties *v*. **rally** iríréetés *v*.; sùtòn *v*. **ram** rʉtsɛ́s *v*.; rʉtsɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **ram (goat)** bɔfɔƙɔr *n*. **ram (sheep)** ɗóɗocurúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ram (young goat)** kɔl *n*. **ram into** ipúkútsésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **rampage** ɨlɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **ramshackle** kɔlɔlánón *v*. **ranger (game)** lɔɡɛ́m *n*. **rank** ɗɛtsɨɗɛ́tsɔ́n *v*.; ɨmʉ́sɔ́ɔ̀n *v*.; mʉ́mʉ́tɔ̀n *v*.; wízɨlílɔ́n *v*.; zeís *n*.; zeísínànès *n*. **rank (become)** ɨmʉ́sɛ́ɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.

**rankle** ɓɛkɛtɛ́s *v*. **rankling** ɓɛkánón *v*. **ransack** iɓolíɓólés *v*.; iɓolíɓólésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taɓales *v*. **rap on** ɨɗɔŋíɗɔ́ŋɛ́s *v*.; ikoŋíkóŋés *v*.; ɨtɔ́tɔ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **rap on repeatedly** ɨlɛrílɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **rap repeatedly** ɨɗɛɨɗɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **rapaciousness** lokoɗoŋironánés *n*. **rape** itikiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **rapturous (become)** ɛfɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **rare** búúbuanón *v*. **rashy** katúrúturánón *v*.; sómomóʝón *v*. **rat** ɗér *n*. **rat (giant Gambia)** lòlòt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rat (house)** ɗérá na áwìkà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **rat (striped ground)** nàtsɛ̀r *n*. **rat poison** ɗérócɛmɛ́r *n*. **rat species** natélewá *n*.; tiŋátiŋá *n*.; tufúl *n*.; tʉ́síɗèr *n*. **ratel** lɛŋ *n*. **ration** ɨmɨnímínɛ́s *v*. **rattily** rɛ̀s *ideo*. **rattle (animal-hoof)** lots'ilots'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rattle (gourd)** ɲɛ́ɛ́ƙɨɛ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **rattle (leg)** coór *n*. **ratty** rɛsɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **ravage** ɨsílíánɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **raven (fan-tailed)** kʉ́ràk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ravine** fòts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɔ́kɔ́pɛ̀ *n*. **ravine (river)** ɔrɔr *n*. **raw** ts'áɡwòòn *v*. **ray of light** bás *n*.; sʉ́w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **raze** ɡɨʝɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɲaɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; towutses *v*. **razor (handmade)** ɡìʝìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **razorblade** ɲɔ́ŋɔmɓɛ́*n*.

**reach (a destination)** ɨtɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **reach (make)** ɨtaɨtɛ́s *v*. **reach a consensus** ɗɔtsɛtɛ́sá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **reach and pull down** likiɗes *v*. **reach here (make)** ɨtaɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **react against** toƙíróòn *v*. **react suddenly** tokúétòn *v*.; tokúréètòn *v*. **read** isóméés *v*. **read (teach to)** isómáitetés *v*. **readable** isómáìmètòn *v*. **reader** isóméésíàm *n*. **readings** ɲósomáicík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ready** ɨɗɨmɛ́s *v*.; ɨɗɨmɛ́sɔ́n *v*.; ɨɗɨmɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɗimiés *v*.; iɗimiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itemités *v*. **ready (make)** itemités *v*. **ready (to eat)** àèòn *v*. **ready oneself** iɗimiesá así *v*. **ready to eat (become)** aeonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **ready to fight** iríríƙòn *v*. **ready to go (get)** súɓánòn *v*.; suɓétón *v*. **ready, set, go!** mérímeritsíò *interj*. **readying for harvest (of gardens)** aeonuƙota kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **real estate** kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **realize** walámón *v*. **really** easík<sup>e</sup> *n*.; kárɨká *adv*.; mʉ̀kà *adv*. **really (much)** pʉ́n *ideo*. **ream out** irúútés *v*. **reanimate** ɦyekitetés *v*. **reap** ɨrárátés *v*.; ɨrarɛs *v*.; tarares *v*.; weés *v*. **reaper** weésíàm *n*. **rear** ʝìr *n*.; kanɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔ́zɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔ̂z *n*.; tasɛɛs *v*.

**rear end** ʝírɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔ́zɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **reassign** ɨlɔpɛs *v*. **rebel** mɛnáám *n*.; ɲɛkɛsʉpan *n*.; terémón *v*. **rebels (Sudanese)** Ŋɨɲɛ́ɲɛ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*. **rebound** íbòtòn *v*.; iɗótón *v*. **rebuff** ɨmɛ́ɗɛ́lɛ́s *v*. **rebuke** dɔxɛ́s *v*.; dɔxɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **recall** anɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; anɛtɛ́s *v*.; tamɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tamɛtɛ́s *v*. **recall repeatedly** aniesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **recce** irimírímés *v*. **recede** raʝámón *v*.; raʝánón *v*. **receipt** taatsakabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **receive** tɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **recent** erútsón *v*. **recently** ts'ɔ̀ɔ̀ *adv*. **reclaim** ɨrapɛs *v*.; ɨrápɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **recline** eponuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɗɛ́ɗɔ́ɔ̀n *v*.; itsólóŋòn *v*. **recognize** ɦyeités *v*. **recoil from** itírákés *v*. **recollect** anɛtɛ́s *v*.; tamɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tamɛtɛ́s *v*. **reconcile** apápánɛ̀ɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; apápánɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*.; ɨsílítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **reconnoiter** irimírímés *v*. **record** ɨrɛ́kɔ́ɗɨŋeés *v*.; tamɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **record of attendance** éditíníkabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **recorded (on paper)** ɨƙɨrɔs *v*. **recount** isíséés *v*. **recover** ɨrapɛs *v*.; ɨrápɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨrapɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨrapɛtɛ́s *v*. **rectify** ɨtsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔɓɛɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **rector** pásìtà *n*. **rectum** dzɔɗát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **recur** tɔrʉ́ɓɔ́n *v*.

remain

**recycle** ɨrɔmɛs *v*. **red** ɗìwòn *v*. **red (become)** ɗiwonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **red (make)** ɗiwítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **red (of many)** ɗiwaakón *v*. **red (very)** tsòn *ideo*. **red-pod terminalia** ɡáʒàd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **redden** ɗiwítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɗiwonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **reddish-brown** bɔɨbɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **redeemer** hoɗetésíàm *n*. **redo** iɲaƙes *v*.; iɲoƙes *v*.; iɲóƙésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **reduce** raʝámón *v*.; raʝánón *v*. **reed** kɛ̀ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **reed (granary)** ɲétémets<sup>a</sup> *n*. **reed ring** nàtsìkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **reed species** sɔ́ɡɛ̀kàk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; sɔ̂ɡ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **reed wreath** nàtsìkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **reedbuck (Bohor)** ɲeɓuri *n*. **reedbuck (female mountain)** rɔ́ɡɛŋwa *n*. **reedbuck (male mountain)** cúkúɗùm *n*. **reedbuck (mountain)** rɔ̂ɡ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **reedmace** ìsìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **reeds (small)** kɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **reek** ilíánòn *v*.; mídzona ɗɛtsɨɗɛ́tsík<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; mídzònà ɗùk<sup>u</sup> *v*. **reel** ɡakímón *v*.; ɨtɛrítɛ́rɔ̀n *v*. **reenact** ɨŋɨtɛs *v*. **refer to** tákés *v*. **reflection** kúrúkúr *n*. **reform** cicianón *v*. **refuse** dimés *v*.; ts'ʉts'ʉ *n*.; wasɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **refuse treatment** béberésuƙota así *v*. **refute** ɨsalɛs *v*.; ɨsalɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨsalɨtɛ́s *v*. **refuted** ɨsálímétòn *v*. **regale** ɨmʉ́mwárés *v*.

**regalia** ɲɛ́nɨs *n*. **regime** ɲápukán *n*. **region** ɲɛ́tɛɛr *n*. **regress** raʝánón *v*. **regret** anɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **regrind** iŋáɓúkés *v*. **regrow** ʝɔɓɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; tɔrʉ́ɓɔ́n *v*. **regrow (of hair)** ŋʉrʉrʉ́ɲɔ́n *v*. **regrowing** ʝɔ̀ɓɔ̀n *v*. **regurgitate** ɦyɛnɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; ɦyɛ̀nɔ̀n *v*.; xerétón *v*. **reign over** ipúkéés *v*. **reject** dimés *v*.; ɨmɛ́ɗɛ́lɛ́s *v*.; míʝés *v*. **rejoin** ɗɛsɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; tɔŋɛ́tɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **rekindle (with breath)** fúts'iés *v*. **related** ɦyeímós *v*.; ɦyeínós *v*. **related by birth** ɦyeínósá ƙwaaté<sup>o</sup> *v*. **related by marriage** ɦyeínósá sits'ésú *v*.; ɲotánánès *n*. **relations (sexual)** ep<sup>a</sup> *n*. **relax** torwóónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **relaxed** torwóón *v*. **relay** ilotses *v*. **relay tower** ɲéɓusitá *n*. **release** hoɗés *v*.; hoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hoɗetés *v*.; itsues *v*.; itsuetés *v*.; talakes *v*. **releaser** hoɗetésíàm *n*. **reliable** ikékéɲòn *v*. **religion** ɲéɗíni *n*. **religious matters** ɲakuʝímɛ́n *n*. **relinquish** bɔlɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taʝales *v*.; taʝálésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taʝaletés *v*. **relocate** dzuƙés *v*.; ilóʝésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **relocate away** dzuƙésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **relocate one's home** ilotsesa zɛƙɔ́ ɛ *v*. **relocate this way** dzuƙetés *v*. **rely on** ɨƙɔŋɛs *v*. **remain** ʝɛʝɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; ʝɛ̀ʝɔ̀n *v*.

**remain behind** maɗámón *v*. **remainder** ʝírɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*.; óɡoɗesam *n*. **remainder (of food)** ɲomokoʝo *n*. **remainders** ʝírín *n*. **remains (find)** ítés *v*. **remember** anɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; anɛtɛ́s *v*.; tamɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tamɛtɛ́s *v*. **remember clearly** ɨpííríánón *v*. **remember often** aniesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **remind** tamɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **remove** hoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hoɗetés *v*.; ƙanésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ƙanetés *v*.; ts'álés *v*.; ts'aletés *v*.; tɔkɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔkɛtɛtɛ́s *v*.; tuɓutes *v*.; tuɓútésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tuɓutetés *v*.; tuutes *v*.; tuutetés *v*. **remove a bird** ƙanésúƙota ɡwaá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **remove gingerly** ɗítɛ́s *v*.; ɗítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **remove shoes** hoɗetésá taƙáíkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **remove the jaw of** taʝakes *v*. **removed from office** rúmánònà kàràtsʉ̀ *v*. **remunerate** taatses *v*. **remuneration** tààts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rend** dzɛrɛ́s *v*. **render** ɨkɔɓɛs *v*. **rendezvous (sexual)** tirésíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **renounce claim over** óɡoés *v*. **rent** ipáŋƙeés *v*. **rent (torn)** dzɛrɔ́sɔ́n *v*. **repair** ɨɗɨmɛ́s *v*.; ɨɗɨmɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɗɨmɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɲimanites *v*.; rátsɛ́s *v*.; taɗapes *v*.; taɗapetés *v*. **repair repeatedly** rátsiés *v*. **repaired** ɨɗɨmɔ́s *v*.; taɗapos *v*. **repay** taatsésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **repeat** iɓóŋón *v*.; iɲaƙes *v*.; iɲoƙes *v*.; iɲóƙésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**repeat endlessly** íɡuʝuɡuʝésa tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **repel** ɨɗáfɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtíílɛ́s *v*. **repelled** ɨɗáfɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **repent** cicianón *v*.; fítésuƙota ɡúró<sup>e</sup> *v*. **repent of sins** tʉlʉŋɛsa tɔsɛ́sɔ́nì *v*. **replace** imetsés *v*.; imetsités *v*. **replant (a garden)** iɓures *v*. **replicate** toputes *v*.; toputetés *v*. **reply** raʝés *v*.; raʝetés *v*.; taatses *v*.; taatsésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taatsetés *v*. **report** ɗoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɲéripót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **repose** ɨɗɛ́ɗɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **representative** tódààm *n*. **reprimand** dɔxɛ́s *v*.; dɔxɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **reprobate** ɲárásíám *n*. **reproduce (copy)** toputes *v*.; toputetés *v*. **repulse** ɨlɛ́lɛ́ítɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨtíílɛ́s *v*. **repulse each other** ɡʉts'ʉ́rínɔ́s *v*. **reputed** ɦyoós *v*. **request** wáánɛtɛ́s *v*. **rescue** ɨɛtɛ́s *v*. **rescuer** ɨɛtɛ́síàm *n*. **resect** ɓilés *v*. **resemble** ikwáánòn *v*.; ƙámón *v*.; topútétòn *v*. **reserved** toikíkón *v*. **residence** zɛƙɔ́áw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **resident** zɛƙɔ́ám *n*. **residue (beer)** ɗʉká *n*.; dàʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **residue (food)** ɲéɗúruɗur *n*. **resile** rʉʝɛ́s *v*. **resilient** itsyátón *v*. **resist** ɨƙaíƙɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨƙáƙɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨƙáƙɛ́ɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨrɛtɛs *v*.; kwɛ́rɛɗɛ́ɗɔ́n *v*.; raʝés *v*. **resistant** nɨkwídɔ̀n *v*. **resistantly** nìkw<sup>ɨ</sup> *ideo*. **resistent** itsyátón *v*.

**resolve** itemités *v*. **resolve an issue** epitésúƙota tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **resound** arútón *v*. **respect** mòròn *v*.; xɛ̀ɓɔ̀n *v*. **respect each other** mórímós *v*. **respire** ɨɛ́ŋɔ́n *v*.; sʉ́pɔ́n *v*. **resplendent** dòòn *v*. **respond** raʝés *v*.; raʝetés *v*.; taatses *v*.; taatsésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taatsetés *v*. **respond as a group** sùtòn *v*. **respond repeatedly** tébitebiés *v*. **responsible** ámêd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; wàsɔ̀n *v*. **responsible for things** wasɔna kúrúɓádù *v*. **resprout** ʝɔɓɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **resprouting** ʝɔ̀ɓɔ̀n *v*. **rest** ɨɛ́ŋɔ́n *v*. **rest (the head)** díƙwɛ́s *v*. **rest against** ɨƙɔŋɛs *v*.; ɨƙɔ́ŋítɛ́s *v*.; ɨƙɔ́ŋítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tonokes *v*. **rest on** ɨƙɔŋɛs *v*.; ɨƙɔ́ŋítɛ́s *v*.; ɨƙɔ́ŋítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **rest up** ɨɛ́ŋɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **restaurant** ŋƙáƙáhò *n*.; ɲéótèl *n*. **rested against** ɨƙɔ́ŋítɔ́s *v*. **rested on** ɨƙɔ́ŋítɔ́s *v*. **resting place** ìɛ̀ŋààw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **restless** ɗɛɲɨɗɛɲɔs *v*. **restless (unsettled)** tsɔnɨtsɔnɔ́s *v*. **restrain** ɨƙalíƙálɛ́s *v*.; isíƙéés *v*.; itítíkés *v*.; itítíketés *v*. **restrict** ɨrɨɗɛs *v*.; ɨrɨɗɛtɛ́s *v*. **restricted** ɨrɨɗɔs *v*. **resurrect** ɦyekétón *v*.; ɦyekitetés *v*. **resuscitate** fúts'iés *v*.; ikwárétòn *v*.

**retain** itítíkés *v*.; itítíketés *v*.; tatsáɗésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **retaliate** ɲaŋés *v*.; ɲaŋésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **retard** inípónítésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **retch** ʝaƙátós *v*.; toukes *v*.; touketés *v*.; xáƙátòn *v*. **retell** ɨŋɨtɛs *v*. **retire** rumétón *v*. **retort** taatses *v*.; taatsésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taatsetés *v*. **retrace one's steps** ɨƙʉlʉ́ƙʉ́lɔ̀n *v*. **retract** dolés *v*.; doletés *v*.; rʉʝɛ́s *v*. **retract foreskin** doletésá kwaní *v*. **retract oneself** rʉʝɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **retreat** ɨpɛ́ɛ́rɔ̀n *v*.; raʝánón *v*.; rumétón *v*. **retrieve** tukuretés *v*.; tukutetés *v*. **retrieve (food)** lɛkɛ́s *v*. **retriever (of food)** lɛkɛ́síàm *n*. **return** iɓóɓóŋòn *v*.; raʝés *v*.; raʝésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; raʝetés *v*.; tɔrʉ́ɓɔ́n *v*. **return bride** xɛɛsʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **return here** itétón *v*. **return there** itéón *v*.; itíón *v*. **return this way** iɓóɓóŋètòn *v*. **return to normal** xɔ́dɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **reveal** ɗoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɗóɗítetés *v*.; enitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; enitetés *v*.; ilééránitetés *v*.; kwɛts'ɛ́s *v*. **revealed** kwɛts'ɛ́mɔ́n *v*. **Revelation (biblical)** Enitetés *n*. **revenge** ɲaŋés *v*.; ɲaŋésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **revere** itúrútés *v*.; mòròn *v*. **reverse** ikutúkútés *v*.; ikutúkútòn *v*. **revert** raʝánón *v*. **revive** fúts'iés *v*.; ɦyekétón *v*.; ɦyekitetés *v*.; ikwárétòn *v*.

**revolt** ɨlɛ́lɛ́ítɛtɛ́s *v*. **revolve** ɨríŋɔ́n *v*. **reward** tɔ́rɔ́bɛs *v*.; tɔ́rɔ́bɛsa na ílɔɛsí *n*. **rheum (dried)** dɔ̀x *n*. **rhinoceros (black)** óbìʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rhomboid muscle** ɲɛ́sílɨsɨl *n*. **Rhus natalensis** mɨsá *n*. **Rhynchosia hirta** ɲéŋéso *n*. **rib** ŋabér *n*. **rib (lefthand)** betsínáŋabér *n*. **rib (lowest)** sʉ̀ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **rib (meat)** kileleɓú *n*. **rib (righthand)** ŋƙáƙáŋabér *n*. **rib (upper)** tsɛ̀tsɛ̀kw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rib bone** ŋabéríɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **rib meat** ŋábèrìkèèm *n*. **rich** bàrɔ̀n *v*.; iʝákáánón *v*. **rich (get)** bárɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; barɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **rich (in taste)** wɨɲídɔ̀n *v*.; wɨɲɨwíɲɔ́n *v*. **rich (make)** barítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **rich person** bàrɔ̀àm *n*.; bàrɔ̀nìàm *n*. **riches** bàr *n*. **richly in taste** wìɲ *ideo*. **Ricinus communis** ɨmánán *n*. **rickety** ɗɔxɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ɡɔ́ɡɔ̀rɔ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **ricochet** iɗótón *v*. **rid oneself of** ɡʉts'ʉrɛs *v*.; itsúrúés *v*. **riddle** taɗápítotós *n*. **ride** otsés *v*. **ride (a bicycle/motorcycle)** hɔnɛ́s *v*. **ridge** ɡòɡòròʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; itóróɲés *v*.; kokór *n*.; zeket<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ridge (of hair)** sìɡìrìɡìr *n*. **ridge (vertical)** fátár *n*.; ɲɔɗɔ́kɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **ridge base** tsɨɨr *n*.

**ridged** toŋórómòn *v*.; toróŋómòn *v*. **ridges in (make)** itóróɲés *v*. **ridgetop (vertical)** fátárààk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ridicule** tɔʝɛmɛs *v*. **rifle (bolt-action)** lomucir *n*. **rifle (short bolt-action)** ɲápaŋƙaláít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rifle through** iɓolíɓólés *v*.; iɓolíɓólésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **rifled** iyérón *v*. **right** ɨtsírɔ́n *v*.; iyóón *v*.; tsírɔ́n *v*.; tɔɓɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **right (make)** ɨtsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔɓɛɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **right (typically)** toɓéíón *v*. **right away** ɗìr *adv*. **right hand** ŋƙáƙákwɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **right here** nayé kɔ̀nà *dem*. **right hindleg** ɲálán *n*. **righthand rib** ŋƙáƙáŋabér *n*. **rigid** ɓotsódòn *v*.; kɛtɛ́rɛ́mɔ̀n *v*.; tsɛ́rɛkɛ́kɔ́n *v*. **rigidly** ɓòts<sup>o</sup> *ideo*. **rind** bɔɗɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **ring** ɨlíŋírɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɨrɛs *v*. **ring (a bell)** iwés *v*. **ring (finger)** ɲákaɓɔɓwáát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ring (of ears)** iwákón *v*. **ring (stick)** ɲókokor *n*.; ɲɔkɔlɔɓɛr *n*. **ring hollow** ɗɛʉɗɛ́wɔ́n *v*. **ring of reeds** nàtsìkw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲéleƙeré *n*. **ring-beam** ɲolóɗo *n*. **ring-tone** dikw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ringed** itówóòn *v*. **ringlet (metal)** àɡìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ringworm** aɗáɗá *n*. **rinse** ɨlaɨlɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɔ́lɔ́tsɛ́s *v*. **rinse (mouth)** íɡʉʝʉɡʉʝɛ́s *v*.; ɨmʉ́mʉ́ʝɛ́s *v*. **rip** dzɛrɛ́s *v*.

**rip off (cheat)** ɨmɔɗɛs *v*.; ɨmɔ́ɗɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **ripe** àèòn *v*. **ripe (nearly)** ɨts'ɔ́ƙɔ́n *v*. **ripen** aeonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ƙádòn *v*. **ripen quickly** hataikánón *v*. **ripen up** aeétón *v*. **ripening** kɔ̀ɓɔ̀n *v*. **ripped** dzɛrɔ́sɔ́n *v*.; láládziránón *v*. **rise** ŋkéétòn *v*.; ŋkóón *v*.; zikíbonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **rise (of sun)** tsòòn *v*.; tsoonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **rise (of voice)** ɔ́bɛ̀s *v*. **rise up (rebel)** terémón *v*. **risk** ɡaánàs *n*. **risky** ɡaanón *v*. **ritual (do a)** írés *n*. **ritual killing** síts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **river** sàbà *n*. **river (small)** ɔrɔr *n*. **river basin** ɲɛrɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **river bottom** sàbààƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **riverbank (opposite)** ƙìròt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **riverbed** sàbààƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **riverbed pool** ɲéɓwál *n*. **roach** lɔmɛ́ʝɛ́kɛlɛ́*n*. **road** muce *n*.; ɲerukuɗe *n*. **road grader** séɓésìàm *n*. **roam** iwórón *v*.; tɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **roamer** ɓɛƙɛsɔsíám *n*.; irimesíám *n*.; iwórónìàm *n*. **roar** ábʉ̀bʉ̀ƙɔ̀n *v*.; béúrètòn *v*.; erutánón *v*.; irúrúmòòn *v*.; xérón *v*. **roast** ʝʉɛ́s *v*. **roast lightly** ɨɔ́ɓɔ́rɛ́s *v*. **roasted** ʝʉɔ́s *v*. **roasting ground** nakíríkɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*.

**robber** lotáɗá *n*.; ŋuésíàm *n*. **robbery** lotáɗánànès *n*. **robe** ɲákaasó *n*. **robin-chat** loƙírot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rock (crumbly)** lɔkabʉ́ás *n*. **rock (large)** taɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rock (sedimentary)** sáɲamát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rock (small)** ɡwas *n*. **rock (soft)** ɲékúkuse *n*.; sáɲamát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rock (table)** ɡɨzá *n*. **rock back and forth** iikííkés *v*.; iukúúkés *v*. **rock crevice** tsarátán *n*. **rock pool** sát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rock pool water** sátíkócue *n*. **rock well** mɔƙɔr *n*. **rock well water** mɔƙɔrɔ́cúé *n*. **rockily** ɡàts<sup>a</sup> *ideo*.; ŋàr *ideo*. **rocky** ɡatsádòn *v*.; ŋarʉ́dɔ̀n *v*.; rakákámòn *v*. **rocky outcrop** kúc<sup>a</sup> *n*.; rikírík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rod** ʝʉrʉm *n*. **rod (cleaning)** sʉ́ƙʉ́tɛ́sítsɨrím *n*. **roil** íbɔtsɛ́sá así *v*.; íɡùlàʝòn *v*. **roll** kaɓéléɓelánón *v*.; tsitsikes *v*. **roll a root** tsitsikesa ʝɔtɛ́*v*. **roll around** aɓíɓílánón *v*. **roll around (in mouth)** ɨŋɔ́lɔ́ɓɔ́ɲɛ́s *v*. **roll away** tsitsíkésuƙota así *v*. **roll between hands** tsutsukes *v*. **roll over** iɓéléés *v*.; iɓéléìmètòn *v*. **roll repeatedly** tsitsikiés *v*. **roll this way** tsitsiketésá así *v*. **roll up** ɨpɔ́pírɛ́s *v*.; kakɨrɛ́s *v*.; tɔɓɨlɛtɛ́s *v*. **rolling sound** dɛ̀rɛ̀dɛ̀r *ideo*.; kùrùkùr *ideo*. **Romans (biblical)** Ŋírɔmánɔ́niik<sup>a</sup> *n*.

#### roof

**roof** hoɡwarí *n*. **roof (of mouth)** aƙár *n*. **roof ring (of reeds)** ɲéleƙeré *n*. **roof tip (woven)** tsùt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **roofing sheet** ɲámaamɓát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rooftop (inner)** lɔɓîz *n*. **room** naƙʉ́lɛ́*n*. **room (space)** zɛƙɔ́áw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **roomy** ɨlɔ́lɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; lalʉ́ʝɔ́n *v*. **roost** itsélélèòn *v*. **rooster** ɡwácúrúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **root** dakúsɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; sɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*.; sɔkɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **root (of a tooth)** kwayɔ́ɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **rope** ŋún *n*.; ún *n*. **rope (braided)** natɨɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rope (tree bark)** tɔ̀fɔ̀l *n*. **rot** ɗutúɗútánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; masánétòn *v*.; mʉsánétòn *v*. **rotate** ɨlɨrɛs *v*.; irímétòn *v*.; irímítetés *v*.; irímón *v*. **rotate around in** irimes *v*. **rotate repeatedly** ɨlɨrílírɛ́s *v*. **rotted** ɗatáɗátánón *v*. **rotten** ɗutúdòn *v*.; masánón *v*. **rotten (very)** ɗùt<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **rotten at core** ɓʉɓʉsánón *v*. **rotting** ɗutúɗútánón *v*. **rotund** pʉŋʉ́rʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **rough** ƙumúƙúmánón *v*.; rúɡuruɡánón *v*. **rough (of a road)** ƙumúƙúmánón *v*. **rough (of a surface)** ŋaráɓámòn *v*. **roughen** cɛ́bɛ̀s *v*. **roughly** ɡwɛ̀ʝ ɛ *ideo*. **round** ɗukúditésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɗukúdòn *v*.; ɨlʉ́lʉ́ŋɔ́s *v*.; ɲásápari *n*.

**round (and thick)** baƙúlúmòn *v*. **round (make)** ɗukúditésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨlʉ́lʉ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **round up** ikoŋetés *v*.; ɨkwɛtíkwɛ́tɛ́s *v*.; ƙalíƙálɛ́s *v*.; sáɡwès *v*. **roundly** ɗùk<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **roused** iƙúrúmós *v*. **rove** tɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **rover** ɓɛƙɛsɔsíám *n*.; irimesíám *n*. **row** iƙures *v*. **rub** iríƙéés *v*.; ʝʉ́rɛ́s *v*.; ŋííɗɛ́s *v*. **rub around** iwulúwúlés *v*. **rub between fingers** sɨmɨɗímíɗɛ́s *v*. **rub down/out** ʝʉ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ʝʉrɛtɛ́s *v*. **rub in hands** tsutsukes *v*. **rub off** iɲíɲíés *v*.; ŋííɗɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **rub vigorously** ídʉlɨdʉlɛ́s *v*. **rubber** ɗɔtɔ́*n*. **rubber (eraser)** ɲáráɓa *n*. **rubberily** rɔ̀ɓ ɔ *ideo*. **rubbery** rɔɓɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **rubbish** ts'ʉts'ʉ *n*. **rubbish pile** ts'ʉts'ʉ́áw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **rubeola** púrurú *n*. **ruffle** dʉbɛ́s *v*. **rugged** rúɡuruɡánón *v*. **ruin** imóɲíkees *v*.; imóɲíkeetés *v*.; ináƙúés *v*.; ináƙúetés *v*.; ɨraŋɛs *v*.; ɨraŋɛtɛ́s *v*. **ruined** ináƙúós *v*.; ináƙúotós *v*.; ɨraŋɔs *v*.; ɨráŋʉ́nánón *v*. **ruined (become)** ɨraŋímétòn *v*. **ruinousness** ƙʉts'ánánès *n*. **rule** ipúkéés *v*.; ɨtsɨkɛs *n*. **ruler** ipúkéésíàm *n*.; tòtwàrààm *n*. **rumble** ɗukuɗúkón *v*.; ɨkílɔ́n *v*.; tɔtɔanón *v*. **rumble off** itíƙíròòn *v*.; itíríƙòòn *v*.

salivate

**rumen** ɲɛ́pʉnʉk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ruminate** ɨɲáɗʉ́tɛ́s *v*.; ɲɛɓɛ́s *v*. **rumple** imóɲíkees *v*. **rumple up** imóɲíkeetés *v*. **run** tsùwà *v*. **run (a direction)** ŋàtɔ̀n *v*. **run (multiply)** ŋatíón *v*. **run after** irukes *v*.; irúkésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **run after each other** ríínós *v*. **run away** duƙésúƙota mòrà<sup>e</sup> *v*.; moronuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ŋatɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **run away (of many)** iɗúzòn *v*. **run cold (of blood)** ɓʉnʉ́mɔ́nà sèà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **run hot (of blood)** ɓʉnʉ́mɔ́nà sèà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **run into** íbaɗɛ́s *v*.; imánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɲimánétòn *v*. **run into (meet)** imánétòn *v*. **run into repeatedly** íbaɗiés *v*. **run off** ikutses *v*.; ikútsésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ŋatɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **run out** ídzòn *v*. **run this way** ŋatɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **run-down** kɔlɔlánón *v*. **running (send off)** ŋatítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **running jump (get a)** itseɗítséɗòn *v*. **running naked** lèdèr *ideo*. **running water** lɔkáʝʉ́ *n*. **runt** ƙʉ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **runty** sɛ́rɛ́ƙɛƙánón *v*. **rush** ɨɓʉ́ŋɔ́n *v*.; ɨkɨríkírɔ̀n *v*. **rush into things** ŋamɨŋámɔ́n *v*. **rush off** ɨpʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **rush out** tsídzètòn *v*. **rust** iróróòn *v*.; sɨmírɔ́n *v*. **rustle** ɓɛkɨɓɛ́kɔ́n *v*. **rustle up (food)** ɨɗɔ́ɗɔ́ɛ́s *v*.

**rusty** sɨmɨránón *v*. **rusty (get)** iɗolíɗólòn *v*. **Saba comorensis** ɲamalil *n*. **sack** hoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sack (gunny)** ɲɛ́ɗɛpɨɗɛ́p <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲéɡuniyá *n*. **sack (huge leather)** tun *n*. **sack (large gunny)** lomóŋin *n*.; ɲáwaawá *n*. **sack (leather)** lokóoɗo *n*. **sack (nylon)** ɲɛ́kɨsɛsɛ́*n*. **sack (small plastic)** ɲápaalí *n*. **sacrament** ɲásakaraméntù *n*. **sacred place** ɲɛkíwɔ́rìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sacrifice** síts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sacrifice against enemies** loŋɔ́tásìts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sacrifice (funeral goat)** ipúɲéés *v*.; sɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **sacrifice (wedding)** ɲɛ́kílama *n*.; ɲɛkʉma *n*. **sacrifice a goat** cɛɛsá rié sàbàk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **sacrum** ɲɛtsɨr *n*.; ɲɛtsɨríɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **sad** itásónòn *v*.; sìŋòn *v*.; tasónón *v*. **saddle (donkey)** ɲásaaʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **saddle (of a mountain)** kwaréékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **safari ant** ƙúduƙûd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **safe** ɲébeŋɡí *n*.; toikíkón *v*. **safe-box** ɲébeŋɡí *n*. **safety (gun)** bɔɗɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋáɲɛ́sìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **safety pin** ɲákwác *n*. **sag** ɨƙɔ́nɔ́nɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **sag (of eyelids)** irwápón *v*. **saggy** ratatáɲón *v*. **sail** ɨɔ́ɔ́rɛ́s *v*.; ɨɔ́ɔ́rɔ̀n *v*. **saintly** dòòn *v*. **saliva** tat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **salivary glands** ƙuts'áts'íka ni tatí *n*. **salivate** mʉ́lʉƙʉ́ƙɔ́n *v*.

#### saloon

**saloon** ɲáɓá *n*. **salt** didiɡwarí *n*.; ɲémíli *n*. **Salvadora persica** ɓaláŋ *n*. **same** iríánòn *v*. **same (be the)** ikwáánòn *v*. **sample** kaites *v*. **sample from** ɨsɛkísɛ́kɛ́s *v*.; ɨsɛ́sɛ́kɛ́s *v*. **sample many** hamomos *v*. **sanctity** daás *n*. **sand** ʝʉmʉʝʉmás *n*.; séɓés *v*.; sʉ́ʉ́tɛ́s *v*. **sand spring** ɲakúʝá *n*. **sandal** ŋaɗɛ́tá *n*. **sandal (rubber)** ɲásánɗɔ̀l *n*. **Sansevieria robusta** màlòr *n*. **Sansevieria species** barat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ʝɔ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **sanza** lokemú *n*. **sapless** bʉláʝámɔ̀n *v*.; daƙwádòn *v*. **Satan** Siitán *n*. **sate** cɨɨtɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sated** cìɔ̀n *v*. **sated (become)** cɨɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; topwatímétòn *v*. **satellite** ɗɔ́xɛatá na ɓɛƙɛ́s *n*. **satiate** cɨɨtɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **satiated** cìɔ̀n *v*. **satiated (become)** cɨɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; topwatímétòn *v*. **satisfied** cìɔ̀n *v*. **satisfy** cɨɨtɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **satisfy hunger** topwátón *v*. **satisfy meat hunger** ɨtsɔ́ítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtsɔ́ɔ́n *v*.; ɨtsɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **saturated** ilébìlèbètòn *v*. **Saturday** Ɲárámɨram *n*. **Satureja species** òŋòrìkwàts<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**saucepan** dóm *n*.; ɲásipiryá *n*.; ɲésipiriyá *n*. **saucepan (small)** dómáìm *n*. **saucer** ɲásaaní *n*. **saunter** ɨpɛ́ɛ́ɲɛ́sá así *v*. **sausage tree** sosóbòs *n*. **savage** ɦyɛtɨɦyɛtɔs *v*.; ɦyɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; ɨɲɛ́ɛ́mɔ̀n *v*.; ɨsílíánón *v*. **savagery** ɦyɛtás *n*. **savannah** dús *n*. **save** ɡirés *v*.; ɨɛtɛ́s *v*. **save (spiritually)** hoɗetés *v*. **save oneself** ɨɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **saved (get)** hoɗetésá así *v*. **savior** hoɗetésíàm *n*.; ɨɛtɛ́síàm *n*. **saw** iriƙíríƙés *v*.; ɲɛ́ƙɨrɨƙír *n*. **saw away at** ifitífítés *v*. **say** kʉ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; kʉtɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tódètòn *v*. **say hello to** ɨmáxánɛ́s *v*. **saying** taɗápítotós *n*. **scab** ɔmɔ́x *n*. **scabby** sómomóʝón *v*.; tɔmɔ́tɔ́mánón *v*. **scabby person** tɔmɔ́tɔ́mánìàm *n*. **scabies** kɔ́ts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **scaffolding (make)** ɨpɛ́tɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **scald** kʉpɛ́s *v*.; kʉpɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **scale** fâd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ikókórés *v*.; kɔmɔ́m *n*. **scale (weighing)** ɲératíl *n*. **scale this way** ikókóretés *v*. **scales** ɲératíl *n*. **scaly** saŋáŋóòn *v*. **scamper up** ɨtsɛ́tsɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **scapula** sawatɔ́ɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **scar** ƙwár *n*.; ɔ́ʝátàs *n*.; tás *n*.; tásɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **scar (big)** ɲépóros *n*.

**scarce** búúbuanón *v*.

**scare** kitítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; xɛɓɨtɛs *v*.; xɛɓɨtɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**scare away** ɨrɛmɛs *v*.

**scare off** ɨrɛmɛs *v*.

**scarified** ɨsɛɓɔs *v*.

**scarify** ɓunutiés *v*.; ɨsɛɓɛs *v*.; ɨsɛɓísɛ́ɓɛ́s *v*.

**scarlet** tsòn *ideo*.

**scarred** ɓulúrúmòn *v*.

**scarred up** seɓuránón *v*.

**scat** ets'<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**scatter** ɓʉnʉ́mɔ́n *v*.; ɓʉnʉtɛ́s *v*.; ɨɗɛrɛs *v*.; itwares *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lánón *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛ́s *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛtɛ́s *v*.; toɓwaŋes *v*.

**scatter (seeds)** tɛwɛɛs *v*.

**scatter around** ɨɗɛríɗɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **scattered** ɨɗɛrɔs *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɔ́s *v*.; kazaanón *v*. **scattered around** apɛ́tɛ́pɛ́tánón *v*.; ɨɗɛríɗɛ́rɔ́s *v*. **scavenge** furés *v*.; iúréés *v*. **scavenger** furésíàm *n*. **scent** kɔín *n*.

**schlip!** ʝʉ́rʉ́tᶶ *ideo*.; sɛ̀lɛ̀t ɛ *ideo*.

**school** ɲésukúl *n*.

**school (technical)** tɛ́kɛ̀nìkɔ̀l *n*.

**school (vocational)** tɛ́kɛ̀nìkɔ̀l *n*.

**schooling** ɲósomá *n*.

**schunk!** pùrùs *ideo*.

**science** ɲɛ́sɛ́ànìs *n*.

**scissors** ɲámakás *n*.

**Sclerocarya birrea** ts'ɔƙɔ́m *n*.

**scold** dɔxɛ́s *v*.; dɔxɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**scoliosis (have)** toíɗón *v*.

**scoop** cɛbɛn *n*.; tɛ́bɛ̀s *v*. **scoop off** ɨlaɓɛtɛ́s *v*. **scoop out (water)** ɗalés *v*. **scoop out/up** tɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **scoop up** cɛɓɛ́s *v*.; towoɗetés *v*. **scoop with fingers** ɡafariés *v*. **scoot** béberésuƙota así *v*. **scorch** kɔrɛtɛ́s *v*.; kɔrɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **scorched** kɔrɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **score** ɨsɛɓɛs *v*. **score (a goal)** iƙólésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **scored** ɨsɛɓɔs *v*. **scorn** míʝés *v*.; tsíítés *v*. **scorpion** lóɗíkór *n*. **scorpion (water)** lòcòrò *n*. **scorpion herb** lóɗíkórócɛmɛ́r *n*. **scour (an area)** ɨɗɛŋɛs *v*. **scoured** iɗéŋímètòn *v*. **scourge** iɓúŋéés *v*. **scout** irimesíám *n*.; rɔtɛ́ám *n*. **scout bee** páupáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **scout out** irimírímés *v*. **scowl** iɲíkón *v*. **scowling (begin)** iɲíkétòn *v*. **scraggy** ɡɔ́ɡɔ̀rɔ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **scramble** ɨfáfáɲɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɛ́pɔ́n *v*. **scramble down** kukuanón *v*. **scramble up** ɨfɛ́ɗɛ́lɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɛ́pɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨmɔrímɔ́rɛ́s *v*. **scrambled up** ɨmɔrímɔ́rɔ́s *v*. **scrap** ƙwɛsɛ́*n*. **scrap metal (piece of)** ɲɛpɛlɛrɛŋ *n*. **scrape** fɔ́fɔ́tɛ́s *v*.; ɨfɔɛs *v*.; wówóʝés *v*. **scrape clean** tikitetés *v*. **scrape off** bátsɛ́s *v*.; ɨwalɛtɛ́s *v*.; rɛ́kɛ́s *v*.; tʉkʉrɛs *v*.

**scratch** ɡweɡweritiés *v*.; sʉ́ƙʉ́tɛ́s *v*.; sʉ́ʉ́tɛ́s *v*. **scratch (with claws)** soƙóríties *v*. **scratch off** sɛkɛ́s *v*.; sɛkɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **scratch up** ikúkúrés *v*.; tukures *v*.; tukutes *v*. **scratch vigorously** koxésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **scratched** ɡweɡweritiós *v*. **scrawl** ɡweɡweritiés *v*.; wíziwizetés *v*. **scrawled** ɡweɡweritiós *v*. **scrawny** kalɛ́ɛ́tsɛránón *v*.; rɛƙɛ́ɲɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **scream** ɨkwílílɔ̀n *v*. **screech** iyíyéés *v*. **screw around on errand** ɗipímón *v*. **screw up** hamʉʝɛ́s *v*. **scribble** ɡweɡweritiés *v*.; wíziwizetés *v*. **scribbled** ɡweɡweritiós *v*. **scripture (Christian)** Ɲáɓáíɓɔ̀l *n*. **scrotal swelling** ɲɛkwɨ *n*. **scrounge for** furés *v*. **scrub** ríʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; sʉ́ƙʉ́tɛ́s *v*.; sʉ́ʉ́tɛ́s *v*. **scrub brush** ɲecaaƙo *n*. **scrub off** sɛkɛ́s *v*.; sɛkɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **scrubby** kalɛ́ɛ́tsɛránón *v*. **scrubland** ɲáɓwa *n*.; ríʝíkaaʝík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **scruff** fètìfèt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **scruff (fat)** nìtsìnìts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **scrumptious** ɗɔkɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ritídòn *v*. **scrumptiously** ɗɔ̀k ɔ *ideo*. **scrunch** ɨʉmʉ́íʉ́mɛ́s *v*. **scrunch up** ɨtʉsɛtɛ́s *v*.; tusuketés *v*.; tusúkón *v*. **scrutinize** ɨpíʝíkɛ́s *v*. **sculpt** bɛrɛtɛ́s *v*.; sotés *v*.; sotetés *v*. **scum** kɨrarap<sup>a</sup> *n*. **scurf** kɔmɔ́m *n*.

**scurfy** saŋáŋóòn *v*. **scurry up** ɨfɛ́ɗɛ́lɛ́s *v*.; sekweres *v*. **sea** ɲánam *n*. **seal** ilies *v*.; iliílíés *v*. **sealed** iliílíós *v*.; ilios *v*. **seamless** iliílíós *v*. **seamster** tʉfɛ́síàm *n*. **seamstress** tʉfɛ́síàm *n*. **sear** iɓues *v*. **search (an area)** ɨɗɛŋɛs *v*. **search (pat down)** tárábes *v*. **search all over (pat down)** tárábiés *v*. **search for** bɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; bɛɗɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨkʉʝɛs *v*. **search in vain** iróʝíés *v*. **searched over** iɗéŋímètòn *v*. **season** ɛfɨtɛs *v*.; íbutsurés *v*.; iwéwérés *v*.; tsóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **season (dry)** ôdz<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ódzatsóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **season (rainy)** diditsóy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔtáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **seasoning** ɲɛ́ɓɨsár *n*. **seat** kàràts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; zɛƙɔ́áw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **seated** zɛ̀ƙwɔ̀n *v*. **seated (of many)** ɡóƙón *v*. **sebum** îdw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **secede** tatsáɗón *v*. **seclude** ɨpátsɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **seclude oneself** ɨpátsɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **second (be the)** mɨtɔna ɗíɛ́leɓétsónì *v*. **second (one)** ɗa leɓétsónì *pro*. **secret** búdòs *v*. **secretary** karan *n*. **secrete** ɓɔ́rítɔ̀n *v*. **secretor** ƙùts'àts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **section** bácík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; itiɓes *v*.; itiɓítíɓés *v*.; ʝulés *v*.; ƙɔ́dɔ̀l *n*. **section (area)** nabɨɗɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **section (military)** ɲésékíxìòn *n*.

**section (plant)** ɲékel *n*. **section (space)** naƙʉ́lɛ́*n*. **secure** toikíkón *v*. **Securinega virosa** ɲalakas *n*. **security** ŋíkísila *n*.; ɲɛkɨsɨl *n*. **security officer (government)** tirifiesíáma ɲápukání *n*. **seduce** sʉ́bɨtɛ́sʉ́ƙɔta así *v*. **see** enés *v*.; enésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; walámón *v*. **see stars** ɨmɛ́ɗɛ́tɔna ekwí *v*. **see-through** tsaórómòn *v*. **seed** eɗed<sup>a</sup> *n*.; eɡésá ekwí *v*.; ekw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ekwed<sup>a</sup> *n*.; iŋárúrètòn *v*. **seed butter** ɲówoɗí *n*. **seed mixture (nuptial)** loŋazut<sup>a</sup> *n*. **seed oil** útɔ̀ *n*. **seed(s)** kiɲom *n*. **seedeater (yellow-rumped)** ʝɨlíw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **seeded** iŋárúròn *v*. **seeds** ekwin *n*. **seeds (have)** iŋárúròn *v*. **seeds of ʝàw<sup>a</sup>** ílekó *n*. **seeing as how** naítá *subordconn*. **seek** bɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; bɛɗɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨkʉʝɛs *v*.; ɨmítíŋɛɛ́s *v*. **seemingly** íkwà *adv*.; ókò *adv*. **seen** lɛ́lɔ́n *v*.; takánón *v*. **seen (make)** kɛtɛ́lɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **seen clearly** ilééránón *v*.; kɛtɛ́lɔ́n *v*. **seen dimly** misimísón *v*. **seen faintly** misimísón *v*. **seep** tɔfɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **seer** ɲakuʝíícíkáàm *n*. **seesaw** iyopíyópòn *v*. **seethe** tabúón *v*. **seethe over** tabúétòn *v*.

**segment** itiɓes *v*.; itiɓítíɓés *v*.; ʝulam *n*.; ʝulés *v*. **segment (plant)** ɲékel *n*. **segment (small)** ʝulamáím *n*. **segregate** ɨlɔ́ɗíŋɛ́s *v*.; tereties *v*. **segregated** teretiós *v*. **segregation** ɲoloɗiŋ *n*. **segregative** ɨlɔ́ɗíŋánón *v*. **seism** ɲéríkirik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **seize** ɛ́nɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨkamɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨrakiesúƙota así *v*.; ɨrákímétòn *v*.; ɨrɛɗɛs *v*.; tokopes *v*.; tokópésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **seize frequently** reŋíónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **seizure (have a )** ɨrákímétòn *v*. **seizures (have)** ɨrakiesúƙota así *v*.; reŋíónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **Selaginella phillipsiana** múmùt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **select** ɗʉmɛtɛ́s *v*.; iɗókóliés *v*.; ɨƙɛ́ƙɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨƙɛlɛs *v*.; ɨƙɛlɛtɛ́s *v*.; ƙɛ́lɛ́s *v*.; tɔsɛɛtɛ́s *v*.; xɔ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **select categorially** ɨsíílɛtɛ́s *v*. **select iteratively** ƙélíetés *v*. **selected** xɔ́bɔtɔ́s *v*. **self** as *pro*.; nêb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **self-centered** reídòn *v*. **self-cleanse** fítésuƙota ɡúró<sup>e</sup> *v*. **self-controlled** ɨrɨtsɛ́sá así *v*.; toikíkón *v*. **self-important** ɨwɔ́ƙɔ́n *v*. **selfish** hábòn *v*. **selfish person** kìɓèɓèàm *n*. **selfishness** hábàs *n*. **sell** dzíɡwès *v*.; dzíɡwesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **seller** dzíɡwesuƙotíám *n*. **semen** ɗír *n*. **semester** ɲátám *n*. **seminar** ɲésémìnà *n*. **send** eréɡes *v*. **send back** raʝésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**send early** isókítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **send in a message** mɛnɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **send off running** ŋatítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **send out a message** mɛnɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **send soaring** ɨɔ́ɔ́rɛ́s *v*. **send straight to** tɔɓɛɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **senile** dúnésòn *v*.; itúléròn *v*.; kamudurudádòn *v*. **senile (become)** itúléronuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sense** ƙanetés *v*. **sensitive (to light)** tɔtsɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **sentry** itelesíám *n*.; itelesíáma kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **separate** ɗusés *v*.; ɗusésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; terémétòn *v*.; terémón *v*.; terémón *v*.; terémónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; terés *v*.; tereties *v*. **separate by shaking** ɨkákɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **separate oneself** terésúƙota así *v*. **separate out** terétéránitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **separate out by shaking** ɨkákɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **separated** teretiós *v*. **separated out** terétéránón *v*. **September** Lotyak<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Nakariɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sequester** ɨpátsɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sequester oneself** ɨpátsɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **serial killer** ɨkɛɲíkɛ́ɲɛ́síàm *n*. **serious (be)** mɨtɔna sírìàs *v*. **seriously** ɓa<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **serous fluid** tsét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **serpent** ídèm *n*. **serum** tsét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **serval** ɲálukutúʝu *n*. **servant** ŋípáƙásíàm *n*. **servant (domestic)** teréɡiama awá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **servant (indentured)** ŋiléɓúìàm *n*. **serve (food)** ɡárés *v*. **service** ɨsáɓísɨŋɛɛ́s *v*.; terêɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**service (religious)** wáán *n*. **sesame** kaɲʉm *n*. **Sesamum indicum** kaɲʉm *n*. **set (joint)** raʝés *v*. **set (of sun)** itsólóŋòn *v*.; tɔɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **set agape** hádoletés *v*. **set aside** ɨŋáɗɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨŋáɗɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **set fire to** ɗamatés *v*. **set free** hoɗés *v*.; hoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hoɗetés *v*. **set loose** itsues *v*.; itsuetés *v*. **set nearby** taraŋés *v*. **set oneself apart** ƙɛ́lɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*.; terésúƙota así *v*. **set out** ɗóɗésa muceé *v*. **set record straight** ɨtɛ́nɨtɛtɛ́sá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **set straight** ɨtɛ́nɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **set up** ɨnábɛtɛ́s *v*. **set up (a beehive)** rɔ́ƙɛ́s *v*. **set up (gel)** tɔsɔ́ɗɔ́kɔ̀n *v*. **set upright** ɨtsírítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tsírítɛtɛ́s *v*. **settle** ínésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zɛƙwɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **settle a dispute** epitésúƙota tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **settle down** ɗipímón *v*.; epítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; toíésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zɛƙwɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; zɛƙwɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **settle in** toƙízeesá así *v*.; toƙízèètòn *v*. **settle on** ɲʉmɛtɛ́s *v*. **seven** tude ńda kiɗi léɓèts<sup>e</sup> *num*. **seven o'clock** ɲásáatíá kɔ̀nìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **seventeen** toomíní ńda kiɗi túde ńda kiɗi léɓèts<sup>e</sup> *n*. **seventy** toomínékwa túde ńda kiɗi léɓèts<sup>e</sup> *n*. **sever** ɗusés *v*.; ɗusésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɗusutes *v*.; ɨkɛ́ŋɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; tɔŋɛɗɛs *v*. **several** ʝaláʝálánón *v*. **sew** tʉfɛ́s *v*. **sewing machine** ɲájarán *n*.

**sex** ep<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sex (have frequent)** ɓútánés *v*. **sex (have unprotected)** ts'íts'ɔ́n *v*. **sex (have)** èpòn *v*. **sexual afterglow (feel)** ɨrákímétòn *v*. **sexual intercourse** ep<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sexual relations** ep<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sexually insatiable (of a woman)** ɓòɓòn *v*. **sexually-transmitted disease** ɲamakaʝe *n*. **shade** kur *n*.; kúrúkúr *n*. **shadeless** sáɡwàràmòn *v*. **shades (glasses)** ɲékiyóika ni fetí *n*. **shadow** ikókótés *v*.; kúrúkúr *n*. **shaft** morók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shaft (arrow)** ɲámalídàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shaft (borehole)** ɲatsʉʉmáhò *n*. **shaft (penile)** ɲɛ́sɛɛɓɔ́*n*. **shaft of light** bás *n*.; sʉ́w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shaggy** ɡaúsúmòn *v*. **shake** iɓokes *v*.; kìtòn *v*.; kwalíkwálɔ̀n *v*. **shake (begin to)** kitétón *v*. **shake (make)** kitítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shake back and forth** ɨlílíŋɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɨŋílíŋɛ́s *v*.; ilitsílítsés *v*. **shake in a pan** ɨlaƙɛs *v*.; ɨlaƙíláƙɛ́s *v*.; ɨláláƙɛ́s *v*. **shake off** iɓókésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ilílítsés *v*.; iwatíwátés *v*. **shake out** iɓutúɓútés *v*.; ilílítsés *v*.; ixóxóƙés *v*.; ixuƙúxúƙés *v*.; ixúxúƙés *v*. **shake out noisily** ɨxaxɛɛs *v*. **shake side to side** ilitsílítsés *v*. **shake to separate** ɨkákɛ́ɛ́s *v*.; ɨkákɛ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**shake up and down** itéƙítéƙés *v*. **shake vigorously** íbɔbɔtsɛ́s *v*.; íbɔtsɛ́s *v*. **shaking sound** ɓʉlʉɓʉl *ideo*. **shallow** tɛ́ƙɛ́dɛ̀mɔ̀n *v*.; tɛ́ƙɛ́zɛ̀mɔ̀n *v*.; tiƙódzòmòn *v*. **shallowly concave** ɓɛtɛ́lɛ́mɔ̀n *v*.; fɛtɛ́lɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **shame** ɓets'itetés *v*.; iryámítetésá ŋiléétsìk<sup>e</sup> *v*.; ŋilééts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shameful person** ŋiléétsìàm *n*. **shamefulness** ŋiléétsìnànès *n*. **shape** bɛrɛtɛ́s *v*.; itues *v*.; ituetés *v*. **shape (with a blade)** bɔ́tɛ́s *v*. **shard** ɡúɗúsam *n*. **share** tɔmɔram *n*.; tɔmɔrɛs *v*. **share with each other** tɔmɔ́rínɔ́s *v*. **shareable** tɔmɔram *n*. **sharp** ts'íts'ɔ́n *v*. **sharp (of eyesight)** tsɔ́tsɔ́n *v*. **sharp (make)** ts'íts'ítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ts'íts'ítɛtɛ́s *v*. **sharp in taste** ɓariɓárón *v*.; ɓárikíkón *v*. **sharpen** banɛ́s *v*.; ts'íts'ítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ts'íts'ítɛtɛ́s *v*. **shart** ɨɓíɔ́n *v*. **shatter** ɓɨlíɓílɛ́s *v*.; kwɛts'ɛ́s *v*. **shattered (get)** kwɛts'ɛ́mɔ́n *v*. **shave** bɔ́tɛ́s *v*.; ɨpɛlɛs *v*. **shave (even)** ɨkʉlɛs *v*.; ɨkʉlɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨkwalɛs *v*. **shave (hair)** ɡíʝɛ́s *v*. **shave off** ɨƙwɛ́ƙwɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **shave off (hair)** ɡɨʝɛtɛ́s *v*. **shaving** ɨpɛlɛtam *n*. **shaving (wood)** bɔtɛtam *n*. **shawl** ɲáléso *n*.; ɲáwáro *n*. **shawl (cotton)** ɲákamarɨkán *n*. **shawl (leather)** xɔŋɔŋ *n*.

#### shortness

#### sheaf

**sheaf** zɨkam *n*. **sheaf (of crops)** ɲénéne *n*. **sheath** nakɨrɔ́r *n*.; ɲaɓʉ́rɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **shed** fòlòn *v*.; ɲésitó *n*.; tuɓutes *v*.; tuɓútésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shed blood** tɔyɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **shedding** ɗaráɗáránón *v*. **sheep** ɗóɗò *n*. **sheep tail** ɗóɗotimóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sheep-leather clothing** ɗóɗòƙwàz *n*. **sheep-leather skirt** ɗóɗòƙwàz *n*. **sheet of paper** kàbàɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sheet of roofing** ɲámaamɓát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shell** fâd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shell (casing)** ɲéɓurocó *n*.; ɲɛsɛpɛɗɛ *n*. **shell (of a beehive)** ɗòl *n*. **shell (snail)** irex *n*.; tɔƙɔtɔƙáhò *n*. **shell (tortoise)** ròɡìròɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shelter** kur *n*.; rɨmɛ́s *v*. **shelter (grass)** ɲɛ́kɨsakát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shelter from rain** rɨmɛ́sá dìdìù *v*. **shepherd** còòkààm *n*.; cookés *v*. **shield** ɨƙɨɛs *v*.; kesen *n*. **shift** iméérés *v*.; irotes *v*.; ɨsʉ́tɔ́n *v*. **shift (position)** ɨsɔ́sɔ́ŋɔ́s *v*. **shift repeatedly** irotírótés *v*. **shilling** kaúdzèèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋásɛntáìèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shillings** ŋásɛntáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shimmer** riɓiríɓón *v*. **shin** ɓɔ́l *n*. **shinbone** tsɛrɛ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **shindig** ɲápáti *n*. **shine** ɨwírɔ́n *v*. **shine (begin to)** ɨwírɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **shine brightly** ɨraírɔ́ɔ̀n *v*.

**shine forth (of heavenly bodies)** ʝʉ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **shinny up** ɨfɛ́ɗɛ́lɛ́s *v*. **shiny** pirídòn *v*. **ship** irotes *v*.; tsídzès *v*. **ship away** tsídzesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **ship off** tsídzesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **ship repeatedly** irotírótés *v*. **shirt** ɲásáti *n*. **shish kebab** rɔam *n*. **shit** nts'áƙón *v*. **shitǃ** ɗʉ̀rʉ̀ *n*. **shiver** kìtòn *v*.; kwalíkwálɔ̀n *v*. **shiver (begin to)** kitétón *v*. **shiver (make)** kitítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shock** ɨɓálɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; lilétón *v*.; toɓules *v*. **shocking** ɨɓálɔ́n *v*.; toɓúlón *v*. **shoe** taƙáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shoe (cow-leather)** ɦyɔtaƙáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shoe (elephant leather)** oŋoritaƙáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shoe (leather)** ŋáɓʉʉrá *n*. **shoe (open-toed)** taƙáá na ŋáɲɔ́s *n*. **shoe (tire rubber)** ɲómotokátáƙáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shoe-strap** lɔkaapín *n*. **shoelace** lɔkaapín *n*. **shoot** ídzès *v*.; ídzesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ƙádès *v*.; ƙádesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shoot across** ídzesa así *v*. **shoot over** ídzesa así *v*.; toɓésá así *v*. **shoot repeatedly** ídziidziés *v*.; ƙádiƙadiés *v*. **shop** ɗʉkán *n*.; ɲáɗʉkán *n*. **short** kúɗón *v*.; ŋʉɗʉ́sʉ́mɔ̀n *v*.; ŋʉsʉ́lʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **short (make)** kuɗítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **short (of many)** kúɗaakón *v*. **shorten** kuɗítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shortness** kuɗás *n*.

**shorts** ɲosoƙoloké *n*. **shorts (pair of)** ɲésiriwáli *n*. **shortsighted** mumúánón *v*. **should** ɨtámáánón *v*. **shoulder** sawat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shoulder bone** sawatɔ́ɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **shout** bofétón *v*.; bófón *v*.; ɨkílɔ́n *v*.; iƙúétòn *v*.; iƙúón *v*.; iƙúónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; nɔsátón *v*. **shout at** ɨyáyɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **shout triumphantly** iwóŋón *v*. **shouter** nɔ̀sààm *n*. **shouting** nɔ̀s *n*. **shove** ɲékitiyó *n*.; ɲɛɲɛrɛs *v*.; toremes *v*. **shove away** iɓwátésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtsɔ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shovel (power-)** ɲɛ́tɛrɛƙɨtaa na kwɛtá<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **show** ɗóɗés *v*.; ɗoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɗóɗítetés *v*.; enitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; enitetés *v*.; ilééránitetés *v*.; itétémés *v*. **show appreciation to caregiver(s)** taatsesa ɗoɗóbò<sup>e</sup> *v*. **show favoritism** tereties *v*. **show hospitality to** ewanes *v*.; ewanetés *v*. **show off** inésóòn *v*. **show oneself** ɗóɗítetésá así *v*. **show to be wrong** ɨsalɨtɛ́s *v*. **show up** takánétòn *v*. **show up unwelcomely** imíŋóòn *v*. **shower** féíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; féón *v*. **shower (bombard)** ídʉrɛ́s *v*. **showering** féy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shred** dzɛrɛ́s *v*.; dzeretiés *v*.; dzeretiésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; kàbàɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shredded** dzɛ́rɛ́dzɛránón *v*.; dzɛrɔ́sɔ́n *v*.; láládziránón *v*.

**shrew** ɗɔ́f *n*. **shrewd** nɔɔsánón *v*. **shrewdness** nɔɔ́s *n*. **shriek** ɨkwílílɔ̀n *v*.; iyíyéés *v*. **shrike** bílɔɔrɔ́*n*. **shrike (white-crested)** kíyɔɔrɔ́*n*. **shrill** ɓòɓòn *v*. **shrimpy** sɛ́rɛ́ƙɛƙánón *v*. **shrink** kɨɗɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔ́ɗɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shrink back** rìmòn *v*. **shrink back from** itírákés *v*. **shrink down** kwatsítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; kwátsónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shrink up** hɛ́ɗɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shrivel** kɨɗɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔ́ɗɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shrivel up** hɛ́ɗɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; lolómónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shriveled** bɔrɔ́ɗɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; ƙɔ́rɔmɔmɔ́n *v*.; mɨtírímɔ̀n *v*.; tɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **shrub** dakw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shrub species** alárá *n*.; ɓets'akáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɓóéɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; dìdì *n*.; ɡɛbɛʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɡomóí *n*.; ikitínícɛmɛ́r *n*.; ʝàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lócén *n*.; loʝeméy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lorít<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lóúpè *n*.; marʉ́kʉ́cɛmɛ́r *n*.; mét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; milékw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; mɨsá *n*.; mɨsíás *n*.; mɔ̀z *n*.; múrotsíò *n*.; ɲɛ́rɨkɨrík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲónomokére *n*.; ɔɡɔn *n*.; suɡur *n*.; súr *n*.; ts'ʉ́ɡʉram *n*.; tâb<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tíkòŋ *n*.; turunet<sup>a</sup> *n*. **shrug** ɨmímíʝɛ́s *v*. **shrunk** tɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **shrunken** bɔrɔ́ɗɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **shuck** poɗés *v*.; poɗetés *v*. **shudder** nɛ́rɨnɛ́rɔ́n *v*.; tsábatsabánón *v*. **shuffle** iyaŋíyáŋés *v*. **shush** ɦyakwés *v*. **shut** kɔkɛ́s *v*.; kɔkɛtɛ́s *v*.; kokímétòn *v*.; mʉts'ʉtɛs *v*. **shut (make)** kɔkɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.

**shut down** kɔkɛtɛ́s *v*. **shut oneself in** kɔkɛ́sá así *v*. **shut out** kɔkɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shut up** iɓótóŋésá aká<sup>e</sup> *v*.; ɨʝɛ́mítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨʝɛ́mɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; mʉts'ʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shut up (lock)** iɓótóŋés *v*. **shut up repeatedly** muts'utiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **shy** xɛ̀ɓɔ̀n *v*. **shy person** xɛɓásíàm *n*. **shyness** xɛɓás *n*. **sibling** ŋɡóím *n*. **sick** mòòn *v*. **sick (of many)** mayaakón *v*. **sick (queasy)** itikítíkòn *v*. **sickle bush** ɡʉ̀r *n*. **sickness** màyw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲeɗeke *n*. **sickness (kind of)** loɓáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sickness (mild)** ɲeɗekéím *n*. **sickness spirit** ɲeɗekéím *n*. **side** ay<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kwayw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kweed<sup>a</sup> *n*.; xán *n*. **side (of hill or mountain)** rutet<sup>a</sup> *n*. **side of clothing** ŋabérá ƙwàzà<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **side part** ŋábèrèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **side-striped** kámáriós *v*. **sidearm** ɲɛ́písítɔ̀l *n*. **sides** kwàìn *n*. **sidestep** kɨɗɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sideswipe** ɨɛ́bɛ̀s *v*. **sidetrack a discussion** ɨɓátɛ́sʉƙɔta mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **sideways** ŋabér<sup>o</sup> *n*. **sidle up to** rɔɲɛ́sá así *v*. **sieve** ɨsalɛs *v*.; ɨsalɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɲékeikéy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; rɔrɛ́s *v*. **sieve (make)** ɨsalɨtɛ́s *v*. **sift** ɨsalɛs *v*.; ɨsalɛtɛ́s *v*.; rɔrɛ́s *v*.

**sift (make)** ɨsalɨtɛ́s *v*. **sight (front, of a weapon)** ɲeteeɗe *n*. **sight (weapon)** ɲɛ́lɨmɨrá *n*. **sign** eɡésá kwɛtá<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; ɨsáánɨŋeés *v*.; iwetés *v*.; ɲámátsar *n*. **sign the cross** iwésá ɲémusaláɓà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **sign up for** xɔ́bɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **signal** ŋízɛ̀s *v*. **signal (smoke)** ts'ûd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **significance** zeísêd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **significant** itíónòn *v*.; zízòn *v*. **silence** ɨʝɛ́mítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **silent** ɨʝɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; líídòn *v*. **silently** ʝìr *ideo*.; lì *ideo*. **silk** ŋísɨl *n*. **silkily** ʝàm *ideo*. **silky-smooth** ʝamúdòn *v*. **similar** ikwáánòn *v*. **simmer** wádòn *v*. **simple** ɓàŋɔ̀n *v*.; batánón *v*.; ɨɓámɔ́n *v*. **simplicity** ɓaŋás *n*. **simsim** kaɲʉm *n*. **simulate** ikwáánitetés *v*. **simultaneously** ikéé kɔ̀n *n*. **sin** ɲasécón *n*.; tɔsɛ́sɔ́n *v*. **since** kwààk<sup>e</sup> *n*.; naítá *subordconn*.; nàpèì *subordconn*.; ɲàpèì *subordconn*. **since earlier today** kwaake nák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **since long ago** kwààkè nòk<sup>o</sup> *n*. **since yesterday** kwààkè sìn *n*. **sincerely** ɡúróɛ́n <sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **sinew** kon *n*. **sinewy** simánón *v*. **sing** irúkón *v*. **sing and dance** óìdìkwòn *v*. **sing while walking** tofóróƙánón *v*. **singe** iwííɲés *v*.

singer

**singer** ìrùkààm *n*.; irukósíàm *n*. **singing** ìrùk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **singing ants** ʝɔrɔr *n*. **singing hall** ìrùkàhò *n*. **single file** ƙídzɨnɔ́s *v*. **single out** tereties *v*. **singled out** teretiós *v*. **sinistral** betsínón *n*. **sink** ɓuƙonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sink (of heart)** mulúráŋòn *v*. **sink teeth into** titikes *v*. **sip** abʉtɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨwɛtɛs *v*.; tsʉɓɛ́s *v*.; tsʉɓɛtɛ́s *v*. **sip continually** abutiés *v*. **sippable food** abutiam *n*. **sir** ámáze *n*.; ámázeám *n*. **sire** cúrúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sire (dog)** ŋókícikw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sisal rope** baratísím *n*.; màlòr *n*. **sisal species** bàdònìsìm *n*.; barat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ʝɔ̂d a *n*.; màlòr *n*. **sister (Catholic)** ɓíkìrà *n*. **sister (his/her/its)** yeát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sister (my)** yeá *n*. **sister (your)** yáó *n*. **sister's husband's sibling (my)** ɲ́cuɡwám *n*. **sister-in-law (brother's wife's sister)** uɡwam *n*. **sister-in-law (brother's wife)** námúí *n*. **sister-in-law (her husband's sister)** ntsínámúí *n*. **sister-in-law (his brother's wife's sister)** ntsúɡwám *n*. **sister-in-law (his brother's wife)** ntsínámúí *n*.

**sister-in-law (his wife's sister)** ntsúɡwám *n*. **sister-in-law (his/her child's spouse's mother)** ntsíɲót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sister-in-law (his/her sister's husband's sister)** ntsúɡwám *n*. **sister-in-law (husband's brother's wife)** ɛán *n*. **sister-in-law (husband's sister)** námúí *n*. **sister-in-law (my brother's wife's sister)** ɲ́cuɡwám *n*. **sister-in-law (my brother's wife)** ɲ́cinamúí *n*. **sister-in-law (my husband's sister)** ɲ́cinamúí *n*. **sister-in-law (my wife's sister)** ɲ́cuɡwám *n*. **sister-in-law (my)** ɛdɛ́cèk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sister-in-law (sister's husband's sister)** uɡwam *n*. **sister-in-law (wife's sister)** uɡwam *n*. **sister-in-law (your brother's wife's sister)** buɡwám *n*. **sister-in-law (your brother's wife)** binamúí *n*. **sister-in-law (your child's spouse's mother)** biɲót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sister-in-law (your husband's sister)** binamúí *n*. **sister-in-law (your sister's husband's sister)** buɡwám *n*. **sister-in-law (your wife's sister)** buɡwám *n*. **sisterhood** yeatínánès *n*. **sisterliness** yeatínánès *n*. **sit** zɛƙwɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **sit (legs straight)** ɨtɛ́ɛ́lɔ̀n *v*.

**sit (make)** zɛƙwɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **sit alone (silently)** zɛ̀ƙwɔ̀nà lìòò *v*. **sit around** iríƙímánón *v*. **sit decently** ɨɗɨmɛ́sá así *v*. **sit dejectedly** tatónón *v*. **sit down** zɛƙwɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; zɛƙwɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **sit down (of many)** ɡoƙaakétòn *v*. **sit indecently** iŋáúánón *v*.; tafakésá así *v*. **sit legs apart** iŋátsátsóòn *v*. **sit on a stool** ɨƙárárɔ̀n *v*. **sit on the ground** ɨpáʝɔ́n *v*. **sitting** zɛ̀ƙwɔ̀n *v*. **sitting (of many)** ɡóƙón *v*. **sitting as a group** ɡóƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sitting place** dìyw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɡóƙáàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; zɛƙɔ́áw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sitty-sit!** dʉʉdʉ́ *nurs*. **six** tude ńdà kɛ̀ɗì kɔ̀n *num*. **six o'clock** ɲásáatɨkaa mɨtátie toomíní ńda kiɗi léɓèts<sup>e</sup> *n*. **sixteen** toomíní ńda kiɗi túde ńdà kɛ̀ɗì kɔ̀n *n*. **sixty** toomínékwa túde ńdà kɛ̀ɗì kɔ̀n *n*. **skeletal** iróƙóòn *v*.; itóƙóƙòòn *v*.; kwédekwedánón *v*.; lotímálèmòn *v*. **skeleton** ɔkɨtín *n*. **skewer** rɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **skewered** rɔ́ɔ́s *v*. **skid** béberésuƙota así *v*.; ɨfɛ́lɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **skill** akílìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **skim off** ɨkáábɛs *v*.; ɨkákápɛ́s *v*.; ɨƙáálɛ́s *v*.; ɨlaɓɛtɛ́s *v*.; iripetés *v*. **skin** hoés *v*.; poxés *v*.; ts'ɛ̀ *n*. **skin (cracked)** kɔmɔ́m *n*. **skin (plant)** ɔmɔ́x *n*.

**skin bump** síts'ádɛ̀ *n*. **skin off** poxésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **skin on milk** kɨrarap<sup>a</sup> *n*. **skink** lɔ́mɨlí *n*. **skip out** tɔpɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **skip out (and come)** tɔpɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **skip out (and go)** tɔpɛ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **skip rope** íɡoriesá simá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **skirmish** iƙúmúnós *v*. **skirt** itsóɗón *v*.; ɲɛ́mɨríńɗà *n*.; tamanɛs *v*.; tamanɛtɛ́s *v*. **skirt (sheep-leather)** ɗóɗòƙwàz *n*. **skirt repeatedly** tamaniés *v*. **skit** wááka na támɔtɔ́s *n*. **skitter up** sekweres *v*. **skull** ikóɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔka iká<sup>e</sup> *n*. **skullcap (nylon)** nàɗìàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **skunk-like animal** ɲɔ́kʉɗɔmʉ́tʉ̀ *n*. **sky** didiɡwarí *n*.; ɡwa *n*.; lúl *n*. **sky (clear)** dìdìɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɡìdòɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **slab (stone)** lalatíɓón *n*. **slack** ɓàŋɔ̀n *v*.; ɨtátsámánón *v*. **slack off** ɨwɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **slacker** ɲakárámɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **slacking** ɨwɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **slackness** ɓaŋás *n*. **slander** itúrúmés *v*. **slanderer** ŋítúrumúám *n*. **slant outward (horns)** tɔpɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **slap** ɨɗafɛs *v*.; ɨɗáfɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **slap around** ɨɗafiés *v*. **slap the shoulders** ɨɗafesa sáwátìkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **slash** dzɛrɛ́s *v*. **slash (vegetation)** ɨɗɛtɛs *v*.; ɨrɛʝɛs *v*. **slash firebreak** ɨƙɛɓíƙɛ́ɓɛ́sa ts'aɗí *v*. **slasher** ɲɛ́sɨláx *n*. **slashing of grass** sɨláxìŋ *n*.

**slather** ɨmɔɗímɔ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; ɨmɔ́mɔ́ɗɛ́s *v*. **slaughter** hoés *v*.; tɔŋɔlɛs *v*. **slaughterer** tɔ̀ŋɔ̀lààm *n*. **slaughterhouse** hoesího *n*. **slave** ŋípáƙásíàm *n*.; ŋɨpɔ́táìàm *n*.; ɲɔpɔ́táy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **slavery** ŋiléɓúìnànès *n*.; ŋɨpɔ́táìnànès *n*. **slay** tɔŋɔlɛs *v*. **slay (many)** sáɓés *v*. **slay (singly)** cɛɛ́s *v*. **slayer (of many)** sáɓésìàm *n*. **sleek** ɨpɛlípɛ́lɔ̀n *v*.; mɨlɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; pɨɗídɔ̀n *v*. **sleekly** mìl *ideo*.; pìɗ<sup>ɨ</sup> *ideo*. **sleep** ep<sup>a</sup> *n*.; èpòn *v*.; mɔɗɔ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **sleep (of many)** baráʝónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sleep (put to)** epítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sleep a lot** epopos *v*. **sleep around (sexually)** epopos *v*.; weesa kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **sleeper** epúám *n*. **sleeping** èpòn *v*. **sleeping deeply** nʉ̀s *ideo*.; nʉsʉ́dɔ̀n *v*. **sleeping place** epúáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sleeping skin** jèjè *n*. **sleepless** ɡòkòn *v*. **sleepnessness** ɡòk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sleepy** ɨlʉ́zɔ̀n *v*.; iyalíyálòn *v*. **sleeve** kwɛt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **slender** kaɗótsómòn *v*.; kiɗíwítsánón *v*.; sídɔ̀rɔ̀mɔ̀n *v*.; tɔ̀kɔ̀n *v*. **slenderly** kaɗóts<sup>o</sup> *ideo*. **sleuth** rɔtɛ́ám *n*. **sleuth on** rɔ́tɛ́s *v*. **slice** hoés *v*.; írés *v*. **slice away** iƙémíƙémés *v*. **slice up** irikíríkés *v*.

**sliced food (dry)** iram *n*. **slick** ɗɔrɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ɨpɛlípɛ́lɔ̀n *v*.; ʝʉrʉ́tʉ́mɔ̀n *v*.; ʝʉrʉtʉ́tɔ́n *v*.; kwirídòn *v*.; ŋìòn *v*.; pɛlɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; pɨɗídɔ̀n *v*.; pɔtɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **slickly** ɗɔ̀r*ideo*.; kwìr*ideo*.; pɛ̀l *ideo*.; pìɗ<sup>ɨ</sup> *ideo*.; pɔ̀t ɔ *ideo*. **slide** ɨfɛlɛsa así *v*.; ɨfɛ́lɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨsɔɛs *v*.; ɨsɔɛtɛ́s *v*. **slide off** ɗarámɔ́n *v*. **slide oneself through** ɨsɔɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **slide out** sɛlɛ́tɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **slide through** ɨsɛ́lɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **slight** kiɗíwítsánón *v*. **slight (with food)** itáósés *v*. **slightly numerous** komikómón *v*. **slim** kaɗótsómòn *v*.; kiɗíwítsánón *v*.; sídɔ̀rɔ̀mɔ̀n *v*.; tɔ̀kɔ̀n *v*. **slime** ɡaɗár *n*.; kɨrarap<sup>a</sup> *n*. **slimly** kaɗóts<sup>o</sup> *ideo*. **sling** íbatalɛ́s *v*.; ɲapaaru *n*. **sling over** toryoŋes *v*. **slingshot** ɲapaaru *n*.; ɲɛ́pɨɨrá *n*. **slink** ɨtíɗíɗɛ́sá así *v*. **slink away/off** nʉ́nʉ́tɔ̀n *v*. **slip** ɨfɛlɛsa así *v*.; ɨsɔɛs *v*.; ɨsɔɛtɛ́s *v*. **slip away** ɨfɛlɛsa así *v*. **slip in** sɛrɛpɛs *v*. **slip into** íbʉbʉŋɛ́s *v*.; íbʉbʉŋɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; sɛrɛ́pɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **slip off** ɨfɛlɛsa así *v*. **slip oneself through** ɨsɔɛtɛ́sá así *v*. **slip out** sɛlɛ́tɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **slip through** ɨsɛ́lɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*.; sɛrɛpɛs *v*.; sɛrɛ́pɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **slipknot** lɔ̀ʝʉ̀rʉ̀tà *n*. **slipper** ŋaɗɛ́tá *n*. **slipperily** ɗɔ̀r *ideo*.; kwìr *ideo*.; pɛ̀l *ideo*.; pɔ̀t ɔ *ideo*.

**slippery** ɗɔrɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ʝʉrʉ́tʉ́mɔ̀n *v*.; ʝʉrʉtʉ́tɔ́n *v*.; kwirídòn *v*.; pɛlɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; pɔtɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **slippy** kwirídòn *v*.; sɛlɛ́tɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **slither** lúkúɗukuɗánón *v*. **slithery** sɛlɛ́tɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **slitted** mɨʝílímɔ̀n *v*. **slope** ɓɔ́kɔ̀ɲ *n*. **sloped** sémédedánón *v*. **slosh** ɨpɔkɛs *v*.; ts'álúbòn *v*. **slosh through water** íbuɗésá cué *v*. **slothful** ɓʉɓʉsánón *v*.; wéésánón *v*. **slouch** rʉ̀ʝɔ̀n *v*. **slough off** ɗarámɔ́n *v*. **slow** inípónòn *v*. **slow (mentally)** mɨɲɔna íkèdè *v*. **slow down** inípónítésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨwɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tosipetés *v*. **slowing** ɨwɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **slowly** hɨíʝ<sup>a</sup> *adv*.; hɨíʝ<sup>ɔ</sup> *adv*.; kédie kwáts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; wɛ̀wɛ̀ɛ̀s *ideo*. **slowly (very)** pààì *ideo*. **sludgily** yàŋ *ideo*. **sludgy** bɔrɔ́tsɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; yaŋádòn *v*. **slug** tanaŋes *v*.; tɔƙɔtɔƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **slug (bullet)** bʉbʉn *n*. **sluggish** iʝíŋáánón *v*. **slumber** ep<sup>a</sup> *n*.; èpòn *v*.; mɔɗɔ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **slump** rʉ̀ʝɔ̀n *v*. **slur** ɗáƙón *v*.; iŋáʝápánón *v*. **slurp** ɨsɔ́rɔ́ɓɛ́s *v*.; xáɓútés *v*. **slurp continually.** abutiés *v*. **slurpable food** ɨsɔrɔɓam *n*. **smack** ídirés *v*. **small** kwátsón *v*. **small (become)** kwátsónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**small (of many)** kwátsíkaakón *v*. **small (opening)** tɨɨts'ímɔ̀n *v*. **small-bodied** tsaʉ́ɗímɔ̀n *v*. **smaller (make)** kwatsítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **smash** ɨlɛɗɛs *v*.; ɨtsakɛs *v*. **smash up** ɨtsakítsákɛ́s *v*. **smear** ɨlɔ́lɔ́rɛ́s *v*.; ɨmɔɗímɔ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; ɨmɔ́mɔ́ɗɛ́s *v*. **smear (goat dung)** síɛ́s *v*. **smear (reputation)** itúrúmés *v*. **smear with clay** ŋɔrɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **smell** mídzatés *v*.; mídzatetés *v*.; mídzòn *v*.; ɔn *n*.; ɔnɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; wetésá kɔíná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **smell fetid** mídzona ɗɛtsɨɗɛ́tsík<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **smell rotten** mídzònà ɗùk<sup>u</sup> *v*. **smell to death** mídzatés *v*. **smelly** ɨmʉ́sɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **smelly (become)** ɨmʉ́sɛ́ɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **smelly (make)** mídzitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **smelly (very)** ɗùk<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **smile** ɨmʉ́mʉ́ɔ̀n *v*.; tamáísánón *v*. **smile (make)** ɨmʉ́mʉ́ɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **smock (leather)** kɔ́lɔ́ts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **smoke** ipúróòn *v*.; iwaŋíwáŋés *v*.; ts'ûd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ts'udités *v*.; wetés *v*. **smoke (a cigarette)** ɨsɔ́kɔ́teés *v*. **smoke (begin to)** ipúréètòn *v*. **smoke (ritually)** ipúréés *v*. **smoke out** ipúréés *v*. **smoke signal** ts'ûd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **smolder** iɲipíɲípòn *v*. **smooth** lɨwídɔ̀n *v*.; pɨlɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **smooth (make)** pɨlɔ́dɨtɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **smoothen** ipiipíyeés *v*. **smoothen (with water)** iláɓúés *v*. **smoothen out** pɨlɔ́dɨtɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **smoothly** ʝàm *ideo*.; lìw *ideo*.; pìl *ideo*.

**smother** tʉɓʉnɛ́s *v*. **smudge** ɨlɔ́lɔ́rɛ́s *v*. **smuggle** ɨɛpɛtɛ́s *v*. **smut fungus** lósínák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **snail** tɔƙɔtɔƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **snail shell** irex *n*.; tɔƙɔtɔƙáhò *n*. **snake** ídèm *n*. **snake (blind)** lokaliliŋ *n*. **snake (rufous beaked)** oŋerep<sup>a</sup> *n*. **snake (sand)** nakɔlɨták<sup>a</sup> *n*. **snake (small green)** ílebéɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **snake fang** ídèmèkwàyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **snake venom** ídèmètàt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **snake-bite** ídemeƙɨdzɛ́s *n*. **snap** ɗusúmón *v*. **snap (react)** tokúétòn *v*.; tokúréètòn *v*. **snap (snarl)** ɨɲɛ́ɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **snap a photo** iwetésá ɲɛ́pítsaá<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **snap a photo of** iwetés *v*. **snap off** ɨɓɛkíɓɛ́kɛ́s *v*.; wakés *v*. **snap off in pieces** wakatiés *v*.; wakáwákatés *v*. **snap!** ɓɛk<sup>ɛ</sup> *ideo*.; ɗì *ideo*.; tɛ̀ *ideo*. **snapshot** kúrúkúr *n*.; ɲɛ́pítsa *n*. **snare** kotsítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; sáɡòsìm *n*.; sáɡwès *v*. **snare (neck)** ɲákol *n*. **snare (wire neck)** ɲáwáya *n*. **snare rope** lozikinet<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lozikit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **snare spring** kàsw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **snare stick** tɨmɛ́l *n*. **snare stick (bent)** tɔmɔƙɔrɛs *n*. **snare trigger** kwanɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **snared** kòtsòn *v*.; sáɡoanón *v*. **snared (become)** kotsonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**snaring** sâɡw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **snarl** ɨɲɛ́ɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **snatch** ɨrɛɗɛs *v*.; ŋusés *v*.; ŋusésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taŋates *v*.; tokopes *v*.; toreɓes *v*. **snatch away** taŋátésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tokópésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sneak** ɗíɗítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɗíɗítɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨsʉ́mɔ́n *v*.; ɨtíɗíɗɛ́s *v*.; ɨtíɗíɗɛ́sá así *v*.; totséɗón *v*. **sneak away** dzuesésúƙota así *v*.; ɨfɛlɛsa así *v*. **sneak off** dzuesésúƙota así *v*.; ɨfɛlɛsa así *v*.; ɨsʉ́mɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sneak up** íbɛ̀ɗìbɛ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*.; ɨsʉ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **sneak up on** tɔlɛ́lɛ́ɛtɛ́s *v*. **sneaky** iɗásón *v*. **sneeze** síƙón *v*.; sìƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sniff** mídzatés *v*. **sniff (tobacco)** ʝʉ́rɛ́s *v*. **snip** iɲipes *v*.; ɨrɛɓɛs *v*. **snip off** ɨrɛ́ɓɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **snitch** ɗíɗítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɗíɗítɛtɛ́s *v*. **snitch on** ilíítés *v*. **snoop around** tɨrɨfírífɛ́s *v*. **snore** ŋɔ́rɔ́rɔ̀n *v*. **snort** síƙón *v*.; sìƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **snort at** ifúƙúfuƙés *v*. **snot** ɗɔ̀ƙɔ̀n *n*.; ɲarʉ́kʉ́m *n*. **snout** loɓôz *n*. **snub** ɨmɛ́ɗɛ́lɛ́s *v*. **snub (with food)** itáósés *v*. **snuff** wetés *v*. **snuff (tobacco)** ʝʉ́rɛ́s *v*.; ʝʉ́rɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **snuff container** ɲeɓuryaŋ *n*. **snuff out (life)** ts'eítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **snuffle at** ifúƙúfuƙés *v*. **so** kòt<sup>o</sup> *coordconn*.

**so that** ikóteré *subordconn*.; kánì *subordconn*.; kánɨ náa táa *subordconn*.; kóteré *subordconn*. **so that … not** kánɨ mookóo *subordconn*. **so then** ɓàz *interj*.; kíná *coordconn*. **so there!** ɓàz *interj*. **so-and-so** tatanám *n*. **so-so** ŋwanɨŋwánɔ́n *v*. **soak** ɨɛ́ɓítɛtɛ́s *v*. **soak (grist)** mʉrɛ́s *v*. **soaked** ts'alídòn *v*. **soap** dàlìs *n*.; ɲásaɓuní *n*. **soap (laundry)** hómò *n*.; ɲéómò *n*. **soar** ɨɔ́ɔ́rɔ̀n *v*. **sober (not drunk)** bótsóna iká<sup>e</sup> *v*. **soccer** ɲɛ́pɨɨrá *n*. **sock** ɲósóƙis *n*. **soda** ɲɔ́sɔ́ɗa *n*. **soda ash** ɲaɓáláŋɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲámakaɗí *n*. **sodium carbonate** ɲaɓáláŋɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲámakaɗí *n*. **Sodom apple** tùlèl *n*. **soft** bubuxánón *v*.; buɗúdòn *v*.; burádòn *v*.; dabúdòn *v*.; heɓúdòn *v*.; ʝaulímòn *v*.; ɲipídòn *v*.; xaɓúdòn *v*. **soft (become)** bubuxánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **soft (make)** buɗúditésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **soft (of metal)** lumúdòn *v*. **soft (of soil)** yuúdòn *v*. **soft (powdery)** ɲapíɗímòm *v*. **soft and tender** dabúdòn *v*. **soft inside** yumúdòn *v*. **soft spot** baɗɨbaɗas *n*.; bɔɗɨbɔɗɔs *n*. **soften** bubuxánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **soften (emotionally)** isyónónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **soften up** buɗúditésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**softly** bùɗ<sup>u</sup> *ideo*.; dàb<sup>u</sup> *ideo*.; hèɓ<sup>u</sup> *ideo*.; lùm *ideo*.; ɲìpⁱ *ideo*.; sokósíìk<sup>e</sup> *v*.; xàɓ<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **softly (of soil)** yù *ideo*. **softly inside** yùm *ideo*. **soggy** fɔts'ɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **soil** ʝʉm *n*. **soil (colored)** ɲálámʉɲɛna *n*. **soil (fertile)** ʝʉma na zîz *n*. **soil (red)** boŋórén *n*.; ɲapala *n*. **soiled** ɨráŋʉ́nánón *v*.; ŋɔrɔ́ɲɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; ɲɔŋɔ́rɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **Solanum incanum** tùlèl *n*. **solar eclipse** badona fetí *n*. **solar panel** ɲɔ́sɔ́la *n*. **soldier** ʝɔrɔrɔ́ám *n*.; kéààm *n*. **soldier ant** lókók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **soldier termite** lókók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **soldiers** dìdì *n*.; ʝɔrɔr *n*. **sole** ɗòk<sup>u</sup> *adv*. **sole (of foot)** dɛááƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **solely** ɛɗá *adv*. **solicit** tɔɓɛ́ɲɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; wáán *v*. **soliciting** wáán *n*. **solidified** iɗíkón *v*. **solidify** iɗíkétòn *v*.; iɗikitetés *v*. **solitary** ɗòk<sup>u</sup> *adv*. **solvable problem** itémítuƙotam *n*. **solve** hoetés *v*.; itemités *v*.; ŋurutiés *v*.; ŋurutiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **solved** ŋurutiós *v*. **Somali** Oríáé *n*. **Somali language** Ŋísʉmálìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Oríáénítòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Somali person** Ŋísʉmálìàm *n*. **Somalia** Somálìà *n*. **some (plural)** kíníɛ́n *pro*. **some (singular)** kɔ́níɛ́n *pro*.

southerner

**some more** sa *pro*. **some other** sa *pro*. **some other (sg.)** kɔn *pro*. **somebody** kɔ́nɛ́ɛ́ná ámá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **someone** kɔ́nɛ́ɛ́ná ámá<sup>e</sup> *n*.; kɔníám *pro*. **somersault** aɓúlúkánón *v*.; tíbìɗìlɔ̀n *v*. **something** kɔ́nɛ́ɛ́ná kɔ́rɔ́ɓádì *n*. **sometimes (hours)** sayó ɲásáàtìkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **somewhere else** kɔ́náy<sup>a</sup> *pro*. **son** dzàƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; sore *n*. **son (his/her)** dzàƙɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **son (of my father)** abáŋídzàƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **son (young)** soréím *n*. **song** dikw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ìrùk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Soo language** Ŋítépesítôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Soo people** Ŋítépes *n*. **soon** názɛ̀ƙwà *n*.; ts'ɔ̀ɔ̀ *adv*. **soot** ɲémúɗets<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲémúɗuɗu *n*. **soot (tobacco)** ɲéɗípor *n*. **sooty** ɨmɔ́ɗɔ́rɔ̀n *v*. **sopping** ts'alídòn *v*. **soppingly** ts'àl *ideo*. **sorcerer** bàdìàm *n*. **sorcerer (who stops rain)** tuɗúlónìàm *n*. **sorcery** badirét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; badirétínànès *n*.; ƙʉts'ánánès *n*. **sore** ɔ́ʝ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **sore (small)** ɔ́ʝáìm *n*. **sorghum** ŋám *n*. **sorghum flowers** kadɨx *n*. **sorghum variety (black)** ŋámá na buɗám *n*. **sorghum variety (brownish-gray)** ɗìɗèŋàm *n*. **sorghum variety (droopy)** loʝúulú *n*. **sorghum variety (hairy)** ɲákaɓír *n*.

**sorghum variety (purplish)** serínà *n*. **sorghum variety (red)** ŋámá nà ɗìw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛmɛray<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sorghum variety (round-headed)** nalíɨlí *n*. **sorghum variety (Toposa)** Kɔrɔmɔtáŋám *n*. **sorghum variety (Turkana)** ɲékimyét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; Pakóícéŋám *n*. **sorghum variety (white)** ŋámá nà ɓèts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sorghum variety (yellow)** ɗókóts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; natɛ́ɓ <sup>a</sup> *n*.; oɲaŋ *n*. **sorghum varity (tall)** walá *n*. **sorrowful** itásónòn *v*.; tasónón *v*. **sort** ɨsalɛs *v*.; ɨsalɛtɛ́s *v*.; rɔrɛ́s *v*. **sort (make)** ɨsalɨtɛ́s *v*. **soul** ɡúr *n*. **sound** arútón *v*. **sound an alarm** iwákón *v*. **sound empty** ɗɛʉɗɛ́wɔ́n *v*. **sound out** arútónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sounding alarm** iwáákós *v*. **sounding like** *sh-sh* wɔ̀x *ideo*. **soup** seekw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sour** ɓàròn *v*. **sour (become)** ɓaronuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sour (make)** ɓarites *v*.; ɓarítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sour (of malt)** mʉránón *v*. **sour mash** ɓaram *n*. **source** itsyákétònìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **source of water** cuáák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **souse** ɨɛ́ɓítɛtɛ́s *v*. **south** kɔ́ɔ́kíʝ<sup>o</sup> *n*.; nɔ́ɔ́kíʝ<sup>o</sup> *n*. **South Sudan** Sʉɗán *n*. **southerly direction** ɡíɡiroxan *dem*. **Southern Cross** Ɲémusaláɓà *n*. **southerner** kɔ́ɔ́kíʝóàm *n*.

**southward** kɔ́ɔ́kíʝ<sup>o</sup> *n*. **sovereign** ipúkéésíàm *n*.; tòtwàrààm *n*. **sow** íbɨtɛ́s *v*.; tɛwɛɛs *v*. **space** ɨlɔ́lɔ́kɛ́s *v*.; ilores *v*.; zɛƙɔ́áw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **space (outer)** didiɡwarí *n*. **space too closely** itsuɗútsúɗés *v*.; ituɗútúɗés *v*. **spacious** ɨlɔ́lɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; lalʉ́ʝɔ́n *v*. **spade** ɲakáɓɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲékitiyó *n*. **spade (wooden)** nakút<sup>a</sup> *n*. **spank** ipíkéés *v*. **spar** ɲèùrìà *n*.; ɲeuríétòn *v*. **spare** ɨɓámɔ́n *v*. **sparklely** mìl *ideo*. **sparkly** mɨlídɔ̀n *v*. **sparks** ŋkaɗɛɛɗɛ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*. **sparrow (parrot-billed)** mɨdɨƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **spatter** ɨratírátɛ́s *v*.; irwaírwéés *v*.; irwates *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lánón *v*.; tɔfɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **spatula (wooden)** cɛbɛn *n*.; ɲémiikó *n*. **speak** ɨɛ́nɔ́n *v*.; tódètòn *v*.; tódòn *v*. **speak (begin to)** tódonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **speak about** tódetés *v*. **speak eloquently** isiresa aká<sup>e</sup> *v*. **speak harshly** ɡuts'uriesá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **speak harshly to** doƙofiés *v*. **speak indistinctly** ɗáƙón *v*.; iŋáʝápánón *v*. **speak meanly** ɡuts'uriesá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **speak pointlessly** ɨpɛípɛ́ɛ́sá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **speak slowly** ízìɗòn *v*. **speak to each other** tódinós *v*. **speak vaguely** ɨŋaɨŋɛ́ɛ́sa tóda<sup>e</sup> *v*. **speaker** taatsaama tódà<sup>e</sup> *n*.; tódààm *n*. **spear** ɓɨs *n*.; toɓés *v*. **spear (long-headed)** ɲátúm *n*.

**spear (of many)** bɛrɛ́s *v*. **spear (sharpened stick)** ʝìrɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **spear a tree** toɓésá dakwí *v*. **spear bluntly** iŋulúŋúlés *v*. **spear from afar** ɨtsɛ́tsɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **spear repeatedly** toɓítóɓiés *v*. **spear shaft (long)** narwá *n*. **spear shaft (short)** erumén *n*. **spear through** ɲɛ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **spearhead** ɓɨsáák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **spearhead (long-necked)** ɲɛlɨrát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **spearhead (short-necked)** ɲɛ́ɓítɨ *n*. **spearhead neck** ɓɨsáɓóló *n*. **speartip (rear)** ɲɛ́rʉ́mats<sup>a</sup> *n*. **special** ƙanotós *v*. **specialty** ɲɛmʉna *n*. **species** bònìt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲákaɓɨlá *n*. **speck** kiɗoɗots<sup>a</sup> *n*.; símíɗiɗí *n*. **speckle** iɗolíɗólés *v*.; itwelítwélés *v*. **speckled** iɗolíɗólòn *v*.; itwelítwélós *v*. **spectacles** ɲékiyóìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **spectator** enésúƙotíám *n*. **specter** kúrúkúr *n*. **speech** tôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **speech (careless)** múɗúkánónìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **speech (muddled)** tóda ni buɗám *n*. **speed** ɨrʉtsɛsa así *v*.; ɲésipíɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **speedy** itírónòn *v*.; wɛ́ɛ́nɔ̀n *v*. **spell it out** tɔmɛɛtɛ́sá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **spend the day** iríóonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **spend time** iríóòn *v*.; iríóonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **spend wildly** ɨkwaríkwárɛ́s *v*. **spent (tired)** ziálámòn *v*.; zíkímétòn *v*.; ziláámòn *v*. **sperm** ɗír *n*. **spew** ɨlɔ́ɓɔ́tɛtɛ́s *v*. **sphenoid bone** matáŋíɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*.

#### spoil everything

#### spherical

**spherical** ɨlʉ́lʉ́ŋɔ́s *v*. **spherical (make)** ɨlʉ́lʉ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **sphincter (anal)** ɔ́zàhò *n*. **spice** ɛfɨtɛs *v*. **spice up** ɛfɨtɛs *v*. **spider** abûb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **spiderweb** abûb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **spike** omén *n*. **spill** ɗaɗátésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ƙúdès *v*.; ƙúdesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ƙúdetés *v*. **spill all over** ɨtsʉ́rʉ́tsʉ́rɛ́s *v*.; ɨtsʉ́rʉ́tsʉ́rɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **spill over** bukúrésuƙota así *v*.; ɨlápɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **spin** irímítetés *v*.; irímón *v*.; ɨríŋítɛ́s *v*.; ɨríŋɔ́n *v*. **spinach** ɲásalátà *n*. **spinal cord** lɔ́ɓírɨɓír *n*. **spindly** sawátsámòn *v*. **spine** ɡòɡòròʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɡòɡòròʝòɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **spiral** ilúƙúretés *v*.; iyérónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **spiraled** iyérón *v*. **spirit** suɡur *n*.; sʉ̀p <sup>a</sup> *n*. **spirit (earth)** ɲɛkípyɛ́*n*. **spirit (evil)** ɲɛkípyɛ́*n*. **spirit (sickness-causing)** ɲeɗekéím *n*. **spirit dance** ʝàkàlʉ̀kà *n*. **spirits (earth)** ŋípyɛn *n*. **spirits (evil)** ŋípyɛn *n*. **spit** tat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tatés *v*.; tàtòn *v*. **spit (skewer)** rɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **spit far** tsɨrɨtɛs *v*. **spit on** ɨmwaímwɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **spit out** tatésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **spit out repeatedly** tatíésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **spit repeatedly** tatiés *v*.

**spit-inducer** tatitésuƙotíám *n*. **spit-pestle plant** tatíáʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **spiteful person** ɲɛ́kɨsɨránìàm *n*. **spitefulness** ɲɛ́kɨsɨrán *n*. **spitter** tatiesíám *n*. **spittle** tat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **splash** ts'álúbòn *v*. **splash!** bùlùƙ<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **splat!** pìɔ̀ *ideo*. **splatter** ɨratírátɛ́s *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lánón *v*.; tɔfɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **spleen** máɗíŋ *n*. **splendid** dòòn *v*. **splendor** daás *n*. **splint** íbunutsés *v*. **splish-splash!** calúɓ<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **split** ɓɛlɛ́s *v*.; ɓɛlɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɓɛlɔ́s *v*.; taŋatsárón *v*.; tɛlɛ́tsɔ́n *v*.; terés *v*.; tɔɓɛlɛs *v*.; toŋélón *v*. **split apart** ɓɛ́ɓɛ́lɛ́s *v*.; ɓɛ́ɓɛ́lɔ́s *v*.; itotoles *v*.; terémón *v*.; tɔɓɛ́lɛ́sʉƙɔta<sup>a</sup> *v*. **split apart multiply** ɓeletiés *v*. **split in pieces** ɨɓɛ́ɓɛ́lɛ́s *v*. **split in two** pakámón *v*.; pakés *v*. **split multiply** pakatiés *v*. **split open** ɓɛ́ɓɛ́lɛ́s *v*.; ɓɛ́ɓɛ́lɔ́s *v*.; ɓɛlɛ́ɓɛ́lánón *v*.; ɓelémón *v*. **split open (of pods)** kwɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **split up** terémétòn *v*.; terémón *v*.; terémónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; terétéránitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; terétéránón *v*.; tereties *v*.; teretiós *v*.; tɔɓɛ́lɛ́sʉƙɔta<sup>a</sup> *v*. **splitch!** rùt<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **splosh** ɨpɔkɛs *v*. **spoil** imóɲíkees *v*.; imóɲíkeetés *v*.; ɨraŋɛs *v*.; ɨraŋɛtɛ́s *v*.; masánétòn *v*. **spoil everything** nts'áƙóna sèrèìk<sup>e</sup> *v*.

**spoiled** ɨraŋɔs *v*.; ɨráŋʉ́nánón *v*.; masánón *v*. **spoiled (become)** ɨraŋímétòn *v*. **spokesperson** taatsaama tódà<sup>e</sup> *n*.; tódààm *n*. **sponge** lɛŋɛ́s *v*.; lɛŋɛ́síàm *n*. **spongily** bùf *ideo*. **sponging** olíɓó *n*. **spongy** bufúdòn *v*. **spongy bone** ɲɛ́ɲam *n*. **spooky thing** bàdìàm *n*. **spoon (metal)** ɲékiʝikó *n*. **spoon (wooden)** ƙolom *n*. **spoot!** pìɔ̀ *ideo*. **sport** ɲaɓolya *n*.; wáák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **spot** bàsɔ̀n *v*.; ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɛ́s *v*. **spot (bare)** ɲapatsole *n*. **spot (claimed)** ɲeɗúkór *n*. **spot (hard)** ɲapáyál *n*. **spot (place)** bácík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **spotless** xɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; xɔtánón *v*. **spotted** iɗolíɗólòn *v*.; ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ́s *v*.; komolánón *v*.; merixánón *v*.; tsɨpɨtsípɔ́n *v*.; tábàsànètòn *v*. **spotted (black-and-white)** ŋorokánón *v*.; ŋorókón *v*. **spotter** weretsíám *n*. **spotty** ɨtsɔɓítsɔ́ɓɔ̀n *v*. **sprawl** ɨpɛ́pɛ́tánón *v*. **sprawl out** ɨpɛ́pɛ́tánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **spray** bítés *v*. **spray (bombard)** ídʉrɛ́s *v*. **spread** ɨmɔɗímɔ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; ɨmɔ́mɔ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛ́s *v*. **spread (legs) apart** dɛŋɛlɛs *v*. **spread about** ɨpɛ́pɛ́tɛ́s *v*.

**spread apart** tɛlɛɛs *v*. **spread around** ɓátsɛ́s *v*.; ɨkwákwárɛ́s *v*.; ɨkwaríkwárɛ́s *v*.; ɨkwaríkwarɔ́s *v*.; iríríʝés *v*.; iwies *v*. **spread circularly** ɨmalímálɛ́s *v*. **spread oneself open** ɓátsɛ́sa así *v*. **spread out** ɨwɛ́ɛ́lánón *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɔ́s *v*.; tɔlɔɛs *v*.; tɔpɛtɛs *v*.; tɔpɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **spread out under** tafakés *v*. **spread over (an area)** ɨkáyɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **spread soil** ɨwɛ́ɛ́lɛ́sá ʝʉmwí *v*. **spring** íbòtòn *v*.; ɨɗɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; iɗótón *v*.; íɡɔ̀rɔ̀bɔ̀n *v*. **spring (feather-holding)** ɲeteeɗe *n*. **spring (of a trap)** ɨɗálɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **spring (in sand)** ɲakúʝá *n*. **spring (a trap)** ɨɗalɛs *v*. **spring (of water)** ɲɛɨtánɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛlɛ́lyá *n*. **spring mechanism (of weapons)** zɔ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **springily** tùf *ideo*.; tùs *ideo*. **springing** ɨɗɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **springy** tufádòn *v*.; tusúdòn *v*. **sprinkle** irwaírwéés *v*.; irwates *v*.; iyikes *v*.; towates *v*.; towatetés *v*.; xɛɛ́s *v*.; xɛɛsʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; xɛɛtɛ́s *v*. **sprinkle (granulates)** ízuzués *v*. **sprinkle (rain)** kʉ́f *n*. **sprinkle ashes on paths** ƙúdesa káúe mucéíkàk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **sprite** kíʝáìm *n*. **spritz** iyikes *v*. **sprout** ɓúrukúkón *v*.; morétón *v*.; rʉ́bɔ̀n *v*.; tɔɓɔ́rɔ́kánón *v*.; tʉwɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; tʉ̀wɔ̀n *v*.; xúbètòn *v*.; xúbòn *v*. **sprout (of grain)** xokómón *v*. **sprout (of leaves)** ŋʉrʉrʉ́ɲɔ́n *v*.

**sprout (of maize cobs)** ɨsínákòn *v*. **sprout up** ŋʉrʉ́ɲʉ́ɲɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; rʉ́bɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **spry** pɔɗɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **spryly** pɔ̀ɗ ɔ *ideo*. **spud** ɲɛ́ɓɨás *n*. **spur** ɨʝʉkʉ́ʝʉ́kɛ́s *v*.; ɲéɡets<sup>a</sup> *n*. **spur on** ɨmʉ́káitetés *v*. **spurfowl (yellow-necked)** kɔ̀dz<sup>a</sup> *n*. **spurn** ɨmɛ́ɗɛ́lɛ́s *v*. **spurt** ts'írítɔ̀n *v*. **sputum** ɗɔ̀ƙɔ̀n *n*.; ɲarʉ́kʉ́m *n*. **spy** irimesíám *n*.; rɔtɛ́ám *n*. **spy on** láɡalaɡetés *v*.; rɔ́tɛ́s *v*.; toreɓes *v*. **spy on from afar** towates *v*. **spy out** láɡalaɡetés *v*. **squabble** iƙúmúnós *v*.; ɨɲʉ́ɲʉ́rɔ̀n *v*.; ŋʉ́zʉmánón *v*. **squander** eletiésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɲekes *v*.; iɲékésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɲekíɲékés *v*. **squash** ɓirés *v*.; ɓírítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨlɛɗɛs *v*.; lomuƙe *n*.; lɔ́pʉ́l *n*.; rɛɗɛ́s *v*. **squashed (get)** ɓirímón *v*. **squashily** ɓìr *ideo*.; ɲàl *ideo*.; rɔ̀ʝ ɔ *ideo*. **squashy** ɓirídòn *v*.; ɲalídòn *v*.; rɔʝɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **squat** tsɔ́nɔ́n *v*. **squeak squeak!** tswíítswí *ideo*. **squeaky voice (have a)** ɨsɨrísírɔ́n *v*. **squeezable** heɓúdòn *v*. **squeezably** hèɓ<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **squeeze** bízès *v*.; ɨrɨɗɛs *v*.; ɨrɨɗɛtɛ́s *v*.; ʝʉ́tɛ́s *v*.; rɨɗɛ́s *v*.; tʉtsʉɛs *v*. **squeeze all over** bízibizatés *v*. **squeeze out** bízetés *v*.; ɨpírísɛtɛ́s *v*.; ʝʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tʉtsʉ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **squeezy** heɓúdòn *v*. **squelchily** rɔ̀ʝ ɔ *ideo*.

**squelchy** rɔʝɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **squiggle** ŋʉɗʉŋʉ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **squint** ɨmʉɗʉ́mʉ́ɗɔ̀n *v*.; wízɨlɛ́s *v*. **squint at** katsés *v*. **squinted** pelérémòn *v*. **squinty** pelérémòn *v*.; wízìlìmɔ̀n *v*. **squinty-eyed** wízìlìmɔ̀n *v*. **squirm away** ɡwìrɔ̀n *v*. **squirmy** wʉlʉ́kʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **squirrel (striped ground)** taráɗá *n*. **squirrel (tree)** luk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **squirt** ts'írítɔ̀n *v*. **squish** ɓirés *v*.; ɓírítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; rɛɗɛ́s *v*.; rɨɗɛ́s *v*. **squished (get)** ɓirímón *v*. **squishily** ɓìr *ideo*.; ɲàl *ideo*.; rɔ̀ʝ ɔ *ideo*. **squishy** ɓirídòn *v*.; dulúdòn *v*.; duxúdòn *v*.; ɲalídòn *v*.; rɔʝɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **stab** ɡafarɛs *v*.; ɡɛfɛrɛs *v*. **stab repeatedly** ɡafariés *v*. **stabile** diriɓóón *v*. **stability** ŋíkísila *n*.; ɲɛkɨsɨl *n*. **stabilize** ɨrʉ́rʉ́ɓɛ́s *n*.; ɨsílɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ƙaƙates *n*. **stable** ikékéɲòn *v*. **stack up** ɨnábɛ̀sʉ̀ƙɔ̀t a *v*.; ɨnábɛtɛ́s *v*. **stack up on** iɗóɗókés *v*. **stacked up** iɗóɗókánón *v*. **staff** ʝʉrʉm *n*. **staff (hook-necked)** ɲɛ́sɛɛɓɔ́*n*. **stagger** ɡakímón *v*.; ɨtɛrítɛ́rɔ̀n *v*.; nɛ́rɨnɛ́rɔ́n *v*. **stagnant** wàsɔ̀n *v*. **stair** lopemúím *n*. **stake** kìnòròt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stale** cucuéón *v*. **stalk** arʉ́rʉ́bɔ̀n *v*.; kasír *n*.; morók<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tonyámón *v*.

steadily

stall

**stall** titikes *v*. **stammer** ɗɔkɔ́lɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; ɨƙʉʝʉ́kʉ́ʝɔ̀n *v*. **stammering** ɡaʝádòn *v*.; kaŋádòn *v*. **stammering speech** ɡaʝádònìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stammeringly** ɡàʝ<sup>a</sup> *ideo*. **stamp** itirítírés *v*. **stamp down** iɲíkéésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stamp pad** ɲezeí *n*. **stance** was *n*. **stand** taɗaŋes *v*.; wàsɔ̀n *v*. **stand (for nomination)** bɛ́ɗɛ́sa wasɔ́ ɛ *v*. **stand (of many)** ɡwámón *v*. **stand (of trees)** ɡwi *n*. **stand apart** iwásíòn *v*. **stand around** síbɔ̀n *v*.; towóón *v*.; towóónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stand around (make)** síbɨtɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stand around as a group** síbiónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stand by each other** tɔmɛ́ínɔ́s *v*. **stand firm** itííròòn *v*. **stand out** kɛtɛ́lɔ́n *v*. **stand still** wasɔna ts'ír *v*.; wasɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stand up** ŋkáítetés *v*.; ŋkéétòn *v*.; ŋkóón *v*.; wasɨtɛs *v*.; wasítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stand up (of many)** ɡwamétón *v*. **stand upright** wasɔna ts'ír *v*. **standard of living (high)** zɛƙwa ná dà *n*. **star** ɗɔ́xɛát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **star (evening)** Ɗɔ́xɛatá xìŋàtà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **star (morning)** Ɗɔ́xɛatá na baratsó<sup>e</sup> *n*.; Ɗɔ́xɛatá tsòònì *n*. **star (shooting)** ɗɔ́xɛatá na tsúwà *n*. **stare at** ŋɔ́zɛ̀s *v*.; ŋóziés *v*. **stare at each other** ŋɔ́zɨnɔ́s *v*. **stare at emptily** itelesa bàrìrrr *v*. **starer** ŋɔ́zɛ̀sìàm *n*.

**starling (blue-eared)** lɔɔmʉ́yá *n*. **start** iséétòn *v*.; isóón *v*.; itsyákétòn *v*.; toɗóón *v*. **start (fire)** ɡamés *v*.; tsapés *v*. **start a fight with** itoʝiés *v*. **start a fire** ɡamésá ts'aɗí *v*. **start early** ɛkwɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **start first** ɛkwɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **start off (a dance)** iwees *v*. **start raining** tosípón *v*. **starting point** wàxɛ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **startle** iniŋíníŋés *v*.; ŋaxɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **startle awake** tsídzètòn *v*. **startled** ŋaxɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; toúmón *v*. **starvation** ɲɔrɔƙɔ *n*. **starving** ɲɛƙánón *v*. **stash** irwanes *v*.; laɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stash (small)** papaɗós *n*. **state** kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **state the verdict** tódetés *v*. **Stathmostelma peduncalatum** ŋímáarɔy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **station (missionary)** ɲémíxòn *n*. **stationary** diriɓóón *v*.; wàsɔ̀n *v*. **status** zeís *n*.; zeísínànès *n*. **stay** ʝɛ̀ʝɔ̀n *v*.; zɛ̀ƙwɔ̀n *v*. **stay a while** toƙízeesá así *v*.; toƙízòòn *v*.; tɔʉ́rʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **stay behind** isíɗóòn *v*. **stay in** ínés *v*. **stay lying** towúryánòn *v*. **stay on** ʝɛʝɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **stay put** iɗúkóós *v*. **stay together** ínínós *v*. **stay-at-home person** awáám *n*. **STD** ɲamakaʝe *n*. **steadily** ɓa<sup>u</sup> *ideo*.

#### steady

**steady** ikékéɲòn *v*. **steal** dzuesés *v*.; dzuesetés *v*. **stealer** dzúám *n*. **stealthy** iɗásón *v*. **steam** lɔkapʉ́r *n*. **steep** ɨɔ́lɔ́lɔ̀n *v*.; kʉ́bɛ̀lɛ̀mɔ̀n *v*.; waatɛ́s *v*. **steep (dangerously)** iwósétòn *v*. **steer (a vehicle)** aŋɨrɛs *v*. **steer clear** ƙeƙérón *v*. **steering clear** firifíránón *v*.; wíríwíránón *v*. **steering wheel** ɲókokor *n*. **Steganotaenia araliacea** seɡer *n*. **stench** ɔn *n*.; ɔnɛd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **step** kímáts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lopemúím *n*.; ɔkɔ́ts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **step all over** takwitakwiés *v*. **step off (measure)** ɨmaarɛ́sá dɛ̀ìkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **step on** takwés *v*. **Sterculia stenocarpa** ɡàràʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Stereospermum kuntianum** seínení *n*. **sterile** ikólípánón *v*.; ɨsʉ́wɔ́ɔ̀n *v*.; osorosánón *v*. **sterile (animal or person)** ɲokólíp<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sterile person** òsòròs *n*. **sternum** ɡɔɡɔm *n*.; toroɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sternutate** síƙón *v*. **sternutation** sìƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stich** tʉfɛ́s *v*. **stick** ɗɛlɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; dakw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɨɗɔ́tsɔ́n *v*.; ɨnábɛs *v*.; ʝʉrʉm *n*.; ƙídzɔ̀n *v*.; nɔtsɔ́mɔ́n *v*.; pokés *v*.; sɛ̀w<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ts'ɔɗɨtɛs *v*. **stick (climbing)** ƙɔ̀ɗɔ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **stick (honey)** tsɨtsín *n*. **stick (hooked)** lɔkɔ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **stick (long digging)** ɲéɗiŋ *n*. **stick (metal-tipped)** ɲákálɨrɨkɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**stick (mingling)** tʉɗʉtɛsídàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stick (net-holding)** naƙwín *n*. **stick (round-headed)** ɲéɓiró *n*. **stick (small hooked)** pòròt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stick around** iɗúkóós *v*.; toƙízòòn *v*. **stick in and out** ɨʝɔƙíʝɔ́ƙɛ́s *v*. **stick insect** tʉ́w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stick out** sábʉ̀rʉ̀rɔ̀n *v*.; tɨbíɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **stick out (of ears)** kweelémòn *v*. **stick out of sight** ɨkíɗítsɛ́s *v*. **stick out/up** lɛɛmɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **stick ring** ɲókokor *n*.; ɲɔkɔlɔɓɛr *n*. **stick to** iɗupes *v*.; ɨnɔtsɛs *v*. **stick to (keep on)** ɗɛlɛ́mɔ́n *v*. **stick with** tɔmɛɛs *v*. **stick with (keep on)** ɗɛlɛ́mɔ́n *v*. **sticker** kàf *n*. **stickily** nɔ̀ts<sup>ɔ</sup> *ideo*. **sticking out** tɨbíɔ́n *v*. **sticky** ɨríítánón *v*.; mɨníkímɔ̀n *v*.; nɔtsɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **stiff** ɓotsódòn *v*.; ɡɔkɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; kɛtɛ́rɛ́mɔ̀n *v*.; tsɛ́rɛkɛ́kɔ́n *v*. **stiffen by stirring** tʉɗʉtɛtɛ́s *v*. **stiffly** ɓòts<sup>o</sup> *ideo*.; ɡɔ̀k ɔ *ideo*. **stifling (weather)** laŋádòn *v*. **still** ɨʝɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; lɛrɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; wàsɔ̀n *v*. **still (become)** ɨʝɛ́mɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **still be** sárón *v*. **still if** tònì *subordconn*. **stimulate digitally** ɨkɛɗíkɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; ɨkwatíkwátɛ́s *v*. **sting** áts'ɛ́s *v*.; ƙídzɛ̀s *v*. **sting (of pain)** ɓɛɨɓɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **sting thoroughly** áts'ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stinger** kwan *n*. **stinginess** hábàs *n*.

**stingy** hábòn *v*.; mɨníkímɔ̀n *v*. **stink** ilíánòn *v*.; mídzòn *v*.; mídzona ɗɛtsɨɗɛ́tsík<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; mídzònà ɗùk<sup>u</sup> *v*. **stink bug (green)** loɡeréɲo *n*. **stinking** wízɨlílɔ́n *v*. **stinky** ɨmʉ́sɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **stinky (become)** ɨmʉ́sɛ́ɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **stinky (very)** ɗùk<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **stipple** iɗolíɗólés *v*. **stir** iƙures *v*.; ɨlɔ́lɔ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **stir (emotionally)** tábès *v*. **stir (restlessly)** ɨsɔ́sɔ́ŋɔ́s *v*. **stir around** ɨfáfáɲɛ́s *v*. **stir in** íburuburés *v*. **stirred stiff** tʉɗʉtɔs *v*. **stirred up** iƙúrúmós *v*. **stock (gun)** ɛ́bàdɛ̀ *n*. **stock-still** lɛrɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **stocky** kikímón *v*. **stomach** ɡwà *n*. **stomach (first, of ruminants)** ɲɛ́pʉnʉk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stomach (third, of ruminants)** ɲémékweɲ *n*. **stomach ache** áts'ɛ́sà bùbùì *n*. **stomach contents** ey<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stomach fluid (elephant)** lɔpɔ́ts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stomp** itirítírés *v*. **stone** ɡwas *n*.; zébès *v*. **stone (cooking)** caál *n*. **stone (flat)** lalatíɓón *n*. **stone (hard black)** lokítoɲí *n*. **stone (sharpening)** lósùàɲ *n*. **stone (supporting)** caál *n*.; titirésíɡwàs *n*. **stone repeatedly** turues *v*.; turuetés *v*.

**stone that way** zébesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stone this way** zébetés *v*. **stone-deaf** ɗɨnɔ́s *v*. **stone-still** lɛrɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **stonily** ɡàts<sup>a</sup> *ideo*. **stony** ɡatsádòn *v*. **stool** kàràts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stool (fecal)** ets'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stool (loose)** eruxam *n*. **stool (three-legged)** dɛ̀ìkà àɗ<sup>e</sup> *n*.; lɔ̀cɛ̀ɡɛ̀r *n*. **stool (two-legged)** ɗìɗèsɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲámakuk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stool carver** kárátsìkààm *n*. **stoop over** rɔ́rɔ́tɔ̀n *v*. **stooped** mʉƙʉ́rʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **stooped over** ɡʉ́ɡʉ̀rɔ̀n *v*.; rʉ́ɡʉ̀ɗʉ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **stop** bɔlɨtɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨmɔ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; mɔ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; wasɨtɛs *v*.; wasítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; wasɔ́áw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; wasɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stop (blowing or boiling)** tilímón *v*. **stop (plug)** tʉ́zʉɗɛ́s *v*. **stop beating** toɗúón *v*. **stop doing** bɔlɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stop hurting** toíónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stop swarming (of termites)** ɡwɛɛ́ ts'ɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **stop up** ɗɨnɛ́s *v*.; ɨmíɗítsɛ́s *v*.; tʉ́zʉɗɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stopover** wasɔ́áw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stoppage** was *n*. **stopped up** ɗɨnɔ́s *v*. **stopper** ts'ʉ́bʉlát<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ts'ʉ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **stopping** was *n*. **storage hole** kùkùsèn *n*. **storage place** ɡirésíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **store** ɗʉkán *n*.; ɡirés *v*.; ɡirésíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲáɗʉkán *n*.; ɲésitó *n*.; óɡoɗés *v*.

stripe

**store away** óɡoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; oƙésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **storehouse** loɗúrú *n*.; lótsúm *n*. **storeroom** ɲésitó *n*. **storey** lopem *n*. **stork (Abdim's)** tsokôb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stork-style dance** dikwa na tsokóbè *n*. **storm** itúúmés *v*. **storm (attack)** bóɡès *v*. **storm off** ɡwaítón *v*.; íɡwìʝìrɔ̀n *v*.; tʉlʉ́ŋɔ́n *v*.; tʉlʉ́ŋɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **story** emut<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲáɗís *n*. **storyteller** emútíkààm *n*.; isíséésíàm *n*. **storytelling** emútík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stout** laŋírímòn *v*.; laŋírón *v*. **stove (cooking)** ɲɛsɨŋƙɨrɨ *n*. **strabismic** kámáránón *v*.; ríbiribánón *v*. **straddle** dɛŋɛlɛsá dɛá<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **straight** ɨɗírɔ́n *v*.; ɨtɛ́nɔ́n *v*.; sʉrʉsʉ́rɔ́n *v*.; tɔɓɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **straight (horizontally)** isérérèòn *v*. **straight (set)** ɨtɛ́nɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **straight (vertically)** iséréròn *v*. **straight away** ɗìr *adv*. **straight part** ɡòɡòròʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **straighten** ɨɗírítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtɛ́nɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; ƙɔɛ́s *v*.; ƙɔƙatés *v*. **strain** ɨɗíɲɔ́n *v*.; ɨʝɨwɛs *v*.; ɨtɨwɛs *v*. **strain (muscles)** ɗukés *v*. **strainer** ɲékeikéy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **strange talk** kínítòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stranger** kɔ́nɔ́m *n*. **strangers** kíníám *n*. **strangle** iketiés *v*. **strap** ƙíw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **strap across** ízokomés *v*. **strasbismal** pɨlírímɔ̀n *v*.

**straw (drinking)** ɲálamorú *n*.; ɲeɓune *n*. **stray** iwórón *v*.; iwórónìàm *n*. **stray off** hakonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **streaked** ɨlíŋánètòn *v*.; ɨlíŋɔ́n *v*. **stream** ƙídɨƙídɔ̀n *v*. **stream (large)** ɔrɔr *n*. **stream (small)** ìàwìàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **stream out** furúdòn *v*. **streaming out** fùr *ideo*. **streamlined** mɨlɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **strength** ŋɡúf *n*.; ŋɨxás *n*.; ɲaƙóƙóŋ *n*. **strengthen** ŋɨxítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ŋɨxɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stressed out (become)** ɨlárímétòn *v*.; ɨlwárímétòn *v*. **stretch** eminiés *v*.; ƙɔɛ́s *v*.; ƙɔƙatés *v*.; ƙɔƙɔanón *v*. **stretch across** ɨkámárɛ́s *v*. **stretch out (to rest)** torwóónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stretched out (resting)** torwóón *v*. **strew** ɨɗɛrɛs *v*. **strew about** ɨɗɛríɗɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **strewn** ɨɗɛrɔs *v*.; kazaanón *v*. **strewn about** apɛ́tɛ́pɛ́tánón *v*.; ɗɛtɛ́ɗɛ́tánón *v*.; ɨɗɛríɗɛ́rɔ́s *v*. **stride** dɛŋɛlɛsá dɛá<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; ɔkɔ́ts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **strife** ɲéƙúruƙur *n*.; ɲɛ́píɗɨpɨɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **strike** ɗálútés *v*.; iwés *v*.; iwésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; toɓés *v*. **strike (a match)** dzɛrɛ́s *v*. **striking** ɨɗɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **string** rɔ́ɛ́s *v*.; sim *n*. **string (nylon)** ɲákol *n*. **stringy** simánón *v*. **strip** dzeretiés *v*.; dzeretiésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtakɛs *v*. **strip off** ɨɓɔ́lɔ́tsɛ́s *v*.; ɨɓɔtɛs *v*.; ɨtákɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔɲílíɲílɛ́s *v*. **stripe** dzeretiés *v*.

**striped** ɡweɡweritiós *v*.; ɨƙɨrɔs *v*.; ɨlíŋánètòn *v*.; ɨlíŋɔ́n *v*.; wíziwizatós *v*. **striped down the spine** kɔlánétòn *v*. **stroke** ɨwáwɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **stroke affectionately** ɨɓɔníɓɔ́nɛ́s *v*.; iɓoníɓóniés *v*. **stroll** ɨtɛ́mɔ́ɔ̀n *v*.; tasɔ́ɔ́n *v*.; zíbòn *v*. **strong** ŋìxɔ̀n *v*. **stronger (become)** ŋɨxɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **struggle** kóríètòn *v*.; kɔrɔanón *v*. **struggle against** cɛ̀mɔ̀n *v*. **struggle for** ŋués *v*. **struggle into** ɨɓɨtsíɓítsɛ́s *v*. **struggle over** ŋués *v*. **strung** rɔ́ɔ́s *v*. **strut** ɨƙɔ́ɔ́rɛ́sá así *v*.; ƙɔ̀rɔ̀n *v*. **stub (grass)** rumurúm *n*. **stubble (plant)** sʉ́s *n*. **stubborn** ɨɗíkílɔ̀n *v*. **stubby** ŋɨríɓímɔ̀n *v*.; poŋórómòn *v*. **stubby-toothed** ŋɨríɓímɔ̀n *v*. **stuck** ɨpɔ́kɔ́n *v*. **stuck (become)** bokímón *v*. **stud** cúrúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **student** isóméésíàm *n*.; ɲósomáám *n*. **studies** ɲósomá *n*. **study** isóméés *v*.; tɨtɨmɛs *v*. **stuff** ɨsɨkɛs *v*.; kúrúɓáicík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; mɛnáícík<sup>a</sup> *n*.; rʉtsɛ́s *v*.; rʉtsɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stuffed** itéɓúkòn *v*. **stumble** rúmánòn *v*. **stumble (make)** ɨlɛ́ƙwɛ́rɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɛ́ƙwɛ́rɛtɛ́s *v*. **stumble ahead** ɓɛƙɛ́sá turúùk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **stumble repeatedly** iɲatiesá kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **stump** ɡɔn *n*.

**stun** ɨrakɛs *v*.; ɨrákɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **stunned** ɨʝárɔ́n *v*.; ʝarámétòn *v*. **stunted** rɛƙɛ́ɲɛ́mɔ̀n *v*.; sɛ́rɛ́ƙɛƙánón *v*. **stunted growth** lɔɓʉ́kɛʝɛ́n *n*. **stupefied** tɔmɛrímɛ́rɔ̀n *v*. **stupid** ɨɓááŋɔ̀n *v*. **stupid person** bóx *n*.; ɨɓááŋàsìàm *n*. **stupidity** ɨɓááŋàs *n*. **sturdy** ikékéɲòn *v*. **stutter** ɗɔkɔ́lɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; ɨƙʉʝʉ́kʉ́ʝɔ̀n *v*. **stuttering** ɡaʝádòn *v*.; kaŋádòn *v*. **stutteringly** ɡàʝ<sup>a</sup> *ideo*. **stylish** titianón *v*. **stymie** ɨɓatɛs *v*. **stymie repeatedly** ɨɓatíɓátɛ́s *v*. **subcounty** ɲásáɓúkáúntì *n*. **subdue** ɨɗáfɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itikes *v*. **subdued** ɨɗáfɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **submerge** ilumes *v*.; ilúmésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **subparish** ɲásáɓúpárìx *n*. **subsist** topíánètòn *v*. **substitute** imetsités *v*. **substitute for** imetsés *v*. **subtract** ƙanésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **subversion** ɲéƙúruƙur *n*. **subverter** ɲɛkɛsʉpan *n*. **succeed** ɨlámɔ́n *v*. **success** ídzànànès *n*. **succession** ɲɛɗʉpɛ *n*. **suck** ƙʉɗɛ́s *v*. **suck on** ƙʉɗɛ́s *v*. **suck on each other** ƙʉ́ɗʉ́nɔ́s *v*. **suck out** ƙʉɗɛtɛ́s *v*.; ts'ʉ́ts'ʉ́tɛ́s *v*.; ts'ʉ́ʉ́tɛ́s *v*. **suck up** ts'ʉ́ts'ʉ́tɛ́s *v*.; ts'ʉ́ʉ́tɛ́s *v*. **sucked dry** ts'ʉ́ʉ́tɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sucked up** ts'ʉ́ʉ́tɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**suckle** naƙwɛ́s *v*.; naƙwɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; naƙwɨtɛs *v*. **suckling** ɗiak<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Sudan (South)** Sʉɗán *n*. **Sudan gum arabic** ɗerét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lofílitsí *n*. **Sudanese rebels** Ŋɨɲɛ́ɲɛ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*. **suddenly** ŋàm *ideo*.; ùrùƙùs *ideo*. **suffer** ɨríɗɔ́n *v*. **suffer internally** ɗuƙúkón *v*. **suffer quietly** ɗuƙúkón *v*. **suffering** tawanímétòn *v*. **sufficient** ŋábɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; nábɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **suffocate** tʉɓʉnɛ́s *v*.; tuɓunímétòn *v*. **sugar** ɲósukarí *n*. **sugar ant** ɗɔ́ɡɨɗɔ̂ɡ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **sugar bush** ɲícwéɲé *n*. **sugary** diridírón *v*. **suit (legal)** ɲékés *n*. **suitable** itémón *v*. **Suk person** Ŋúupéám *n*. **sulk** ɨɓʉ́tʉ́ŋɔ̀n *v*.; imutúmútòn *v*.; siŋírón *v*. **sulky** ɨmʉtʉ́mʉ́tɔ́s *v*. **sultry (weather)** laŋádòn *v*. **sum up** bɔsɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɗɔtsɛ́sʉ́ƙɔta mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **summarize** bɔsɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɗɔtsɛ́sʉ́ƙɔta mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.; ɨtsʉnɛtɛ́s *v*. **summit** kwaráɡwarí *n*. **summon** iríréetés *v*.; óés *v*. **summon by whistling** iwéwérés *v*.; iwówórés *v*. **summon here** oetés *v*. **sun** fet<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sun range** fetíhò *n*. **sun watcher** itelesíáma fetí *n*. **sun-watching point** itelesíáwa fetí *n*.

**sunbeam** fetíbàs *n*. **sunbird** itsók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Sunday** Ɲásaɓét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sunflower** ɲɛ́kɨɗɛkɨɗɛ́*n*.; ɲɛ́tɔɔkíɗɛ́*n*. **sunglasses** ɲékiyóika ni fetí *n*. **sunray** fetíbàs *n*. **sunrise** pɛlɛ́mɔ́na fetí *v*. **superiority** zeís *n*. **supervise** ɨrɨtsɛ́s *v*. **supper** ŋƙáƙá na wídzò<sup>e</sup> *n*. **supple** ʝaulímòn *v*.; tsutsukes *v*. **supplication** wáán *n*. **supply** íɡɔɲɛ́s *v*. **support** ɨƙaŋɛs *v*.; titirés *v*.; titiretés *v*.; tɔmɛɛs *v*.; wasɨtɛs *v*. **support each other** tɔmɛ́ínɔ́s *v*. **suppress** ɨɗáfɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; itikes *v*. **suppressed** ɨɗáfɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **suppurating** tatifíánón *v*. **suppuration** báts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **suprapubic area** heʝú *n*. **surefooted** tsɛ́rɛkɛ́kɔ́n *v*. **surface** takánétòn *v*. **surgeon** hoesíàm *n*. **surgery** hoesího *n*. **surgery (perform)** hoés *v*.; hoetés *v*. **surpass** ɨlɔɛs *v*.; ɨlɔɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨsʉkɛs *v*.; sʉ́kɛ́s *v*. **surpass in height** ileŋes *v*. **surprise** bóɡès *v*.; itúúmés *v*. **surrender** taʝales *v*.; taʝálésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taʝaletés *v*. **surround** ɨrɨkɛs *v*.; ɨríkɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨrɨkɛtɛ́s *v*.; itsóɗón *v*. **surrounding (of prey)** nakítsòɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **surveil** rɔ́tɛ́s *v*.; toreɓes *v*. **survey** ɦyeités *v*. **survival** ɦyekes *n*.

**survive** ʝɛ̀ʝɔ̀n *v*.; pʉ̀rɔ̀n *v*.; topíánètòn *v*. **survive (a mishap)** ɨsɛɛs *v*. **suspect each other** ɨpíʝíkɨmɔ́s *v*. **suspend in air** alólóánitetés *v*.; alólóés *v*. **swagger** ɨƙɔ́ɔ́rɛ́sá así *v*.; ƙɔ̀rɔ̀n *v*. **Swahili language** Ŋákiswahílìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **swallow** luƙés *v*. **swallow (bird)** loménio *n*. **swamp** ɲéʝem *n*. **swamp (seasonal)** ɲɛkípɔ́r *n*.; ɲotóbòr *n*. **swampily** fɔ̀ts'<sup>ɔ</sup> *ideo*. **swampy** fɔts'ɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **swap** ilókótsés *v*.; ɨxɔtsɛs *v*.; xɔ́tsɛ́s *v*. **swarm of bees (mobile)** ts'ɨƙábòt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **swarm over** iwówéés *v*. **sway** ɲɛsʉp<sup>a</sup> *n*.; sʉ́bɛ̀s *v*.; sʉ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sway gently** ʝikiʝíkón *v*. **swear** ikóŋón *v*. **swear (make)** ikóŋítetés *v*. **swear an oath** tsamɛtɛ́sá ikóŋónì *v*. **sweat** kirot<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kirotánón *v*. **sweep** séɓés *v*. **sweep aside** ɨpalípálɛ́s *v*. **sweep away** séɓésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sweep off** séɓésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **sweep up** séɓetés *v*. **sweeper** séɓésìàm *n*. **sweet** diridírón *v*.; ɡwéts'ón *v*.; ɲátamɨtám *n*. **sweet (slightly)** nɨƙwídɔ̀n *v*. **sweet potato** ɲakaíta *n*. **sweet potato leaves** ɲakaítákák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **sweet-and-sour** mɨtɨmítɔ́n *v*.; taasámòn *v*. **sweet-smelling** tukukúɲón *v*.

**sweet-talk** ɨmámɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **sweeten** ɛfɨtɛs *v*. **sweetly** nìƙw<sup>ɨ</sup> *ideo*. **swell** èmòn *v*.; itéɓúkòn *v*.; tʉ̀wɔ̀n *v*.; xuanón *v*.; xuxuanón *v*. **swell (make)** emites *v*. **swell (of many)** emitaakón *v*. **swell up** ʝɨríʝírɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; ʝɨríʝírɔ̀n *v*.; tʉwɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **sweltering** ririanón *v*. **sweltering (become)** ririanétòn *v*. **swerve** iwítón *v*. **swerve repeatedly** aŋiriesón *v*.; iwitíwítòn *v*. **swift (bird)** loménio *n*. **swift (white-rumped)** tsòrìàm *n*. **swim** ɨlʉ́lʉ́mʉ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **swindle** ɨmɔɗɛs *v*. **swine** ɲéɡuruwé *n*. **swing** aƙóláánón *v*.; lóƙólíl *n*. **swing by** ɨɛ́bɛ̀s *v*.; ɨɛ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **swing side to side** iŋolíŋólés *v*. **swipe** ɨɛ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨpakɛs *v*.; toyeres *v*. **swipe away** ɨpákɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **swipe clean** ɨƙʉ́ʉ́lɛ́s *v*. **swipe off** ɨpákɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **swirl** ɨwaríwárɛ́s *v*. **swirl up** tɔpɨrípírɔ̀n *v*. **swish** ɨɗííɗɛ́s *v*. **swish (mouth)** íɡʉʝʉɡʉʝɛ́s *v*.; ɨmʉ́mʉ́ʝɛ́s *v*. **swish swish** kòrrr *ideo*. **swish!** swèèè *ideo*. **switch** aeitetésíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɨʝʉlɛs *v*.; ɨʝʉlɛtɛ́s *v*.; kíxw<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**switch (whip)** ízaɓɨzaɓɛ́s *v*.; zaɓatiés *v*. **switch off (electrically)** ts'eítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **switch off (of electricity)** ts'oonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **switch on (electrically)** aeitetés *v*. **switch on (of electricity)** aeétón *v*. **switch!** ɗì *ideo*. **switched** ɨʝʉlɔs *v*. **swollen** dúduránón *v*.; itéɓúkòn *v*. **swoon** rèŋòn *v*. **swoosh** ɨɗííɗɛ́s *v*. **symmetrical** ikwáánòn *v*. **sympathize** cucuéétòn *v*. **synchronize** ilíráitetés *v*. **synchronized** ilíróòn *v*. **table** ɲéméza *n*. **tableland** lopem *n*. **tablet** cɛ̀mɛ̀rìèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tabletop** ɲémézaɡwarí *n*. **taboo** itáléánón *v*.; itálóós *v*.; ɲatal *n*. **taboo (make)** itáléés *v*. **taboo of eating first** isóón *n*. **taboo of eating prematurely** ifófóés *n*. **taboo of leg meat** dɛ *n*. **taboo of sitting on elders' stools** zɛƙwɔna karatsɔɔ ʝáká<sup>e</sup> *n*. **taboo of watching mother-in-law** itelesa ceŋetíámà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **taboo of water** cue *n*. **tadpole** ŋʉ́ɗʉ́ŋʉ́ɗ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **tag** pilís *n*. **tahini** ɲówoɗí *n*. **tail** ikókótés *v*.; timóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tail (chicken)** bòrèn *n*. **tail (of a bird)** tsʉ́ɓ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **tail-hair** lɔ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*.

**tail-tip (of a python)** ɲéɡets<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tailor** tʉfɛ́s *v*.; tʉfɛ́síàm *n*. **take (somewhere)** duƙésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take (swallow)** béberetés *v*. **take a break** ɨɛ́ŋɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨmɔ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; mɔ́mɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **take a diversion** wɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **take a loss** totóánonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take a picture** iwetésá ɲɛ́pítsaá<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **take a picture of** iwetés *v*. **take a seat** zɛƙwɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **take a shot at** ídzesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take a sip** abʉtɛtɛ́s *v*.; tsʉɓɛtɛ́s *v*. **take a trip** ɨlɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **take advantage of** ɨnɔmɛtɛ́s *v*. **take aim** ɨɗírɔ́n *v*. **take all of** ɨsʉɲɛs *v*. **take an oath** ikóŋón *v*.; tsamɛtɛ́sá ikóŋónì *v*. **take apart** ɨʝʉƙʉ́ʝʉ́ƙɛ́s *v*. **take away** ɨákɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ƙanésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take away all of** ɨsʉ́ɲɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take away gingerly** ɗítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take back** raʝésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take by force** ɛ́nɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; toreɓes *v*. **take by surprise** bóɡès *v*.; itúúmés *v*. **take care of** ɨrɨtsɛ́s *v*. **take far away** ɨɛƙítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take flight** bʉrɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **take for a walk** ɨláítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtátɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **take form** ituetésá así *v*. **take gingerly** ɗítɛ́s *v*. **take hold of** ɨkamɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨkamɛtɛ́s *v*.; ƙanetés *v*.; ŋusés *v*.; ŋusésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take hold of each other** ɨkámʉ́nɔ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take in** ɓuƙítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take in hand** ƙanés *v*.

**take medicine** wetésá cɛmɛ́ríkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **take nearly all** kɔnɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **take note of** ewanetés *v*. **take note off** ewanes *v*. **take off** ɗóɗésa muceé *v*.; hoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hoɗetés *v*.; laʝetés *v*.; tuɓutes *v*.; tuɓútésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take off (running)** ɨpʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*.; tsídzonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take off flying** bʉrɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; bʉrɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take off hopping** itseɗítséɗòn *v*. **take off shoes** hoɗetésá taƙáíkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **take office** itsyákétòn *v*. **take on credit** iɗenes *v*.; iɗenetés *v*. **take out** ƙanetés *v*.; pulúmítésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ts'álés *v*.; ts'aletés *v*.; tuɓutetés *v*. **take over for** imetsés *v*. **take place** ikásíìmètòn *v*.; itíyáìmètòn *v*. **take shape** ituetésá así *v*. **take shelter in** rɨmɛ́s *v*. **take time** iríóòn *v*. **take to court** wasɨtɛs *v*.; wasítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **take to pasture** waitetés *v*. **take up** tɛ́bɛ̀s *v*. **taken off guard** toúmón *v*. **tale** emut<sup>a</sup> *n*. **talent** akílìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **talk** ɨɛ́nɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; ɨɛ́nɔ́n *v*.; tôd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tódòn *v*. **talk (get to)** ɨɛ́nítɛtɛ́s *v*.; tóítetés *v*. **talk (reckless)** múɗúkánónìtòd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **talk about** mɔ́ɲɛ́s *v*.; tódetés *v*. **talk at once (crowds)** réɡiréɡòn *v*. **talk foreignly** ɨɗímɔ́n *v*. **talk straight to the issue** ɨtɛ́nɨtɛtɛ́sá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **talk to each other** tódinós *v*.

**talkative** ɗɛmɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ɗɛmɨɗɛ́mɔ́n *v*.; ɨkʉ́tʉ́kánón *v*.; poxódòn *v*. **talkatively** ɗɛ̀m *ideo*.; pòx *ideo*. **talker** akáám *n*.; tódààm *n*. **tall** zikíbòn *v*. **tall (grow)** tɔwʉ́tɔ́n *v*.; zikíbonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **tall (make)** zikíbitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **tall (of many)** zikíbaakón *v*. **tall anthill** kìts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tallness** zikíbàs *n*. **tallow** ɲéɗíol *n*. **talon** tíbòlòkòɲ *n*. **tamarind** rɔ́ƙɔ́*n*. **tamarind seeds** ɗɛ̂ɡ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **Tamarindus indica** rɔ́ƙɔ́*n*. **tame** bɔnɛ́s *v*. **tamp** ɨɗɛŋɛs *v*.; itirítírés *v*. **tamp repeatedly** ɨɗɛŋíɗɛ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **tamped down (become)** iɗéŋímètòn *v*. **tan** ŋirotsánón *v*. **tangible** tabam *n*. **tangle** imóɲíkees *v*. **tangle up** imóɲíkeetés *v*. **tangled** sáɡoanón *v*. **tangy** mázɨmázɔ̀n *v*. **tank (military)** ɡaso *n*. **tap on** ɨtɔ́tɔ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **tap out** ɨtɔŋítɔ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **tap repeatedly** ɨɗɛɨɗɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **tapeworm** apéléle *n*. **Tarenna graveolens** tsɛ̀tsɛ̀kw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tsɨkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **target** ɨpɨmɛs *v*. **tarp** ɲéema *n*. **tarry** tɔʉ́rʉ́mɔ̀n *v*.

**tart** ɓariɓárón *v*.; ɓárikíkón *v*.; ɓàròn *v*.; mázɨmázɔ̀n *v*. **task** ɲákási *n*.; ɲetits<sup>a</sup> *n*.; terêɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tassel (animal-tail)** lɔ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **tassel (giraffe-tail)** ɡwaíts'ílɔ̀d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **tassel (of maize)** kâʒw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **taste** kaites *v*. **tasteless** ɗɛ̀ƙwɔ̀n *v*.; ʝɔ̀lɔ̀n *v*.; muʝálámòn *v*. **tasty** ɛ̀fɔ̀n *v*.; ɡwéts'ón *v*. **tasty (become)** ɛfɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **tattered** rídziridzánón *v*. **tattily** rɛ̀s *ideo*. **tattle on** ilíítés *v*. **tattoo** ɨtsɨpítsípɛ́s *v*. **tatty** rɛsɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **tawny** ŋirotsánón *v*. **tax** ɲéutsúr *n*. **tax collector** ɲéútsuríám *n*. **tchagra** kíɗɔ̀ *n*. **tea** ɲécáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tea (African)** tábarɨcue *n*. **tea (black)** kotímácùè *n*. **tea (milk)** tábarɨcue *n*. **teach** ɨtátámɛ́s *v*.; nɔɔsanitetés *v*. **teach to read** isómáitetés *v*. **teacher** ɨtátámɛ́síàm *n*.; ŋímaalímùàm *n*. **teacher (head)** ámázeáma ɲésukúluⁱ *n*. **team** ɲétím *n*. **tear** ɗusés *v*.; ɗusúmón *v*.; ɗusutes *v*.; dzɛrɛ́s *v*.; ɨkɛ́ŋɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; tɔŋɛɗɛs *v*. **tear off** ɗusésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; dzeretiés *v*.; dzeretiésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; dzɛ̀rɔ̀n *v*. **tear off (running)** tsídzonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **tear off in strips** tɔɲílíɲílɛ́s *v*. **tear out** ruutésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ruutetés *v*.

**teardrop rain** ekúcúédidí *n*. **tears** ekúcé *n*. **tease** ceŋánón *v*. **teaser** céŋáàm *n*. **teat** îdw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **technical school** tɛ́kɛ̀nìkɔ̀l *n*. **teclea (small fruited)** kɛ́láy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛmaɨlɔŋ *n*. **Teclea nobilis** kɛ́láy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛmaɨlɔŋ *n*. **teem** ƙídɨƙídɔ̀n *v*. **teem around** iwówéés *v*. **teetering** nɛrɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **teeteringly** nɛ̀rɛ̀ *ideo*. **telephone** ɲásím *n*. **television** kúrúkúríka ni ɓɛƙɛ́s *n*.; ɲévíɗyo *n*. **tell** ɦyeitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɦyeitetés *v*.; isíséés *v*.; tódètòn *v*.; tódòn *v*. **tell apart** ɦyeités *v*. **tell each other** tódinós *v*. **tell on** ilíítés *v*. **tell the time** ɗoɗésúƙota ɲásáatí *v*.; itelesa fetí *v*. **tell the truth** ɨtsírɔ́na tódàk<sup>e</sup> *v*. **teller** tódààm *n*. **telling** tôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **temperature (high)** hábona nébwì *n*. **tempermental** kwits'íkwíts'ánón *v*. **temple area (of head)** matáŋ *n*. **temple area (upper)** matáŋíɡwarí *n*. **temple bone** matáŋíɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **tempt** sʉ́bɛ̀s *v*.; sʉ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; sʉ́bɨtɛ́sʉ́ƙɔta así *v*. **tempter** sʉ́bɛ̀sìàm *n*. **ten** toomín *n*. **ten o'clock** ɲásáatɨkaa ts'aɡúsátìk<sup>e</sup> *n*. **tenacious** ɨkázànòòn *v*. **tend (garden)** kɔɛ́s *v*.

**tend (livestock)** cookés *v*. **tend (to do)** ɨtáŋátɔ̀n *v*. **tended** cookotós *v*. **tender** rɛɓɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; rɛɗɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; rusúdòn *v*. **tender (of plants)** xɛɓɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **tenderly** dàb<sup>u</sup> *ideo*.; rɛ̀ɗ ɛ *ideo*.; rùs *ideo*. **tenderly (of plants)** xɛ̀ɓ ɛ *ideo*. **tendon** kon *n*. **tendon (Achilles)** tɨtíʝíkòn *n*. **tent** ɲéema *n*. **tenth (be a)** kɔnɔna toomínú *v*. **Tepeth language** Ŋítépesítôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Tepeth people** Ŋítépes *n*. **tercel** ɡwácúrúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **teres major** ɡuféém *n*. **term (school)** ɲátám *n*. **term of endearment** mínɛ́sìèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Terminalia brownii** ɡáʒàd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **terminate** hoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɲétséetés *v*.; iyétséetés *v*. **termite (early-flying)** erún *n*. **termite (edible noctural)** mukúádàŋ *n*. **termite (edible)** dáŋ *n*. **termite (first eaten portion)** kʉ́tʉ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **termite (small worker)** sokomet<sup>a</sup> *n*. **termite (soldier)** lókók<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tɛƙɛram *n*. **termite (tiny)** léts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **termite colony (active)** abér *n*. **termite colony (inactive)** wàrɔ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **termite column** dáŋámorók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **termite dirt** dáŋáʝʉ̀m *n*. **termite housing** dáŋáhò *n*. **termite mound** kutút<sup>a</sup> *n*. **termite mound (holey)** lòkòsòs *n*. **termite mound (old)** dáŋákìts<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**termite mound base** dáŋádɛ̀ *n*. **termite mound chamber** ɓarán *n*. **termite opening** dáŋáàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **termite outlet** dáŋéèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **termite paste (edible)** másálúk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **termite queen** dádata dáŋá<sup>e</sup> *n*.; dáŋádadát<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ŋwááta dáŋá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **termite rain** dáŋádidí *n*. **termite season** dáŋátsóy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **termite soil** kerets'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **termite trap** akarér *n*. **termite wings** síts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **termite worker** nateɓú *n*. **termite(s)** ɛs *n*. **termite-and-honey dish** ƙɛƙɛram *n*. **termite-drying mat** uré *n*. **termites (dried, wingless)** tɔƙam *n*. **termites (first pot eaten)** wàxìdòm *n*. **termites (late-flying)** ɓɛʝɛ́kw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **termites (pounded)** iwótsíɔ̀z *n*. **terrapin** sídilé *n*. **Teso person** Ŋítésóàm *n*. **test** esetés *v*.; iniŋes *v*.; ɨpɨmɛs *v*.; kaites *v*.; ɲɛ́tɛ́sìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **testicle** míts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **testify to** itsáɗénés *v*. **testimony (false)** ɲɔ́pɔkɔca *n*. **testis** míts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tetanus** ɲeɗekea na ɨtɛnítʉ́ƙɔta ámák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Teuso** Tɛʉ́sɔ̀ *n*. **textured** sɨƙɨsíƙánétòn *v*.; síƙísɨƙánón *v*. **thank** ɨlákásítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **thank (with grain)** otés *v*. **thankful** ɨlákásɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **that** tòìmɛ̀n *n*.

**that (a while ago)** nótsò *dem*.; nótsò *rel*. **that (a while ago, pl.)** nútsù *rel*. **that (already known)** déé *dem*. **that (earlier)** nák<sup>a</sup> *dem*.; nák<sup>a</sup> *rel*. **that (earlier, pl.)** níkⁱ *rel*. **that (is)** tàà *comp*. **that (just there)** ne *dem*. **that (long ago)** nòk<sup>o</sup> *dem*.; nòk<sup>o</sup> *rel*. **that (long ago, pl.)** nùk<sup>u</sup> *rel*. **that (over there)** ke *dem*. **that (plural)** ni *rel*. **that (singular)** na *rel*. **that (yesterday)** sìn *dem*.; sìn *rel*. **that (yesterday, pl.)** sìn *rel*. **that direction** kɛ́xána kɛ *dem*. **that is (to say)** tòìmɛ̀n *n*. **that one** ɗa ne *pro*. **that one (just there)** kɛɗá *pro*. **that one (over there)** kɛɗa *pro*. **that way** kɛ́xána kɛ *dem*.; kíxána ke *n*. **that way!** ńtía ʝɨkî *adv*. **that wayǃ** ńtíà ʝà *adv*. **thatch** dosés *v*. **thatching (first layer)** ɲáɓarasán *n*. **thatching layer** kerêb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **the coming year** kɛɨnats<sup>a</sup> *n*. **the good life** zɛƙwa ná dà *n*. **the others** kiɗíása *pro*. **the very person/thing** nébèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **the whole day** ódàtù *n*. **the whole night** tsoík<sup>o</sup> *n*.; tɛrɛƙɛs *ideo*. **theater (movie)** ɲévíɗyòhò *n*. **theater (surgery)** hoesího *n*. **theft** dzú *n*. **their** ńt<sup>a</sup> *pro*.

**theirs** ńtíɛ̀n *pro*. **them** ńt<sup>a</sup> *pro*. **themselves** ńtínebitín *n*. **then** ɓàz *interj*.; ʝá *adv*.; kíná *coordconn*.; kòt<sup>o</sup> *coordconn*.; ts'ɛ́dɔ́ɔ́kɔ̀nà *pro*. **theology** ɲakuʝímɛ́n *n*. **there** ƙɛ́daikén *dem*.; kɔ́ɔ́ *dem*.; ts'ɛ́ daikén *dem*. **there (already known)** ts'ɛ́dɛ́ɛ́ *dem*.; tʉmɛdɛ́ɛ́*dem*. **there (far)** kéda ke *dem*.; kéíta ke *dem*.; kɔ́ɔ́kɛ *dem*. **there (near)** nayé ne *dem*.; nédà *dem*.; néda ne *dem*.; néíta ne *dem*. **there there!** tíɔ̀ *interj*.; tíɔ ʝɔ́ɔ̀ *interj*. **therefore** kòt<sup>o</sup> *coordconn*. **thermometer** ɲátamóómìtà *n*. **these** ni *dem*. **these areas/places** niyá ni *dem*. **these days** ódowicíkó nì *n*. **these guys, I tell you!** ɲɔto ni *interj*. **these kids, I tell you!** wice ni *interj*. **these ones** ɗa *pro*.; ɗa ni *pro*.; niɗa ni *pro*. **these very days** ódowicíkó nì kɔ̀nà *n*. **Thessalonians (biblical)** Ŋítesalóníkaik<sup>a</sup> *n*. **they** ńt<sup>a</sup> *pro*. **thick** rɔ́mɔ́n *v*.; tetíŋón *v*. **thick (and round)** baƙúlúmòn *v*. **thick (become)** moɡánétòn *v*. **thick (flat)** maŋídòn *v*. **thick (mentally)** mɨɲɔna íkèdè *v*. **thick (of brush)** moɡánón *v*. **thick (of undergrowth)** bòmòn *v*. **thick (opaque)** tìnòn *v*. **thick (optimally)** lɔɓɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **thick (sludgy)** yaŋádòn *v*. **thick (undesirably)** maŋádòn *v*.

#### thicken

**thicken** iɗíkétòn *v*.; iɗikitetés *v*. **thicken up (optimally)** lɔɓɔ́dɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **thickened** iɗíkón *v*. **thicket** tsekís *n*.; tsekísíàƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **thicket (dense)** môɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **thicket (round)** ɲalʉ́kɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **thickly** lɔ̀ɓ ɔ *ideo*.; màŋ *ideo*. **thickset** kikímón *v*. **thief** dzúám *n*. **thief (of grain)** lokoɓél *n*. **thieve** dzuesés *v*.; dzuesetés *v*. **thievery** dzú *n*.; dzúnánès *n*. **thieving** dzúnánès *n*. **thigh** ɡubes *n*. **thigh meat** ɲámoɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **thighbone** ɡubesíɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **thin** ɨkárɔ́n *v*.; kɔrɔ́ɗɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **thin (delicately)** bɛɗɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **thin (needle-)** tɨwídɔ̀n *v*. **thin (of a surface)** kwɛxɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **thin (too)** ɗɛpɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **thin out** ɨlɔ́lɔ́kɛ́s *v*. **thing** kɔ́rɔ́ɓâd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **things** kúrúɓâd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; mɛnáícík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **things (newly discovered)** kúrúɓáìnòìn *n*. **think** tamɛ́s *v*. **think about** tamɛtɛ́s *v*. **think about each other** támínɔ́s *v*. **think back on** tamɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **think on** ɲɛɓɛ́s *v*.; tamátámatés *v*.; tamítámiés *v*. **thinker** tamɛ́síàm *n*.; turúnónìàm *n*. **thinly** bɛ̀ɗ ɛ *ideo*.; ɗɛ̀p ɛ *ideo*.; kwɛ̀x *ideo*. **thinned out** sɨlaɓánón *v*.

**third (be a)** kɔnɔna áɗònù *v*. **third (be the)** mɨtɔna ɗíɛ́áɗònì *v*. **third (one)** ɗa áɗònì *pro*. **third time** aɗoniɛn *n*.; àɗònìk<sup>e</sup> *n*. **thirst** fet<sup>a</sup> *n*. **thirsty** paupáwón *v*. **thirteen** toomíní ńdà kìɗi àɗ<sup>e</sup> *n*. **thirty** toomínékwà àɗ<sup>e</sup> *n*. **this** na *dem*. **this direction** náxána na *dem*. **this kid, I tell you!** ima na *interj*. **this one** ɗa *pro*.; ɗa na *pro*.; naɗa na *pro*. **this way** náxána na *dem*. **this year** kaɨnɔ na *n*.; nakaɨn *n*. **thorax** bakuts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **thorn** kàf *n*. **thornbush (dik-dik)** ɲólíkàf *n*. **those (a while ago)** nútsù *dem*. **those (already known)** díí *dem*. **those (earlier)** níkⁱ *dem*. **those (long ago)** nùk<sup>u</sup> *dem*. **those (over there)** ki *dem*. **those (yesterday, pl.)** sìn *dem*. **those areas** kiyá ki *dem*. **those days** ódowicíkó nùk<sup>u</sup> *n*. **those ones (just there)** kiɗá *pro*. **those ones (over there)** kiɗa *pro*. **those places** kiyá ki *dem*. **thoughts** ŋátámɛta *n*. **thousand** álìf *n*. **thrash** ipés *v*. **thread** iléƙwéries *v*.; ɲéúsi *n*.; rɔ́ɛ́s *v*. **threaded** rɔ́ɔ́s *v*. **threaten** ɨŋaalɛ́s *v*.; kitítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zízɛ̀s *v*.

**threaten to displace** ɨlɔ́líɛtɛ́s *v*. **three** àɗ<sup>e</sup> *num*.; àɗòn *v*. **three days from now** kétsóita ke *n*. **three o'clock** ɲásáatɨkaa tudátie ńda kiɗi ts'aɡús *n*. **three times** àɗ<sup>o</sup> *num*. **three years ago** kaɨnɔ nɔk<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*.; nɔkɛɨna ke *n*. **three years from now** kaɨnɔ na far *n*.; nakaɨna far *n*. **thresh** ipés *v*. **threshing floor** ɓɔɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɗípɔ̀ *n*. **threshold** lòkìtòŋ *n*.; lòrìòŋòn *n*. **threshold consciousness** mɔɗɔ́ɗɔ́èkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **thrice** àɗ<sup>o</sup> *num*. **thrifty** toikíkón *v*. **thrive (of plants)** ɡáruɓúɓón *v*.; karuɓúɓón *v*. **throat** morók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **throat infection** tòmàlàɗò *n*. **throb** dìkwòn *v*. **throng** ɲéɓúku *n*.; ɲerípírìp<sup>a</sup> *n*. **throttle** iketiés *v*. **through** nɛ́ɛ́*prep*. **throw** ɡóózés *v*.; ɨmasɛs *v*. **throw a spear** toɓésúƙota ɓɨsá<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **throw a stone** zébès *v*. **throw a stone that way** zébesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **throw a stone this way** zébetés *v*. **throw away** ɡóózesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨmásɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **throw down** ɡwarés *v*. **throw down carelessly** futs'áts'ésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **throw off** iɓókésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**throw stones** turues *v*.; turuetés *v*. **throw this way** ɡóózetés *v*.; ɨmasɛtɛ́s *v*. **thrower (of meat)** ɡóózésíàm *n*. **thrush (rock-)** nàlèmùdzòɗà *n*. **thrust** ututetés *v*.; xutés *v*.; xutésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **thrust (a knife)** rutésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **thrust repeatedly** ututiés *v*. **thud** ƙádiƙádès *v*. **thud!** ɗùl *ideo*. **thumb** kɔrɔ́ká ná zè *n*. **thumb piano** lokemú *n*. **thump** dìkwòn *v*.; ɨɲatɛs *v*.; ƙádiƙádès *v*. **thump a tree** iwésá dakwí *v*. **thump repeatedly** ɨɲatiés *v*. **thump thump** kímáts<sup>a</sup> *ideo*.; kùk<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **Thunbergia alata** ɲápat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **thunder** ɗukuɗúkón *v*.; ɨkílɔ́n *v*.; irúrúmòòn *v*.; ƙìròn *v*.; ƙironuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔtɔanón *v*. **thunder off** itíƙíròòn *v*.; itíríƙòòn *v*.; ƙironuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **Thur person** Ŋítéɓuríám *n*. **Thursday** Ɲákásíá ts'aɡúsík<sup>e</sup> *n*. **thus** kòt<sup>o</sup> *coordconn*. **thwart** kwaɲɛ́s *v*.; kwaɲɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **tibia** tsɛrɛ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **tick** ɲamaɗaŋ *n*. **tick (mark)** totsetes *v*. **tick grass** ɲamaɗaŋíkú *n*. **tickbird** dzàr *n*. **tickle** ɨkwɨlíkwílɛ́s *v*. **tie** ɲátáy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; zíkɛ́s *v*. **tie around** kɛkɛrɛs *v*. **tie off** ɨlɨɗɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɨɗɛtɛ́s *v*. **tie off umbilical cord** zíkɛ́sà ƙɔ̀ɓà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **tie tightly** ɨrɨʝɛs *v*. **tie up** inénéés *v*.; inénéésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zíkɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; zɨkɛtɛ́s *v*.

**tied** zíkɔ́s *v*. **tied down loosely** yaŋádòn *v*. **tied down tightly** tokódòn *v*. **tied off** ɨlɨɗɔ́s *v*. **tied tightly** ɨrɨʝɔs *v*.; ŋɔ̀tsɔ̀n *v*. **tied together** zíkízɨkánón *v*. **tight** ɨɗíŋɔ́n *v*.; ɨpɨtɔs *v*.; ɨrɨɗɔs *v*. **tighten hard** ɨpɨtɛs *v*. **tightened hard** ɨpɨtɔs *v*. **tightly** tìɓ<sup>ɨ</sup> *ideo*. **till** tɔkɔ́bɛs *v*. **till morning** tsoík<sup>o</sup> *n*.; tɛrɛƙɛs *ideo*. **tillable** tɔkɔbam *n*. **tilled** tɔkɔ́bɨtɔtɔ́s *v*. **tiller (hand)** ɲɛ́tɛrɛƙɨtaa na kwɛ́tìkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **tilt** ipuŋes *v*.; liƙés *v*. **tilt over** ipuŋetés *v*. **time** ɲásáat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲásápari *n*. **time off** ɲákarám *n*. **timid** xɛ̀ɓɔ̀n *v*. **timid person** xɛɓásíàm *n*. **timidity** xɛɓás *n*. **Timothy** Timatéw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Timothy (biblical)** Timatéw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Timu Road** Tímumucé *n*. **tinder** ɡamam *n*.; lúulú *n*. **tinder (small)** ɗɛ̀rɛ̀ts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tinkerbird (red-fronted)** kɔkíríkɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tiny** dununúòn *v*.; ɡɔɗírímɔ̀n *v*.; tsaʉ́ɗímɔ̀n *v*.; tɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **tiny (opening)** mɨríɗímɔ̀n *v*. **tip** eɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; eɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; iɲipes *v*.; kàts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kátsɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **tip over** íboɗolés *v*. **tipped** ɨwítsɔ́n *v*.

**tipper** ƙúdèsìàm *n*.; ɲétípa *n*. **tiptoe** ɨtíɗíɗɛ́sá así *v*.; itseɗítséɗòn *v*. **tiptop (of hut)** lómoloró *n*. **tire** bɔrɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; dɛ *n*. **tire shoe** kaetaƙáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tire track** dɛ *n*. **tired** bɔ́rɔ́n *v*.; ɨlɔ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; ɨlɔ́yɔ́n *v*. **tired (become)** bɔrɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **tissue (osseous)** ɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **titillate** ɨkɛɗíkɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; ɨkwatíkwátɛ́s *v*. **title** éda na moranâd<sup>e</sup> *n*.; iked<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Titus** Títò *n*. **Titus (biblical)** Títò *n*. **to the end** ɗʉ̀ɗʉ̀ŋ *ideo*.; tùtùr *ideo*. **to the rear** ʝìrìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **toad** ƙwaát<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ƙwaatá na áwìkà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **toast** ɨɔ́ɓɔ́rɛ́s *v*. **tobacco** lɔ́tɔ́ɓ <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ts'ûd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tobacco (long-leaf)** loríónómor *n*.; pɛ́lɛ́ɗɛ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **tobacco (pounded)** lɔʉtsʉ́r *n*. **tobacco cone** bɔrɔƙɔƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lɔ́tɔ́ɓabɔrɔƙɔ́ƙ a *n*. **tobacco garden** lɔ́tɔ́ɓàsèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tobacco garden (grassy)** mʉrɔn *n*. **tobacco grinding stone** lɔ́tɔ́ɓàɡwàs *n*. **tobacco horn** ɲeɓuryaŋ *n*. **tobacco hunger** lɔ́tɔ́ɓàɲɛ̀ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **tobacco leaves** aŋaw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tobacco pipe** làr *n*. **tobacco user** lɔ́tɔ́ɓààm *n*. **today** nóódwáá *n*. **Toddalia asiatica** lókóɗém *n*. **toe** dɛákɔ́rɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*.; kɔrɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **toe (big)** kɔrɔ́ká ná zè *n*.

#### tied

**toe bone** kɔrɔ́kɔ́ɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **toe cut** lɔ́ŋízɨŋîz *n*. **toenail** tíbòlòkòɲ *n*. **toes (extra)** ɲɛ́ɗɔ́nɨɗɔn *n*. **together** ikéé kɔ̀n *n*.; kédìè kɔ̀n *n*.; kédò kɔ̀n *n*. **toilet** ets'íhò *n*.; ɲótsorón *n*. **tolerate** nɛɛ́s *v*.; nɛɛsʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; taɗaŋes *v*. **tomato** ɲɛ́ɲaaɲá *n*. **tomb** rip<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tás *n*.; tásɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*. **tomorrow (morning)** barats<sup>o</sup> *n*.; táábarats<sup>a</sup> *n*.; táábarats<sup>o</sup> *n*. **tomorrow next** kétsóibaráts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tongs** ɲɔkɔ́ɲɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **tongue** naƙaf *n*. **too** ʝìk<sup>ɛ</sup> *adv*. **tool (handle-less)** lolemukán *n*. **tool (hooked stick)** pòròt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tooth** kwayw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tooth gap (have a)** ɲaŋálómòn *v*. **toothbrush** ɲáɓʉrás *n*.; sʉ́ƙʉ́tɛ́sídàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tsɨtsín *n*. **toothbrush tree** ɓaláŋ *n*. **toothless** ŋalólómòn *v*. **toothless gums** ŋalúɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **toothpaste** ɲókólíƙèt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **toothpick (grass)** kua mínɛ́sɨɛ kwaɨtíní *n*. **toothy** ɨŋísímɔ̀n *v*. **top** ɡwarí *n*.; ɨsʉkɛs *v*.; kàts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kátsɛ̂d a *n*.; sʉ́kɛ́s *v*. **top of a gorge** fòtsàìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **top of foot** dɛáɡwarí *n*. **top of head** ikáɡwarí *n*. **top part** ɡwaríêd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; iked<sup>a</sup> *n*. **topi** ɲémúƙet<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**topic** mɛnéékw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tódèèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **topics** áƙátìkìn *n*. **Toposa** Kɔrɔmɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Toposa dialect** Kɔrɔmɔtátôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Toposa person** dzònìàm *n*.; tɔ́ɓɔ́kìkààm *n*. **topple** íbatɛ́s *v*.; íbatɛtɛ́s *v*. **topple repeatedly** íbatiés *v*. **topsy-turvy** lɔŋɔanón *v*. **torch** kâʒw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲótóts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **torment** ɨtsanítsánɛ́s *v*. **torn** dzɛrɔ́sɔ́n *v*. **torpid** iʝíŋáánón *v*. **torrent** ísw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tortoise** kàè *n*. **tortoise hatchling** kàèìm *n*. **tortoise shell** kàèƙwàz *n*.; ròɡìròɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **torture** ɨtsanítsánɛ́s *v*. **toss** ɡóózés *v*.; ɨmasɛs *v*.; tɔrɛ́s *v*.; towates *v*. **toss (for divination)** ipés *v*. **toss aside** hábatsésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hábatsetés *v*. **toss away** ɡóózesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨmásɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tɔrɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; towátésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **toss in mouth** iɗómóés *v*. **toss off** towátésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **toss out of sight** ɨsɔmɛs *v*. **toss this way** ɡóózetés *v*.; ɨmasɛtɛ́s *v*.; tɔrɛtɛ́s *v*. **totally** ʝɨkî *adv*.; kɔ́nítɨák<sup>e</sup> *pro*.; mʉ̀kà *adv*.; pílè *ideo*.; tsʉ́tɔ̀ *adv*. **tottering** nɛrɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **touch** tábès *v*. **touch (make)** tábitetés *v*. **touch all over** tábodiés *v*. **touch down** toɗóón *v*. **touch each other** tábunós *v*.

**touch lightly** ɨkɛɗíkɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; ɨkwatíkwátɛ́s *v*. **touch on (topic)** tábès *v*. **touchable** tabam *n*. **touchwood** lúulú *n*. **tough** dɨrɨɲíɲɔ́n *v*.; itsyátón *v*.; nɨkwídɔ̀n *v*. **tough (leathery)** tuɗádòn *v*. **tough (to chew)** kaŋádòn *v*.; kwaídòn *v*. **tough when cooked** haʉ́dɔ̀n *v*. **toughen** ŋɨxítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **toughly** nìkw<sup>ɨ</sup> *ideo*.; tùɗ<sup>a</sup> *ideo*. **tousle** dʉbɛ́s *v*. **tow** béberés *v*. **towel** ɲátauló *n*. **tower (celluar/radio)** ɲéɓusitá *n*. **town** ɲálaín *n*.; táùn *n*. **town-dweller** ɲáláínìkààm *n*. **toxin** ɲekísórìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **trace** iɗupes *v*.; ɨƙɛrɛs *v*. **trachea** moróká ná zè *n*. **track** ts'íts'ɛ́s *v*. **track footprints** ts'íts'ɛ́sà dɛ̀ìkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **tractor** ɲɛ́tɛrɛƙɨta *n*. **tractor (hand)** ɲɛ́tɛrɛƙɨtaa na kwɛ́tìkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **trade** dzîɡw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; dzíɡwès *v*.; ilókótsés *v*.; ɨxɔtsɛs *v*.; xɔ́tsɛ́s *v*. **trade with each other** xɔ́tsínɔ́s *v*. **trader** ŋímutsurúsìàm *n*. **trader (being a)** ŋímutsurúsìnànès *n*. **trading center** ɲálaín *n*.; táùn *n*. **tradition** ɲatal *n*.; ɲeker *n*. **traditional healer** irésíàm *n*. **Tragia insuavis** sʉ́ƙʉ́sʉƙá *n*. **trail** ikókótés *v*.; muce *n*. **trail (fresh)** fʉ́fʉ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*.

**trailer** iƙórú *n*.; ɲɛtʉrɛ́ɛ́là *n*. **trailhead** mucédɛ̀ *n*. **train** ɨtátámɛ́s *v*.; iyoes *v*.; nɔɔsanitetés *v*. **trainer** ɨtátámɛ́síàm *n*.; ŋímaalímùàm *n*. **training** ɲókós *n*. **trait (personality)** ɲɛpɨtɛa ámá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **traitor** tolúónìàm *n*. **trample** íbuɗés *v*.; iɲíkéésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; takwitakwiés *v*. **trample termites** takwiesúƙota dáŋá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **trample to pieces** fíríts'és *v*. **transfer** iʝokes *v*.; iʝókésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨkɔɓɛs *v*.; ilóʝésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨlɔpɛs *v*.; iméérés *v*.; iríítés *v*.; irotes *v*. **transfer here** ɨkɔɓɛtɛ́s *v*. **transfer repeatedly** irotírótés *v*. **transfer there** ɨkɔ́ɓɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **transform** beníónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɓéléés *v*.; iɓéléìmètòn *v*.; ilotses *v*.; ilotsímétòn *v*. **transformation of land** beniitesa kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **transgender person** ɲéliwolíwo *n*. **translate** ɨkɔɓɛs *v*.; ɨkɔɓɛtɛ́s *v*.; ilotses *v*. **translate back and forth** ɨkɔ́ɓínɔ́s *v*. **transmit** iʝokes *v*.; iʝókésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **transmit trouble** iʝokesa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **transparency** eas *n*. **transparent** ɓèts'òn *v*.; tsaórómòn *v*. **transparent (of many)** ɓets'aakón *v*. **transpire** ikásíìmètòn *v*.; itíyáìmètòn *v*. **transplant** irotes *v*. **transport** iríítés *v*.; irotes *v*.; tsídzès *v*. **transport away** tsídzesuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **transvestite** ɲéliwolíwo *n*. **trap** kotsítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; rʉ́ɛ́s *v*.; tɔlɔkɛ́s *v*. **trap (cage)** ɲáɓáo *n*. **trap (large animal)** ɲéritá *n*. **trap (metal)** ɲétéƙe *n*.

**trap (net)** sáɡòsìm *n*. **trap (small-animal)** lɔwɨɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **trap (spike)** ɲátats<sup>a</sup> *n*. **trap (termite)** akarér *n*. **trap (termites)** kokoes *v*. **trap with net** sáɡwès *v*. **trapezius** ɲálaƙamáít<sup>a</sup> *n*. **trapped** kòtsòn *v*. **trapped (become)** kotsonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **trapping** tɔ̀lɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **trapping pit** ɲɔ́sɔ́ɔ́ƙat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **trapping with snares** sâɡw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **trash** ts'ʉts'ʉ *n*. **trash (flashflood)** ɲérímama *n*. **travel** ɓɛƙɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **travel away** ɨlɔ́ɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **travel here** ɨlɛ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **travel preparation** sùɓèt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **travel together** ɓɛƙɛ́sínɔ́s *v*. **traveler** ɓɛƙɛ́síàm *n*.; ƙòònìàm *n*. **traveler (preparing)** súɓánònìàm *n*. **traverse** piɗés *v*.; tɔkɛ́ɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **treacherous** ɨmaɗímáɗɔ̀n *v*. **tread on** takwés *v*. **treat** ɡwadam *n*.; ɨmʉ́mwárés *v*.; irés *v*.; ɲɛmʉna *n*. **treat (medicinally)** wetitésá cɛmɛ́ríkà<sup>ɛ</sup> **treat a wound** ɨmaɗɛsa ɔ́ʝá<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **treat equally** ikwáánitetés *v*. **treat gently** ɨɓáɓɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **treat respectfully** iríméés *v*. **treatment** cɛ̀mɛ̀r *n*. **tree** dakw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tree (sacred)** lɔ́ƙɔ́ŋ *n*.; ɲɔ́ƙɔ́ŋ *n*. **tree (unknown)** kɔ́rɔ́ɓáìdàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*.

*v*.

**tree species** àɗèŋèlìò *n*.; ɓàʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɓólìs *n*.; ɓòŋ *n*.; basaúréèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; boxoƙorét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɗewen *n*.; dzôɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ekoɗit<sup>a</sup> *n*.; èmùsìà *n*.; fàìdw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɡàràʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɡodiyw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ibét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; iroroy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; isókóy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ƙɔ́ɓʉƙɔ́ɓ <sup>a</sup> *n*.; kàrɛ̀ *n*.; kɛ́láy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kómoló *n*.; kunét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kùr *n*.; lóɗíwé *n*.; lɔ́kɛ́rʉ́ *n*.; lokum *n*.; lɔ́lɔwí *n*.; lòŋìr *n*.; meleke *n*.; mókol *n*.; mozokoɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; mʉ̀s *n*.; ŋʉrʉ́sá *n*.; naarákɨlɛ *n*.; ɲáɓata *n*.; ɲákaɓurúr *n*.; ɲákátɨríɓa *n*.; ɲamalil *n*.; ɲécaal *n*.; ɲɛ́caal *n*.; ɲɛ́kɨsí *n*.; ɲékwaŋa *n*.; ɲéleɓuléɓu *n*.; ɲɛmaɨlɔŋ *n*.; ɲéŋéso *n*.; ɲépípa *n*.; ɲéyoroeté *n*.; ɲóɗomé *n*.; ɲókotit<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲóƙoloƙolét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; óbìʝòɔ̀z *n*.; rirís *n*.; ròr *n*.; rukûdz<sup>a</sup> *n*.; seɡer *n*.; seínení *n*.; sésèn *n*.; ts'ɔƙɔ́m *n*.; tsàl *n*.; tsereɗeɗí *n*.; tsɛ̀tsɛ̀kw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tsɨkw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tɛɛtɛ́ *n*.; tʉlárɔ́y <sup>a</sup> *n*.; tùr *n*.; tʉ̀tʉ̀f *n*.; ʉrʉ́sáy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; warɨwar *n*.; xuxûb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tree trunk** dakúɓɔ́l *n*. **treeless** ŋoléánètòn *v*. **tremble** kìtòn *v*.; kwalíkwálɔ̀n *v*.; tsábatsabánón *v*. **tremble (begin to)** kitétón *v*. **tremble (make)** kitítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **tremor** irikíríkòn *v*. **trench** ɲéƙúrumot<sup>a</sup> *n*.; urúr *n*. **tri-colored** ɓokóánètòn *v*.; eséánètòn *v*. **trial (legal)** ɲékés *n*. **tribe** dìyw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲákaɓɨlá *n*. **Tribulus cistoides** ɲesuƙuru *n*. **tribunal** ɲókót<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tribute** meetésíicík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tricep** cwɛtéém *n*. **tricep (lower)** ƙʉlɛ́èm *n*. **trick** ɨmɔɗɛs *v*.; itwáŋítésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **trickle** mɨrɨmírɔ́n *v*.; tɔlɛ́lɛ́ɔ̀n *v*. **tricky** ɨmaɗímáɗɔ̀n *v*.

### trigger

**trigger** ɲɛɗɛ́sɛ̂d <sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲétíƙa *n*. **trigger (trap)** ɨɗalɛs *v*. **trim** ɨƙwáƙwárɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɨmɛs *v*. **trim back** ɨlɨmɛtɛ́s *v*.; isésélés *v*. **trip** ɨlɛ́ƙwɛ́rɛ́s *v*.; ɲásápari *n*.; rúmánitésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; rúmánòn *v*. **trip (of a trap)** ɨɗálɛ́sʉƙɔta así *v*. **trip (trap)** ɨɗalɛs *v*. **trip repeatedly** iɲatiesá kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **trip up** ɨlɛ́ƙwɛ́rɛtɛ́s *v*. **tripod** lèwèɲìdɛ̀ *n*. **Triumfetta annua** lɔ́mɔ́ɗaát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **trochanter (greater)** obólénìɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **tromp** íbuɗés *v*. **troop (of baboons)** kwaár *n*. **trophy** tɔ́rɔ́bɛsa na ílɔɛsí *n*. **trot** isipísípòn *v*.; ɨsɔƙísɔ́ƙɔ̀n *v*.; ɨsʉmʉ́sʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **troublemaker** mɛnáám *n*. **troubles** mɛn *n*.; ŋítsan *n*. **trough** itúɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; sɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **trounce** ipés *v*.; ɨrɛɛs *v*. **trousers (pair of)** ɡwan *n*.; ɲétorós *n*.; ɲótorós *n*. **trowel** ɲɛ́tʉráwɛ̀l *n*. **truck** lóórì *n*.; ɲolórì *n*. **truck (small)** kàè *n*. **true** ɨtsírɔ́n *v*.; tsírɔ́n *v*.; tɔɓɛ́ɔ́n *v*. **true (typically)** toɓéíón *v*. **truly** easík<sup>e</sup> *n*. **trumpet** ɨkílɔ́n *v*.; ɲɛ́rʉpɛpɛ́*n*. **trunk (elephant)** ɡìɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; komóts<sup>a</sup> *n*.; òŋòrìkwɛ̀t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **trunk (tree)** dakúɓɔ́l *n*. **trunks (pair of)** ɲésiriwáli *n*.; ɲosoƙoloké *n*.

**trust** tɔnʉpɛs *v*. **truster** tɔnʉpɛsíám *n*. **trustworthy** tɔnʉpam *n*. **truth** eas *n*. **truth (be the)** mɨtɔna eas *v*. **truthful person** easíám *n*. **try** ɨkatɛs *v*.; kaites *v*. **try in court** iniŋes *v*. **try repeatedly** ɨkatíkátɛ́s *v*. **tryst** tirésíàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tsetse fly** ɲɛ́ɗíɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tub** itúɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tubby** ɡerúsúmòn *v*.; poŋórómòn *v*.; rexúkúmòn *v*. **tuberculosis (pulmonary)** ɡafíɡáfikaɲeɗeké *n*.; ɲeɗekea bákútsìkà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **tuck** ipuŋes *v*. **tuck away** ɨkíɗítsɛ́s *v*. **tuck into** íbʉbʉŋɛ́s *v*.; íbʉbʉŋɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **tuck up** rʉ́bɛ̀s *v*.; rʉ́bɛsʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **tuckered** ziálámòn *v*.; zíkímétòn *v*.; ziláámòn *v*. **Tuesday** Ɲákásíá lèɓètsìk<sup>e</sup> *n*. **tuft** tsulát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tug** ɗʉ́rɛ́s *v*.; ɗʉtɛ́s *v*. **tug back and forth** ɨlɨkílíkɛ́s *v*. **tumble** íbatɛ́s *v*.; íbatɛtɛ́s *v*.; ruɓétón *v*.; ruɓonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **tumble down** íbatɛsa así *v*. **tumble repeatedly** íbatiés *v*. **tumefy** emites *v*.; èmòn *v*. **tumid** bɔfɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **tune out** bálábálatés *v*. **tuner** ɲéréɗi *n*. **tunnel** wɛ̀l *n*. **tunnel (center)** wɛ̀lèèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **turaco** fúluƙurú *n*. **turbid** kaɓúrútsánón *v*.

**turgid** bɔfɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **Turkana language** Pakóícétôd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Turkana person** ŋɔrɛ́ám *n*.; Pakóám *n*.; rɔwáám *n*. **Turkanaland** Burukáy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **turkey** ɲékulukúl *n*. **turn** aŋɨrɛs *v*.; ɨʝʉlɛs *v*.; ɨríŋítɛ́s *v*.; ɨríŋɔ́n *v*.; iwoles *v*. **turn against** tolúétòn *v*.; tolúónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tolúútésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **turn against each other** tolúúnós *v*. **turn around** iɓóɓóŋòn *v*.; ɨʝʉlɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨríŋítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨríŋɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **turn away** ɨríŋítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨríŋɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtíílɛ́s *v*. **turn back this way** iɓóɓóŋètòn *v*. **turn back to back** ƙʉƙʉmánítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ƙʉƙʉmánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **turn down** ɨmɛ́ɗɛ́lɛ́s *v*.; míʝés *v*. **turn off** kɔkɛtɛ́s *v*. **turn off (electrically)** ts'eítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **turn off (of electricity)** ts'oonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **turn on (attack)** toƙíróòn *v*. **turn on (betray)** tolúétòn *v*.; **turn on** tolúónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **turn on (electrically)** aeitetés *v*. **turn on (of electricity)** aeétón *v*. **turn on each other** tolúúnós *v*. **turn one's back to** ƙʉƙʉmanés *v*. **turn oneself around** iɓéléésuƙota así *v*. **turn oneself over repeatedly** iɓilíɓílésá así *v*. **turn out** pukés *v*.; puketés *v*. **turn out away** pukésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **turn over** bukures *v*.; bukúrésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; buƙusítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɓéléés *v*.; iɓéléetés

*v*.; iɓéléìmètòn *v*.; iɓélúkáìmètòn *v*.; iɓélúkéés *v*.; ɨʝʉlɛtɛ́s *v*.; iwoletés *v*. **turn over (soil)** iwúlákés *v*. **turn this way** ɨríŋɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **turn up** takánétòn *v*. **turn upside-down** tuɗúlútés *v*. **turned** ɨʝʉlɔs *v*. **turned on (sexually)** iɓurímétòn *v*.; kwídikwidós *v*. **turtle** sídilé *n*. **tusk (elephant)** òŋòrìkwàyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tusker** òŋòr *n*. **tussock** tsulát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **tweak** tʉnɛ́s *v*. **tweak off** tɔɲɨmɛtɛ́s *v*. **twelve** toomíní ńda kiɗi léɓèts<sup>e</sup> *n*. **twelve o'clock** ɲásáatɨkaa tudátie ńdà kɛ̀ɗì kɔ̀n *n*. **twenty** toomínékwa léɓèts<sup>e</sup> *n*. **twice** lèɓèts<sup>o</sup> *num*. **twiddle** íɡuʝuɡuʝés *v*. **twilight** xɨŋat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; xɨŋatétón *v*. **twilit** míɡiriɡíránón *v*. **twin (be a)** ɨmʉ́ɔ́n *v*. **twine** ɨmɔ́ʝírɛ́s *v*.; itoŋes *v*.; natɨɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **twinkle** itweɲítwéɲòn *v*. **twins** ŋímúí *n*. **twirl** tɔpɨrípírɛ́s *v*. **twirl between hands** tsapés *v*. **twirlable** tsapetam *n*. **twist** aŋɨrɛs *v*.; ɨmɔ́ʝírɛ́s *v*.; itoŋes *v*.; tɔpɨrípírɛ́s *v*. **twist round** ɨtʉ́tʉ́rɛ́s *v*. **twist the truth** itoŋetésá tódà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **twist up** imákóitetés *v*.; ɨpɔ́pírɛ́s *v*.; kakɨrɛ́s *v*.

#### twisted

**twisted** ɡɔ́lɔ́ɡɔlánón *v*. **twisted round** ɨtʉ́tʉ́rɔ́s *v*. **twisted up** imákóòn *v*. **twisted up (become)** imákwéètòn *v*. **twitch** ɨmímíʝɛ́s *v*.; irikíríkòn *v*. **two** lèɓèts<sup>e</sup> *num*.; leɓétsón *v*. **two (make)** leɓetsítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **two o'clock** ɲásáatɨkaa tudátie ńdà kìɗì àɗ<sup>e</sup> *n*. **two times** lèɓèts<sup>o</sup> *num*. **two years ago** kaɨnɔ nótso *n*.; nɔkɛɨn *n*. **two years from now** kaɨnɔ na tso *n*.; nakaɨna tso *n*. **two-by-two** leɓetsíón *v*. **type** bònìt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲákaɓɨlá *n*. **Typha species** bʉlʉbʉláta na sábàìkà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **udder** ídoho *n*. **udder (cow)** ɦyòìdw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Uganda** Uɡánɗà *n*. **ugly** itópénòn *v*.; làlòn *v*. **uh …** ndaicé *n*. **uh-huh, sure!** yóói *interj*. **ulcer** ɗɔ̀l *n*. **ulcer (stomach)** bùbùɔ̀ʝ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **ululate** iyíyéés *v*. **um …** át<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ndaicé *n*. **umber** ts'aráfón *v*. **umbilical cord** ƙɔɓasim *n*. **umbilical hernia** ƙɔɓa na zikîb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **umbrella thorn tree** sèɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **unadorned** ɨɓámɔ́n *v*.; sɨlɔ́ʝɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **unaffixed** dolódòn *v*.; roiróón *v*. **unattractive** itópénòn *v*. **unavailable** bɨrɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **unbeliever** nɛpɛ́ƙáàm *n*.

**unbend** ɨɗírítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **unbending** kɛtɛ́rɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **unbreakable** lɛrɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; mɛkɛlɛ́lɔ́n *v*. **unbreakably** lɛ̀r *ideo*. **unburdened** bùlòn *v*. **uncertain** ɨʉ́ƙɔ́n *v*. **unchewable** mɛkɛlɛ́lɔ́n *v*.; ts'afʉ́dɔ̀n *v*. **unchewably** ts'àf *ideo*. **uncle (his/her father's brother)** babat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **uncle (his/her father's sister's husband)** tatatíéákw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **uncle (his/her mother's brother)** momot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **uncle (his/her mother's sister's husband)** tototíéákw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **uncle (mother's brother)** momó *n*. **uncle (mother's sister's husband)** totóèàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **uncle (my father's brother)** abáŋ *n*. **uncle (my father's sister's husband)** tátàèàkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **uncle (your father's brother)** bábò *n*. **uncle (your father's sister's husband)** tátóéákw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **unclean** ŋɔrɔ́ɲɔ́mɔ̀n *v*.; ɲɔŋɔ́rɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **unclear (information)** kìtsòn *v*. **unclouded** kánɔ́n *v*. **uncomfortable** ɗɛɲɨɗɛɲɔs *v*. **uncomplicated** ɓàŋɔ̀n *v*. **unconscious** bàdòn *v*.; ifáfúkós *v*. **unconscious (go)** badonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; rèŋòn *v*. **uncooked** ts'áɡwòòn *v*. **uncooperative with each other** ɗúlúnós *v*.

unseen

**uncoordinated** hádaadánón *v*.; ɨɓaŋíɓáŋɔ̀n *v*. **uncover** ŋáɲɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **undependable** iléʝíánón *v*.; imáɗíŋánón *v*. **underarm** bàbà *n*. **underbelly** búbùèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **underclothes (pair of)** ɲekúrúm *n*. **undercook** kitsonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **undercooked** ɨmʉ́ránón *v*.; kìtsòn *v*. **underfoot** dɛ̀ìkà<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **undergird** titirés *v*.; titiretés *v*. **underground** ɗis *n*.; ʝʉmááƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **underminer** ɲɛkɛsʉpan *n*. **underside** búbùèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **understand** enés *v*.; nesíbes *v*.; walámón *v*. **understand each other** nesíbunós *v*. **understood** nesíbos *v*.; nesíbunós *v*. **underwear (pair of)** ɲekúrúm *n*. **undeveloped** ikúrúfánón *v*. **undigestible** ts'afʉ́dɔ̀n *v*. **undigestibly** ts'àf *ideo*. **undivided (of cash)** ɗukúdòn *v*. **undress** hoɗésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; hoɗetés *v*. **unearth** úɡès *v*.; úɡetés *v*. **uneducated** ɨɓááŋɔ̀n *v*. **unemployed** ɨlwárɔ́na teréɡù *v*. **uneven** ƙumúƙúmánón *v*. **unfastened** dolódòn *v*.; roiróón *v*. **unfathomable** xakútsúmòn *v*. **unfixed** ɨɓámɔ́n *v*. **unfurl** tɔpɛtɛs *v*.; tɔpɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **uniform** ɲéyúnìfòm *n*. **unintelligent** ɨɓááŋɔ̀n *v*. **uninterested** bɔ́rɔ́n *v*.

**uninteresting** itópénòn *v*.; ʝɔ̀lɔ̀n *v*. **unique** beníón *v*.; bɛnɔ́ɔ́n *v*. **unison (act in)** ilíréètòn *v*. **unite** kɔnítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **universe** kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **university** yunivásìtì *n*. **unkempt** sɔɓɔ́lɔ́mɔ̀n *v*. **unknowing** ɨɓááŋɔ̀n *v*. **unlawful** toɗyakos *v*. **unless** ɗàmʉ̀s *subordconn*.; ɗɛ̀mʉ̀s *subordconn*. **unlidded** lɛɓɛ́ɲɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **unliftably** ɓa *ideo*. **unload** ɓuƙetés *v*. **unload a load** ɓuƙetésá botá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **unmanageable** imákóòn *v*. **unmanageable (become)** imákwéètòn *v*. **unmoving** wàsɔ̀n *v*. **unobserved** kúbòn *v*. **unobstructed** fotólón *v*. **unoccupied** bùlòn *v*.; ɨɓámɔ́n *v*.; ipásóòn *v*. **unoccupied (become)** bulonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **unpierced (ears)** mʉɗáŋámɔ̀n *v*. **unproductive** ɨsʉ́wɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **unprotected** ilététòòn *v*. **unrelated** ʝalánón *v*. **unreliable** iléʝíánón *v*.; imáɗíŋánón *v*. **unresponsive** ɨlɛtílɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; ɨlɛ́tʉ́ránón *v*. **unrest** ɲárém *n*. **unrewarded** kwɛtíkín<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*.; seát<sup>o</sup> *n*. **unripe** ts'áɡwòòn *v*. **unroll** tɔpɛtɛs *v*.; tɔpɛ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **unruly (of hair)** ɡaúsúmòn *v*. **unsafe (of an area)** tsakátsákánón *v*. **unsecured** haʝádòn *v*.; laʝádòn *v*. **unseen** kúbòn *v*.

**unsettled** ɡokirós *v*. **unsettled (homeless)** tsɔnɨtsɔnɔ́s *v*. **unsighted** múɗúkánón *v*. **unspoiled** ɗòwòn *v*. **unstable** ɗatólóɲòn *v*.; ikáɓóɓánón *v*. **unsteadily** ɗɔ̀x *ideo*.; ɡwèlèʝ<sup>e</sup> *ideo*. **unsteady** ikáɓóɓánón *v*. **unstick** ɨtakɛs *v*.; ɨtákɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **unsturdy** ɗatólóɲòn *v*. **unsupple** ɡɔkɔ́dɔ̀n *v*. **unsure** ɨʉ́ƙɔ́n *v*. **until** akání *prep*.; ɗàmʉ̀s *subordconn*.; ɗɛ̀mʉ̀s *subordconn*.; ɡònè *prep*.; pákà *prep*.; pákà *subordconn*. **untouched** ɗòwòn *v*. **untrue to one's word** iméníkánón *v*. **untrustworthy** iméníkánón *v*. **untruth** yʉɛ *n*. **unused** ɗòwòn *v*.; ɨɓámɔ́n *v*.; ɨlárɔ́n *v*.; ɨlwárɔ́n *v*. **unusual way** kɔ́náxàn *n*. **unutilized** ɨlárɔ́n *v*.; ɨlwárɔ́n *v*. **unwanted** ɨtsárʉ́ánón *v*. **unwise** ɨɓááŋɔ̀n *v*. **unyielding** nɨkwídɔ̀n *v*. **up** dìdìk<sup>e</sup> *n*.; kɔ́ɔ́kwar<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*.; nɔ́ɔ́kwar<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **up to** akání *prep*.; ɡònè *prep*.; pákà *prep*. **up-up!** kukú *nurs*. **upchuck** ɨlɔ́ɓɔ́tɛtɛ́s *v*. **upper end** iked<sup>a</sup> *n*. **upright** iséréròn *v*.; ɨtsírɔ́n *v*.; tsírɔ́n *v*. **uproot** ɗués *v*.; ɗuetés *v*.; rués *v*.; ruutésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ruutetés *v*. **upset** bukures *v*.; bukúrésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; buƙusítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɡaanítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɡaanón *v*.; iɓélúkéés *v*.; iŋóyáánón *v*.

**upset (become)** ɡaanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨraŋímétòn *v*. **upset (emotionally)** ɓarites *v*.; ɓarítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **upside-down** tuɗúlón *v*. **upward** dìdìk<sup>e</sup> *n*.; kɔ́ɔ́kwar<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **urban center** zɛƙɔ́áwa ná zè *n*. **urbanite** ɲáláínìkààm *n*. **urethra** xaramucé *n*. **urethral meatus** kwaníékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **urge** ɨmʉ́káitetés *v*. **urge (nicotine)** lɔ́tɔ́ɓàɲɛ̀ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **urge on** ɨsʉ́sʉ́ɛ́s *v*.; itsótsóés *v*. **urinate** kʉtsáƙón *v*. **urinating spot** kʉtsáƙáàw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **urine** kwats<sup>a</sup> *n*. **urine (cow)** tsét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **us (exclusive)** ŋɡw<sup>a</sup> *pro*. **us (inclusive)** ɲjín *pro*. **use** eréɡes *v*.; isítíyeés *v*.; ɲákásìèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **useable** eréɡam *n*. **used to** ɨtalɔs *v*. **used to (make)** ɨtalɛs *v*. **used to each other** náínɔ́s *v*. **used up** bitsétón *v*.; tɛ́zɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*. **useful** eréɡam *n*. **useless** ɨtsárʉ́ánón *v*.; pás *n*. **useless thing** tsar *n*. **uselessness** pásìnànès *n*.; tsarínánès *n*. **usher** iɗimiesíàm *n*. **usher in (new year)** itówéés *n*. **uterus** epúáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲapéryɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **uterus (prolapsed)** kìɓèɓè *n*.; kìtʉ̀lɛ̀ *n*. **utilize** isítíyeés *v*. **utter** kʉtɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.

**uvula** ɲoɗokole *n*. **vacant** bótsón *v*.; bùlòn *v*. **vacant (become)** bulonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **vacate** bulútésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **vacation** ɲákarám *n*. **vaccinate** ɨtsɨpítsípɛ́s *v*. **vacillate** iɲikiétòn *v*.; iɲikíɲíkòn *v*. **vagabond** xikóám *n*. **vagabond (bush)** ríʝíkààm *n*. **vagabondage** xikw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vagabondage (in the bush)** ríʝíkànànès *n*. **vagina** dòɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vagrancy** xikw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vagrancy (in the bush)** ríʝíkànànès *n*. **vagrant** xikóám *n*. **vague** ɨɲʉ́ɲʉ́ánón *v*.; kìtsòn *v*. **vague (visibly)** imítíròn *v*. **vain** itúrón *v*. **vain (become)** ɨkárímétòn *v*. **valley (wide)** ɲéɓúruɓur *n*. **vanish** ɨíɗɔ́n *v*.; kúbonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; wɨɗímɔ́nʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **vanishingly** wìɗ<sup>ɨ</sup> *ideo*. **vanquish** ɨrɛɛs *v*. **vapid** ɗɛ̀ƙwɔ̀n *v*.; ʝɔ̀lɔ̀n *v*.; muʝálámòn *v*. **vapor** lɔkapʉ́r *n*. **varicella** ɲɛtʉnɛ *n*.; puurú *n*. **variety** bònìt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲákaɓɨlá *n*.; ɲalíɲalí *n*. **various** ʝaláʝálánón *v*. **vary in height** iyópón *v*. **vault** itúlúmòòn *v*. **veer** iwítón *v*.; kwɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **veer repeatedly** aŋiriesón *v*.; iwitíwítòn *v*.

**vegetable garden** waicíkásèd<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**vegetables** wà *n*. **vegetation (thick)** tsekís *n*.; tsekísíàƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vehicle** kàè *n*.; ɲómotoká *n*. **vehicle (small)** kàèìm *n*. **vein** seamucé *n*.; tsòrìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vellicate** irikíríkòn *v*. **velocity** ɲésipíɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **velvety** ʝamúdòn *v*. **vendue** ókísèn *n*. **venerate** mòròn *v*. **venom** ɲekísórìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vent (volcanic)** ɲáɗúy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ventriculus** ŋìl *n*. **Vepris glomerata** kùr *n*. **veranda** hodzíŋ *n*. **verdant** ƙwɨxídɔ̀n *v*.; xídɔ̀n *v*. **verity** eas *n*. **Vernonia cinerascens** mɛ́rɛ́ɗɛɗɛ́*n*. **verrucose** tɔmɔtsɔkánón *v*. **verse** àsàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vertebrae** ɡòɡòròʝòɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **vertex** ikáɡwarí *n*. **vertibrae (upper cervical)** bɔkɔ́s *n*. **vertigo** taítayó *n*. **very** ʝɨkî *adv*.; zùk<sup>u</sup> *adv*. **very much** mbáyà *adv*. **vesicate** bubuxánónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ileɓíléɓòn *v*. **vesicated** bubuxánón *v*. **vespid** dɛrɛ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **vessel (blood)** seamucé *n*.; tsòrìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vessel (water)** itúɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vest** ɲábʉlán *n*.; ɲɛ́bʉlán *n*. **vest (beaded)** ɲáɓol *n*. **veterinarian** ɗakɨtárɨama ínó<sup>e</sup> *n*. **veto** ilotsesa mɛná<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*.

#### viable

**viable** ikásíetam *v*. **vicinity (in the)** ɦyàtàk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vicious** ɨɲɛ́ɛ́mɔ̀n *v*.; ɨsílíánón *v*. **victual** ŋƙam *n*. **video** kúrúkúríka ni ɓɛƙɛ́s *n*.; ɲévíɗyo *n*. **view** ɡonés *v*.; iléúrés *v*.; inwakes *v*. **view (here)** ɡonetés *v*. **view (there)** ɡonésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **Vigna frutescens** ànɛ̀ *n*. **Vigna oblongifolia** kìtsàɗɔ̀s *n*. **Vigna species** ɗɔsɔ́*n*.; málákʉ́r *n*. **village** aw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **village (abandoned)** on *n*.; oníáw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **village (big)** awa ná zè *n*. **vine** ɲɛ́lɔ́kɨlɔk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vine species** àdàbì *n*.; ànɛ̀ *n*.; ɗilat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɗɔsɔ́ *n*.; ewêd<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɨɛƙɨɛƙ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɨnw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ʝooʝo *n*.; kapʉrat<sup>a</sup> *n*.; kìtsàɗɔ̀s *n*.; kutsúbàè *n*.; loɗeɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lókóɗém *n*.; lókúɗukuɗét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; lótórobét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; málákʉ́r *n*.; míʒìʒ *n*.; ɲákamɔ́ŋɔ *n*.; ɲákamʉ́ka *n*.; ɲalakas *n*.; ɲéŋeɗo *n*.; óbiʝoets'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; simísímàt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tsɔ́ráɗoɗôb<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tìl *n*.; tiritirikwáy<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tʉkʉtʉkán *n*.; urém *n*.; wɛ́ƙɛ́ƙ a *n*.; xoúxoú *n*. **vinery** ɲéviinísèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vineyard** ɲéviinísèd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **violate sexually** itikiesúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **violence (domestic)** ɡaɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **violent** ifulúfúlòn *v*.; iréɲíánón *v*. **violent person** ɡaɗɛ́ám *n*. **violin** ɲakaw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **viper** bɛf *n*. **viper (Gaboon)** bɛfa na ɡóɡòròʝìkà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **virgin** ɲarama na ɓéts'<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲarama na tílɨw<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**virginal** ɗòwòn *v*.; tɨlíwɔ́n *v*.; xɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; xɔtánón *v*. **visage** takár *n*. **viscous** naídòn *v*. **viscously** nàⁱ *ideo*. **visible** ilééránón *v*.; kɛtɛ́lɔ́n *v*.; lɛ́lɔ́n *v*.; takánón *v*. **visible (completely)** ùwòò *ideo*. **visible (make)** kɛtɛ́lɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **visit** énímós *v*. **visitor** wáánààm *n*. **vivacious person** ɨɓʉrɛtɛ́síàm *n*. **vocalist** ìrùkààm *n*.; irukósíàm *n*. **vocals** ìrùk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vocational school** tɛ́kɛ̀nìkɔ̀l *n*. **voice** morók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **voice (loud)** moróká ná zè *n*. **voice (soft)** moróká na kwáts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **voicebox** ɡɔ̀k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **void** bùlòn *v*. **volcano** ɲáɗúy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vomit** ɦyɛnɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; ɦyɛ̀nɔ̀n *v*.; ɨlɔ́ɓɔ́tɛtɛ́s *v*. **vomit liquid** ɦyɛnɛ́tɔ́na pɨɔ *v*. **vote for** ɡóózés *v*. **voter** ɡóózésíàm *n*. **voucher** taatsakabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vow to harm** ɨmanɛs *v*. **vowel** sʉ̀p <sup>a</sup> *n*. **vowels** sʉpaicíká tódà<sup>o</sup> *n*. **vowels (heavy)** sʉpaicíká ni isaák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vowels (light)** sʉpaicíká ni ɔlɔ́daák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vowels (voiced)** sʉpaicíká ni nesíbòs *n*. **vowels (voiceless)** sʉpaicíká ni líîd<sup>a</sup> *n*. **vreevreeew!** tíítɨɨtíì *ideo*. **vroom!** zììì *ideo*.

#### vulture

warthog boar

**vulture** kɔ̀p <sup>a</sup> *n*. **vulture (African white-backed)** kɔtɔl *n*. **vulture (lappet-faced)** náʉ́mɔ *n*. **wa-wa!** kó *nurs*. **wad** ts'àf *n*. **waffle** wasɛ́tɔ́n *v*. **waft** ipúróòn *v*. **wag** iwítsíwítsés *v*. **wag (tail)** ɨwɨɗíwíɗɛ́s *v*. **waggle** iwítsíwítsés *v*. **wail** iƙúétòn *v*.; iƙúón *v*.; iƙúónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iwákón *v*.; ƙɔ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*. **wail (make)** ƙɔɗɨtɛs *v*. **wail for** itseniés *v*. **wailing** iwáákós *v*. **waist** róróy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **waist (of clothing)** ikeda ƙwázà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **waist-cloth** riɗiesíƙwàz *n*. **waistline** róróy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wait (for/on)** kɔɛ́s *v*.; kɔɛtɛ́s *v*. **wait (make)** ɨlarɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨlwarɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **wait in vain** koisiés *v*. **wake suddenly** bʉrɛ́tɔ́n *v*.; tsídzètòn *v*. **wake up** ɡonésétòn *v*. **wakefulness** ɡòk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **walk** ɓɛƙɛ́s *v*.; ɨláítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨtátɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **walk (leisurely)** ɲɛ́tɛmá *n*. **walk crunchily** ƙɛƙɛanón *v*. **walk feebly** ɨsɔ́wɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **walk hesitantly** tsìkòn *v*. **walk laboriously** ɓɛƙɛ́sá ziál *v*. **walk leisurely** ɓɛƙɛ́sá wɛwɛɛs *v*.; ɨtɛ́mɔ́ɔ̀n *v*. **walk on hands** ɓɛƙɛ́sá kwɛ̀tìk<sup>ɔ</sup> *v*. **walk on knees** ɓɛƙɛ́sá kútúŋìk<sup>o</sup> *v*.

**walk on tippytoes** itseɗítséɗòn *v*. **walk slowly** ɨɛ́mɔ́n *v*. **walk small-buttocked-ly** pɛɛ́ɲɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **walk springily** ɨŋɔ́písɔ̀ɔ̀n *v*. **walk together** ɓɛƙɛ́sínɔ́s *v*. **walk with cane** itséƙóòn *v*. **walker** ɓɛƙɛ́síàm *n*. **walkie-talkie** dʉrʉdʉra na tímoí *n*. **walking stick (insect)** tʉ́w<sup>a</sup> *n*. **walkway** bácík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wall** ɲarátát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wall (back interior)** ɦyʉƙʉ́n *n*. **wallet** ɲɔ́pɔ́c *n*. **wallop** inipes *v*. **wander** ɨlɔ́líɛ́sá así *v*.; iwórón *v*.; tɛ́rɛ́s *v*. **wander aimlessly** ɨpɛípɛ́ɛ́sá kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **wander off** imámáɗós *v*. **wanderer** ɓɛƙɛsɔsíám *n*.; iwórónìàm *n*. **want** bɛ́ɗɛ́s *v*.; ɲʉmɛ́s *v*. **war** cɛma kíʝíkà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **warbler (willow)** dɛ̀dɛ̀s *n*. **ward** ɲáwáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **ward (hospital)** mayaakóniicéhò *n*. **warden (game)** lɔɡɛ́m *n*. **ware** dzíɡwam *n*.; dzíɡwetam *n*.; dzííƙotam *n*. **warm** ɨɓʉ́rɔ́n *v*.; ɨmɛɛs *v*. **warm (make)** ɨɓʉ́rítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **warm (unpleasantly)** laŋádòn *v*. **warm up** ɨɓʉ́rɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; iɓurímétòn *v*.; ɨɓʉ́rítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ikues *v*.; ikuetés *v*.; ɨmɔ́lɔ́ŋɛtɛ́s *v*.; iwáŋón *v*. **warming** ìwàŋ *n*. **warn** zízɛ̀s *v*. **warthog** ɡaso *n*. **warthog boar** bèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*.

**warthog piglet** ɡasóím *n*. **warthog sow** ɡasoŋwa *n*. **warty** tɔmɔtsɔkánón *v*. **wary** iŋolíŋólós *v*. **wash** fítés *v*.; ɨlɔ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **wash away** fítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **wash hands** fítésuƙota kwɛ́tìkà<sup>ɛ</sup> *v*. **wash up** fítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; fitetés *v*. **wasp** dɛrɛ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **wasp (large)** oŋoridɛrɛ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **wasp (small)** ɲólídɛrɛ́ƙ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **waste** eletiésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨɓalíɓálɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɛkílɛ́kɛ́s *v*.; iɲekes *v*.; iɲékésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; iɲekíɲékés *v*. **waste (time)** dzuƙés *v*. **waste time of** ɨlarɨtɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨlwarɨtɛtɛ́s *v*. **wasted away** kɔlɔlánón *v*. **watch** fet<sup>a</sup> *n*.; iteles *v*.; ɲásáat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **watch (here)** iteletés *v*. **watch (spy)** toreɓes *v*. **watch (there)** itélésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **watch each other** itélínós *v*. **watch the sun** itelesa fetí *v*. **watchful** itsópóòn *v*. **watchman** còòkààm *n*.; itelesíám *n*.; itelesíáma kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **water** cue *n*.; wetités *v*.; wetitésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **water (borehole)** ɲatsʉʉmácúé *n*. **water (pond)** tábarɨcue *n*. **water (rock pool)** sátíkócue *n*. **water (rock well)** mɔƙɔrɔ́cúé *n*. **water (tree hollow)** kotímácùè *n*. **water pot** cúédòm *n*. **water source** cuáák<sup>a</sup> *n*. **water table** ʝʉmʉ́cúé *n*. **water-logged** ilébìlèbètòn *v*.

**water-resistant** pʉrákámòn *v*.; pʉráŋámòn *v*.; pʉsɛ́lɛ́mɔ̀n *v*. **waterbuck (Defassa's)** ɲéɓéɓut<sup>a</sup> *n*. **watercourse** cúémúcè *n*. **watercraft** itúɓ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **waterfall** látsóìk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **waterhole** tábàr *n*. **waterily** tsàk<sup>a</sup> *ideo*. **watermelon** nàdɛ̀kwɛ̀l *n*. **waters (amniotic)** baúcùè *n*. **watershed (area)** ɲɛrɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **watershed (ridge)** murut<sup>a</sup> *n*. **watershed centerpoint** murutéékw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **waterway** cúémúcè *n*. **waterworm (red)** bìɲ *n*. **watery** tsakádòn *v*. **wattle** ɲɛ́tɛ́lɨtɛl *n*. **wave** ɨmáxánɛ́s *v*.; ipukes *v*. **wave (of migration)** bot<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wave around** iwítsíwítsés *v*. **wave in eyes** iwitsíwítsésá ekwitíní *v*. **wave wildly** apɛ́tɛ́pɛ́tánón *v*. **waver** isíƙóòn *v*.; itóŋóòn *v*. **wax (candle)** sɔs *n*. **wax eloquent** isiresa aká<sup>e</sup> *v*. **way** muce *n*. **way (it is)** naítá *subordconn*. **way (method)** ɲɛpɨtɛ *n*. **way (of doing)** muce *n*. **wayfarer** ɓɛƙɛ́síàm *n*. **waylay** ɨɗaarɛ́s *v*.; taɗapes *v*.; taɗapetés *v*. **we (exclusive)** ŋɡw<sup>a</sup> *pro*. **we (inclusive)** ɲjín *pro*. **weak** bʉláʝámɔ̀n *v*.; cucuéón *v*.; daƙwádòn *v*.; ɨɛ́ɓɔ́n *v*.; ɨpáláƙɔ̀n *v*.; ʝuódòn *v*.

#### weakly

**weakly** dàƙw<sup>a</sup> *ideo*.; ʝù<sup>o</sup> *ideo*. **wealth** bàr *n*.; ɲámáli *n*. **wealthy** bàrɔ̀n *v*.; iʝákáánón *v*. **wealthy (get)** bárɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; barɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **wealthy person** bàrɔ̀àm *n*.; bàrɔ̀nìàm *n*. **wean** topétésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **weapon** ɛ̂b <sup>a</sup> *n*. **weapons** kúrúɓáa ni cɛmá<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **wear** iwales *v*.; ŋábès *v*. **wear (beads)** otés *v*. **wear a feather** iwalesa túkà<sup>e</sup> *v*. **wear across** ízokomés *v*. **wear down** ɨlɔ́ítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **wear out** ats'ímétòn *v*. **weary** ɨlɔ́yɔ́n *v*. **weather** dìdì *n*. **weather (cold)** ɨɛ́ɓɔ́na kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *v*. **weather (hot)** hábona kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **weave** bɛrɛ́s *v*.; ɨkɔɗíkɔ́ɗɔ̀n *v*.; iƙulúƙúlòn *v*.; tʉtʉkɛs *v*. **weave around** iléƙwéries *v*. **weave woof** kámáriés *v*. **weaverbird** tsario *n*. **web** abûb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wedding beer** ɲalakʉts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wedding sacrifice** ɲɛ́kílama *n*.; ɲɛkʉma *n*. **wedge** pokés *v*.; rɨɗɛ́s *v*. **wedge-shaped** lɨkíɗímɔ̀n *v*. **Wednesday** Ɲákásíá àɗìk<sup>e</sup> *n*. **weed** ɗɔanés *v*. **weed species** karimésém *n*.; ɲɛ́ʉrɛrɛ́*n*. **weed(s)** ɗɔan *n*. **weeding** ɗɔan *n*. **weedy** tsèkòn *v*.

**week** ɲásaɓét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **weeny** ɡɔɗírímɔ̀n *v*. **weep** ƙɔ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*. **weep (make)** ƙɔɗɨtɛs *v*. **weevil (maize)** lɔkaʉɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **weigh** ɨpɨmɛs *v*. **weigh down** isites *v*. **weigh words** íziɗesa tóda<sup>e</sup> *v*. **weighed down** ɨʉ́ƙɔ́n *v*. **weight (gain)** tuɓútónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **weight dwon** ɨnʉɛs *v*. **weighty** ìsòn *v*. **weird thing** bàdìàm *n*. **weirdo** ƙʉts'áám *n*. **welcome** tɛ́bɛtɛ́s *v*. **welcome warmly** ewanes *v*.; ewanetés *v*. **welcome! (plural)** tɛ́bɛtaná bìt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **welcome! (singular)** tɛ́bɛtaná bì *v*. **well** iŋáléòn *v*.; maráŋík<sup>e</sup> *v*. **well (get)** iŋáléètòn *v*. **well (hand-dug)** dzòn *n*. **well (in rocks)** mɔƙɔr *n*. **well (natural)** ɲɛlɛ́lyá *n*. **well up** ʝɨríʝírɛ̀tɔ̀n *v*.; ʝɨríʝírɔ̀n *v*. **well worn (of paths)** ɗìwòn *v*. **well-cooked (very)** ɗʉ̀m *ideo*. **well-done** ɗʉmʉ́dɔ̀n *v*. **well-fed** zízòn *v*. **well-known** arútón *v*.; ɦyoós *v*. **well-off** bàrɔ̀n *v*.; iʝákáánón *v*. **well-prepared** toikíkón *v*. **well-seasoned** ɛ̀fɔ̀n *v*. **west** tábày<sup>a</sup> *n*. **westerly direction** tábaɨxan *dem*. **western rain** tsóéàm *n*. **westerner** tábàìàm *n*. **wet** ɗɔ̀ƙɔ̀n *v*.

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**wet (become)** ɗɔƙɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **wet (make)** ɗɔƙítɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **whack** inipes *v*.; ɨɲatɛs *v*. **whack repeatedly** ɨɲatiés *v*. **whack!** pùk<sup>u</sup> *ideo*.; zɨɗát<sup>a</sup> *ideo*. **whale (of a)** kébàdà *n*.; nábàdà *n*.; nébàdà *n*. **wham!** ɡwàʝ<sup>a</sup> *ideo*.; kùm *ideo*. **what about (when) …?** ndóó *subordconn*. **what about …?** ndóó *prep*. **what color?** kɨtɔ́ɔ́sɔ̀n *v*. **what exactly …?** ín *adv*. **what if (it is)** ndóó mìtìɛ̀ *v*. **what shape?** kɨtɔ́ɔ́sɔ̀n *v*. **what texture?** kɨtɔ́ɔ́sɔ̀n *v*. **what?** ìs *pro*. **whatcha-ma-callit** ndaicé *n*. **whatever!** hà *interj*.; ndéé *interj*. **whats-their-name** tatanám *n*. **whatsoever** mùɲ *quant*. **wheedle** ɨmámɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **wheel** dɛ *n*. **wheel (steering)** ɲókokor *n*. **wheelbarrow** ɲáɡaɗiɡáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲaƙaari *n*. **wheelchair** ɲamɨɨlɨa ŋwáxɔ̀nìàmà<sup>e</sup> *n*. **wheeze** ɛ́mítɔ̀n *v*.; xíƙwítós *v*. **whelp** ŋókíìm *n*. **when** náà *subordconn*.; náa táà *subordconn*.; nɛ́ɛ́*subordconn*. **when (a while ago)** nótsò *subordconn*. **when (earlier today)** náà *subordconn*. **when (hypothetically)** na *subordconn*. **when (long ago)** nòò *subordconn*. **when (yesterday)** sìnà *subordconn*. **when already** térútsù *adv*.; tórútsù *adv*.

**when … had (a while ago)** nànòò *subordconn*. **when … had (earlier)** nanáà *subordconn*. **when … had (yesterday)** nàsàmʉ̀ *subordconn*. **when?** ńtóódò *n*. **where (it is)?** ndayúk<sup>o</sup> *n*. **where?** ndaík<sup>e</sup> *pro*.; ńtá *pro*. **whet** banɛ́s *v*. **whether** mísì *subordconn*. **whetstone** lósùàɲ *n*. **which (a while ago)** nótsò *rel*. **which (a while ago, pl.)** nútsù *rel*. **which (earlier)** nák<sup>a</sup> *rel*. **which (earlier, pl.)** níkⁱ *rel*. **which (long ago)** nòk<sup>o</sup> *rel*. **which (long ago, pl.)** nùk<sup>u</sup> *rel*. **which (one)?** ńtɛ́ɛ́n *pro*. **which (ones)?** ńtíɛ́n *pro*. **which (plural)** ni *rel*. **which (singular)** na *rel*. **which (yesterday)** sìn *rel*. **which (yesterday, pl.)** sìn *rel*. **which way?** nday<sup>o</sup> *n*. **whiff** kɔín *n*. **while** názɛ̀ƙwà *n*. **while (earlier today)** tenák<sup>a</sup> *adv*. **while (long ago)** tènòk<sup>o</sup> *adv*. **while (not yet)** káɗìò *subordconn*. **while (yesterday)** tèsìn *adv*. **while hungry** ɲɛ́ƙín<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **whimper** ɨɲɨɨɲíɔ̀n *v*.; ɨɲíɲíɔ̀n *v*. **whine** ɨŋʉ́ŋʉ́nɔ̀n *v*. **whip** ɨɗɨtsɛs *v*.; ɨnɔmɛs *v*. **whip (leather)** ɲánɨnɔ́*n*. **whip all over** iléƙwéries *v*.

**whip back and forth** ɨtsɔkítsɔ́kɛ́s *v*.; nɨƙwíníƙɔ̀n *v*. **whip lightly** irwatesa kíx<sup>o</sup> *v*.; ízaɓɨzaɓɛ́s *v*.; zaɓatiés *v*. **whippily** lɛ̀ts'<sup>ɛ</sup> *ideo*. **whippy** lɛts'ɛ́dɔ̀n *v*. **whirl around** tɔpɨrípírɔ̀n *v*. **whirlwind** lòtàbùsèn *n*. **whisper** sɛsɛanón *v*. **whisperer** sɛsɛanónìàm *n*. **whistle** fóʝón *v*.; síƙón *v*.; sìƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **whistle (metallic)** ɲákápɨrɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **whistle (wooden)** ɲétúle *n*. **whistle for** iwéwérés *v*.; iwówórés *v*. **white** ɓèts'òn *v*. **white (glittering)** pír *ideo*. **white (make)** ɓets'itetés *v*. **white (of many)** ɓets'aakón *v*. **white (slightly)** ɓèts'ìɓèts'òn *v*. **white (very)** lìà *ideo*.; pàkⁱ *ideo*. **white person** ɓèts'ònìàm *n*.; ɲémúsukit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **white with black eye patches** tulíánètòn *v*. **white-eye (yellow)** baratíɡwà *n*. **white-faced** ŋoléánètòn *v*. **whiten** ɓets'itetés *v*. **whitish** ɓèts'ìɓèts'òn *v*.; ɓɛts'ɨɗɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*.; xóuxówòn *v*. **whiz by** ídzesa así *v*. **who knows?** ndóó ɦyè *n*. **who?** ǹdò *pro*. **whoa!** otí *interj*. **whole** ɗàŋìɗàŋ *quant*.; mùɲ *quant*.; mùɲùmùɲ *quant*.; tsíɗ<sup>ɨ</sup> *quant*.; tsíɗɨtsíɗ<sup>ɨ</sup> *quant*.

**whoosh** wààà *ideo*. **whoosh!** wùòò *ideo*. **whooshǃ** fùùt<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **whorl** iyérónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **whorled** iyérón *v*. **why … of course!** ɲák<sup>a</sup> *adv*. **why?** isiɛník<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **whydah** lɔɔrʉ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **wicked (of many)** ɡaanaakón *v*. **wickedness** ɡaánàs *n*. **wide** zòòn *v*. **wide (of many)** zeikaakón *v*. **wide awake** ɡwɛɲɛ́mɔ́n *v*. **wide open** folólómòn *v*. **wide-eyed** ɡonésá kom<sup>o</sup> *v*.; ŋɔɓɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ŋɔ̀ɓɔ̀n *v*. **wide-eyedly** ŋɔ̀ɓ ɔ *ideo*. **wide-legged** ƙaƙótsómòn *v*. **wide-mouthed** ɓolóɲómòn *v*.; laɓáɲámòn *v*.; lafárámòn *v*. **widen** zoonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **widened** ɨatɔs *v*. **widow(er)** lóméléw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲepúrósit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wife** cek<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wife (co-)** ɛán *n*. **wife (his)** ntsícék<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wife (last)** ʝìrìàm *n*.; kárátsìkààm *n*. **wife (my)** ɲ́cìcèk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wife (of someone)** ámácèk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wife (your)** bicék<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wiggle in** ɨnɨƙwíníƙwɛ́s *v*. **wiggly** lokilókón *v*. **wild (area)** ɲáraƙɔ́áƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲáraƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wild animal** ínwá na riʝááƙɔ̀ <sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **wild hunting dog** tsoe *n*.

woman (old)

**wild olive tree** dèmìyw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wilderness** ɲáraƙɔ́áƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲáraƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲɛ́kítɛla *n*. **wildfire** kóméts'àɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wildlife authorities** cookaika ínó<sup>e</sup> *n*.; lɔɡɛ́m *n*. **will not** ńtá *adv*. **willing** tsolólómòn *v*. **wilt** ɨtɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*.; laʝámétòn *v*. **wimpy** kalɛ́ɛ́tsɛránón *v*.; sikwárámòn *v*. **win** ɨlámɔ́n *v*.; ɨsʉkɛs *v*.; sʉ́kɛ́s *v*. **win the support of** sʉ́bɛ̀s *n*. **wind** ilúƙúretés *v*.; ɨnɔɛs *v*.; lúkúɗukuɗánón *v*.; suɡur *n*. **wind around** iƙulúƙúlòn *v*.; ɨlɔkílɔ́kɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɔkílɔ́kɛtɛ́s *v*.; imanímánés *v*.; ɨnɔɛtɛ́s *v*.; kɛkɛrɛs *v*.; tamánɛ́tɔ̀n *v*. **wind up** ɨmakímákɛ́s *v*. **winding** tukúɗúkuɗánón *v*. **window (of a house)** hòwɛ̀l *n*. **windpipe** moróká ná zè *n*. **wine** ɲéviiní *n*. **wine (Rhus natalensis)** mɨsáícùè *n*. **wing** taban *n*. **wink** íbɛ̀ɗìbɛ̀ɗɔ̀n *v*.; ɨmíʝílɛ́s *v*.; irwapírwápòn *v*. **winnow** ilélébés *v*. **winnow (by pouring)** síkɔ́ɔ́rɛ́s *v*. **winnow (by tossing)** fɔ́tɛ́s *v*. **wipe** ŋííɗɛ́s *v*. **wipe (rear end)** ɨtɔ́tɔ́rɔ̀n *v*. **wipe clean** ɨƙʉ́ʉ́lɛ́s *v*.; ɨtsɨɗɛs *v*. **wipe off** kánɛ́s *v*.; ŋííɗɛ́sʉ́ƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɲimirés *v*. **wipe out** bulútésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨƙɔmɛs *v*.; ɨmʉ́ɲɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨmʉɲɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɨtsʉtɛs *v*.; ɨtsʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; kánɛ́s *v*.

**wipe up** kánɛ́s *v*.; ŋííɗɛtɛ́s *v*. **wiped out** ikarímétòn *v*.; kanímétòn *v*.; ziálámòn *v*.; zíkímétòn *v*.; ziláámòn *v*. **wire** ɲáwáya *n*. **wiry** simánón *v*. **wisdom** nɔɔ́s *n*. **wise** nɔɔsánón *v*. **wise person** nɔɔsáàm *n*. **wiser (grow)** nɔɔsánétòn *v*. **wish for** ƙanetés *v*.; ɲʉmɛ́s *v*.; wíránés *v*. **witchdoctor** ŋƙwa *n*. **with** ńdà *prep*. **with hunger** ɲɛ́ƙín<sup>ɔ</sup> *n*. **Withania somnifera** ikitínícɛmɛ́r *n*.; ɲónomokére *n*. **withdraw** ɨpɛ́ɛ́rɔ̀n *v*.; ɨsʉ́rʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **wither** ɨtɔ́ɗɔ́n *v*.; laʝámétòn *v*. **wither up** mɔsɔnʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **withered** ƙɔ́rɔmɔmɔ́n *v*.; mɨtírímɔ̀n *v*.; mɔ̀sɔ̀n *v*. **withheld from** rébìmètòn *v*. **withhold from** rébès *v*. **without eating** kùk<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **witness** enésúƙotíám *n*.; itelesíám *n*.; ŋítsaɗénìàm *n*. **witness (false)** kɛ́rínɔ́síàm *n*.; lóliit<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wives** cɨkám *n*. **wizard** bàdìàm *n*. **wizard (hyena-riding)** otsésíama haúùⁱ *n*. **wizardry** badirét<sup>a</sup> *n*.; badirétínànès *n*.; ƙʉts'ánánès *n*. **wobbly** ɗɔxɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ɡwèlèʝ<sup>e</sup> *ideo*. **wocked** ɡaanón *v*. **wolf down (food)** ifáfúkés *v*.; ŋɔfɛ́s *v*. **woman** cek<sup>a</sup> *n*. **woman (foreign)** ɦyɔ̀cèk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **woman (old)** dúnéìm *n*.; fɔ́ɗítíníàm *n*.

**woman (unmarried)** dekitíníàm *n*.; ɲàràm *n*. **womanhood** cekínánès *n*. **womanliness** cekínánès *n*. **womb** epúáw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲapéryɛ́t <sup>a</sup> *n*. **women** cɨkám *n*. **women (young unmarried)** ɲèr *n*. **wonders** itíónàs *n*. **wonders (perform)** itíónòn *v*. **woo** sits'és *v*. **wood** dakw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wood (piece of)** dakw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **woodland** dakúáƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ríʝíkaaʝík<sup>a</sup> *n*. **woodpecker** cɛŋ *n*. **woods** ríʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **woodworker** ɲáɓáòìkààm *n*. **woof** íɡòmòn *v*. **wool** ɗóɗòsìts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **woolly** saúkúmòn *v*. **woozy** imáúròn *v*.; itikítíkòn *v*. **word** mɛnéékw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tódèèkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **work** ikásíés *v*.; ikásíitetés *v*.; ɲákási *n*.; ɲetits<sup>a</sup> *n*.; terêɡ<sup>a</sup> *n*.; tereɡanés *v*.; teréɡanitetés *v*. **work (knead)** dʉbɛ́s *v*. **work (temporary)** ɲɛ́lɛ́ʝɨlɛʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **work (the soil)** tɔkɔ́bɛs *v*. **work contract** teréɡikabáɗ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **work for pay** teréɡa na kaúdzò<sup>e</sup> *n*. **work in (insert)** ɨnɨƙwíníƙwɛ́s *v*. **work into** iwoɗíwóɗés *v*. **work of art** iyomam *n*. **work on (beat)** iɗiles *v*. **work over (beat)** iɗiles *v*. **work project** ɲɛ́prɔ́ʝɛ̀kìt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **work temporarily** ɨlɛʝílɛ́ʝɛ́s *v*.

**work with long tool** iƙoríƙórés *v*. **workable** ikásíetam *v*. **worked up (sexually)** iɓurímétòn *v*. **worker** ɲákásìàm *n*.; teréɡìàm *n*. **worker termite** nateɓú *n*. **working for government** ɲeryaŋínánès *n*. **workshop** ɲókós *n*. **world** kíʝ<sup>a</sup> *n*. **World Vision** Loúnoy<sup>a</sup> *n*. **world's end** tasálétona kíʝá<sup>e</sup> *n*. **worm** ƙʉts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **worm (bee-eating)** ɡɔɗɔ́ɛ̀ *n*. **worm (biting)** hoƙʉts'<sup>a</sup> *n*. **worm (intestinal)** ídèm *n*. **worn out** ɨlɔ́ɛ́tɔ̀n *v*.; rɛsɛ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ziálámòn *v*.; zíkímétòn *v*.; ziláámòn *v*. **worn out (become)** ziláámètòn *v*. **worn smooth** pikódòn *v*. **worried** ísánòn *v*.; tsʉ́kʉɗʉ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **worried (become)** ísánonuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **worry** alólóŋòn *v*. **worse (become)** ɡaanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **worsen** ɡaanítésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɡaanónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; rúbès *v*. **worship** itúrútés *v*.; wáán *n*.; wáán *v*. **worship leader** wáánɨtɛtɛ́síàm *n*. **worshipper** itúrútésìàm *n*. **wort (fermenting)** ɲɛ́wíɲɨwɨɲ *n*. **worthless thing** tsar *n*. **worthlessness** tsarínánès *n*. **would have … (earlier today)** ƙánàk<sup>a</sup> *adv*. **would have … (long ago)** ƙánòk<sup>o</sup> *adv*. **would have … (yesterday)** ƙásàm *adv*. **wound** ɔ́ʝ <sup>a</sup> *n*. **wound (bullet)** bʉbʉnɔ́ɔ́ʝ <sup>a</sup> *n*.

#### wow!

**wow!** ín *adv*.; wúlù *interj*.; yáŋ *interj*. **wowǃ** ábaŋ *interj*. **wraith** kúrúkúr *n*.; lopéren *n*.; tás *n*. **wrap** ɨpʉ́pʉ́ŋɛ́s *v*. **wrap (with clothing)** ikáburés *v*. **wrap around** ɨlɔkílɔ́kɛ́s *v*.; ɨlɔkílɔ́kɛtɛ́s *v*. **wrap up** ɡubésúƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; ɨpʉ́pʉ́ŋɛtɛ́s *v*. **wreath of reeds** nàtsìkw<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wreck** ináƙúés *v*.; ináƙúetés *v*.; ipáríés *v*. **wrecked** ináƙúós *v*.; ináƙúotós *v*. **wrest** ŋusés *v*. **wrestle** kóríètòn *v*.; kɔrɔanón *v*. **wrestle out** ɨkwɛ́rɛ́ɗɔ̀n *v*. **wretched** tsʉ́kʉɗʉ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **wretched as a dog** iŋókíánón *v*. **wriggle** ŋʉɗʉŋʉ́ɗɔ́n *v*. **wriggle around** akwɛ́tɛ́kwɛ́tánón *v*. **wriggle free** ɨkwɛ́rɛ́ɗɔ̀n *v*. **wriggle in** ɨnɨƙwíníƙwɛ́s *v*. **wriggle into** ɨɓɨtsíɓítsɛ́s *v*. **wriggle out** ɡwìrɔ̀n *v*. **wriggly** wʉlʉ́kʉ́mɔ̀n *v*. **wring** ʝʉ́tɛ́s *v*.; tʉtsʉɛs *v*. **wring out** ʝʉ́tɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*.; tʉtsʉ́ɛ́sʉƙɔt<sup>a</sup> *v*. **wrinkled** rʉʝanón *v*.; rʉʝʉrʉ́ʝánón *v*.; turúʝón *v*.; zamʉʝánón *v*. **wrinkly** turuʝúrúʝánón *v*. **wrist** kwɛtámórók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wrist knife** ɨbɔt<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɲáɓaarát<sup>a</sup> *n*. **wristwatch** ɲásáat<sup>a</sup> *n*. **write** ɨƙɨrɛs *v*. **writhe around** akwɛ́tɛ́kwɛ́tánón *v*. **writing desk** ɲéméza na íƙìrà<sup>ɛ</sup> *n*. **written** ɨƙɨrɔs *v*. **wrong thing** róŋ *n*.

**wrongdoer** ɲɔ́mɔkɔsáàm *n*. **wussy** kalɛ́ɛ́tsɛránón *v*.; sikwárámòn *v*. **Ximenia americana** kunét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **xiphoid process** toroɓóɔ́k <sup>a</sup> *n*. **yank** ɗʉ́rɛ́s *v*.; ɗʉtɛ́s *v*.; iɓwates *v*.; ipoles *v*. **yank out** ɗʉrɛtɛ́s *v*.; ɗʉtɛtɛ́s *v*.; ipoletés *v*. **yank over** iɓwatetés *v*. **yank this way** ɨtsɔrɛtɛ́s *v*. **yank up** ipoletés *v*. **yard** awááƙw<sup>a</sup> *n*.; ɔkɔ́ts<sup>a</sup> *n*. **yawn** áƙáfòn *v*. **yawning** hádòlòmòn *v*.; laɓáɲámòn *v*.; lafárámòn *v*. **yeah** ee *interj*. **yeah right!** héé' *interj*. **yeah!** ńtí *interj*. **year** kaɨn *n*. **year after next** kaɨnɔ na tso *n*. **year before last** kaɨnɔ nótso *n*.; nɔkɛɨn *n*. **Year of Lopíar** Lopíar *n*. **Year of Lotííra** Lotííra *n*. **Year of Lɔkʉlɨt** Lɔkʉlɨt<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Year of Nawólóʝam** Nawólóʝam *n*. **yearn** ítánòn *v*. **yearn for** ítánésuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*. **years ago** kaíníkò nùk<sup>o</sup> *n*. **yeast** sîb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **yell** bofétón *v*.; bófón *v*.; ɨkílɔ́n *v*.; iƙúétòn *v*.; iƙúón *v*.; iƙúónuƙot<sup>a</sup> *v*.; nɔsátón *v*. **yell at** ɨyáyɛ́ɛ́s *v*. **yeller** nɔ̀sààm *n*. **yellow** ɲaŋáánètòn *v*. **yellow color** ɗukes *n*. **yellowish color (gazelle)** kodow<sup>a</sup> *n*.

zygomatic area

**yelp** iƙwéón *v*. **yes** ee *interj*. **yester-** bàts<sup>e</sup> *adv*. **yesterday** sáásò sìn *n*. **yesteryear** kaɨnɔ sɨn *n*. **yikes!** wúlù *interj*. **yip** iƙwéón *v*. **yogurt** ŋakɨɓʉk<sup>a</sup> *n*. **yolk (egg)** ɗukes *n*. **you (plural)** bìt<sup>a</sup> *pro*. **you (singular)** bì *pro*. **you dog!** ŋók<sup>a</sup> *n*. **young** kwátsón *v*. **young (of many)** kwátsíkaakón *v*. **young children** kómósikaa ɓets'aakátìk<sup>e</sup> *n*. **young female** wâz *n*. **young man** karatsʉ́náám *n*. **young monkeys** lɔ́tɔ́ɓàɡwàs *n*. **young people** yús *n*. **young tortoise** kàèìm *n*. **youngster** im *n*. **your (plural)** bìt<sup>a</sup> *pro*. **your (singular)** bì *pro*. **yours (plural)** bitiɛn *pro*. **yours (singular)** biɛ́n *pro*. **yourself (singular)** binêb<sup>a</sup> *n*. **yourselves (plural)** bitinebitín *n*. **youth** yús *n*. **youth (be a)** ɨsɔ́rɔ́kánón *v*. **youth (male)** karatsʉ́na *n*.; ŋímɔ́kɔka *n*.; ŋímɔ́kɔkáám *n*. **youthful (of middle-age)** toipánón *v*. **youthful adult** toipánónìàm *n*.

**yum-yum!** ɓá *nurs*.; mamá *nurs*.

**yum-yum! (for milk)** nʉʉnʉ́ *nurs*. **yummily** ɗɔ̀k ɔ *ideo*. **yummy** ɗɔkɔ́dɔ̀n *v*.; ɡwéts'ón *v*. **Zanthoxylum chalybeum** rukûdz<sup>a</sup> *n*. **zebra** zɨn *n*. **Zehneria scabra** lótórobét<sup>a</sup> *n*. **zigzag** ɨkɔɗíkɔ́ɗɔ̀n *v*.; lúkúɗukuɗánón *v*. **zigzagging** tukúɗúkuɗánón *v*. **zing!** fiuu *ideo*.; líùù *ideo*.; pìùù *ideo*. **zip over** toɓésá así *v*. **zipper** ɲɛ́ʝíp<sup>a</sup> *n*. **Ziziphus mauritiana** ɨláŋ *n*. **Ziziphus mucronata** tílàŋ *n*. **zlop!** pùk<sup>u</sup> *ideo*. **zone** ɲɛ́tɛɛr *n*. **zoom!** wír *ideo*.; yír *ideo*. **zorilla** ɲewuruŋorok<sup>a</sup> *n*. **zucchini** lomuƙe *n*. **zygomatic area** matáŋ *n*.

#### yelp

## **Part IV Grammar sketch**

1 Introduction

## **1 Introduction**

Although the bulk of this book is devoted to the dictionary and reversal index, the following section offers an overview sketch of Ik grammar that covers most important features of the total grammatical system. Those who wish to dig deeper are encouraged to consult the fuller treatment published as *A grammar of Ik (Icétód): Northeast Uganda's last thriving Kuliak language* (Schrock 2014), which is available for free downloading from several websites on the internet.

Linguistic concepts are most easily defined with linguistic terminology. Thus, due to limitations of time and space, this sketch of Ik grammar is geared in style toward the general linguist. And yet a primary aim has been to clearly define some of the key terms used and to describe the grammatical structures in simple, straightforward language. Unfortunately, some of the discussion may still remain opaque to non-linguist readers. If such persons wish to know more, I am very willing to clarify or explain in layman's terms any point raised in this grammar sketch. Feel free to contact me any time at: betsoniik@gmail.com.

The grammar sketch begins with the language's sound system (phonology) and then proceeds to words and word-building strategies (morphology). It ends with a shallow dip into syntax. Because of its length and technical nature, the grammar sketch is probably most useful as a reference tool. However, should the reader have the opportunity, it may prove beneficial to read the sketch from front to back in order to gain a bird's-eye view of the whole system.

Learning any language from printed sources alone is rarely ideal. Rather, every learner would ideally have the chance to soak up language naturally as children do. Sadly, most adult learners do not have that luxury. Because of that, I recommend creatively mixing language-learning approaches to suit one's personality, learning style, schedule, and responsibilities. Studying grammar from a book like this one will not appeal to everyone, yet all learners will occasionally get stuck on points of grammar during the course of their learning. Just as the foregoing dictionary can help you fill in gaps where specific words need to be, this grammar sketch can help fill in holes in your understanding of how Ik works.

## **2 Phonology**

## **2.1 Consonants and vowels**

Ik has an array of thirty consonants and nine vowels, which are presented in Table 1. In the table's first column are shown the alphabetical letters used to represent these sounds. The second column shows the phonetic symbol for the

#### Grammar sketch

sound used by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Then in the third column, an approximate English equivalent is given in bold typeface, or else an explanation of how the sound is made if there is no English approximation.

Those sounds in Table 1 that have a small square under the IPA symbol are pronounced with the tip of the tongue a bit farther forward than in English. Especially [d], [n ̻ ̻], and [t] are affected; sometimes they are fronted so much that ̻ they touch the back of the front teeth. It is important not to pronounce [d] ex- ̻ actly like an English 'd' as this sounds more like the Ik sound [ɗ] which contrasts with [d]. The sounds [ɓ, ɗ, ɠ, ʝ] are called ̻ implosives because they are made by 'imploding' or sucking air into the mouth rather than expelling air from the lungs. The sounds [k'] and [ts'] are called ejectives because they are made by ejecting air from the throat cavity instead of from the lungs. Lastly, the sound [ɦʲ], unlike an [h], is made with the vocal chords vibrating, giving it a raspy, throaty sound. It only occurs at the beginning of words. The nine Ik vowels – [a, e, ɛ, i, ɨ, ɔ, o, ʉ, u] – operate in a vowel harmony system, which is discussed in §2.5.

## **2.2 Consonant devoicing**

At the end of an Ik word, if silence immediately follows, voiced consonants are devoiced. In other words, they sound more like unvoiced consonants in that environment. This is similar to German, for instance, where the word *Tag* 'day' is pronounced as [tak]. Consonant devoicing most noticeably affects /d/ and /g/ in Ik, as when *êd* 'name' sounds like [êt] or when *hɛ̀g* 'marrow' sounds like [hɛ̀k].

## **2.3 Vowel devoicing**

Ik vowels are also devoiced before a pause. This is important because every word in every grammatical context – without exception – ends in a vowel. If that final vowel is not immediately followed by another sound, then it is whispered or even left totally inaudible (for example, after the consonants /f, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, r, s, z, ʒ/). It has become a tradition in scholarly writing on Ik to write whispered vowels with the following raised (superscript) symbols: <<sup>i</sup> ,ᶤ,ᵉ,ᵋ,ᵃ,ᵓ,ᵒ,ᶶ,ᵘ>.

## **2.4 Morphophonology**

## **2.4.1 Deaffrication**

The affricates /c/ and /j/ are occasionally deaffricated or 'hardened' into their nonaffricate counterparts /k/ and /g/, respectively. This is not a general phonological


Table 1: Ik sound inventory

#### Grammar sketch

tendency in the language but is, rather, limited to a small handful of words. Moreover, the principle is applied in different ways to different words. For instance, in the word *muceé-* 'path, way', the /c/ is hardened to /k/ when the word is used in the instrumental case (see §7.7): *muko* 'on the way'. Secondly, as an instance of idiolectal variation, the plural inclusive pronoun *ɲjíní-* 'we all (including addressees)' is pronounced idiosyncratically as *ŋgíní-* by a minority of speakers. Thirdly, when the words *Icé-* 'Ik people' and *wicé-* 'children' are declined for the nominative or instrumental cases, their /c/ hardens to /k/. This type of deaffrication can be clearly seen in a case declension, like the one in Table 2. Note that, as explained later in §2.4.3, all cases have non-final and final forms:


Table 2: Case declension of *Icé-* 'Ik' and *wicé-* 'children'

#### **2.4.2 Haplology**

In Ik, when a consonant in one morpheme is made at the same place of articulation as a consonant in the next morpheme, haplology may occur – the deletion of the first of the two similar consonants. One example of this involves the venitive suffix {-ét-} and the andative suffix {-uƙot-}, both of which end in /t/. If another suffix containing /t/, /d/, or /s/ is attached to either of these, their final /t/ may be omitted. To illustrate this, Table 3 presents a conjugation of the verb *ŋatɛ́tɔ́n* 'to run this way'. Notice how the /t/ in {-ét-} disappears from the suffix in the forms for 2sg ('you'), 1pl.inc ('we all'), and 2pl ('you all'). The 3pl form ('they') is an exception as it does not drop its final /t/ in the same environment.

A second example of haplology occurs when a verb root ending in /g/, /k/, or /ƙ/ is followed directly by the andative suffix {-uƙot-}. When this happens, the

#### 2 Phonology


Table 3: Haplology in *ŋatɛ́tɔ́n* 'to run this way'

Table 4: Haplology in verbs ending in a velar consonant


final velar consonant of the verb root gets omitted in anticipation of the velar /ƙ/ in {-uƙot-}. Table 4 illustrates this by listing a few verbs ending in /g/, /k/, or /ƙ/, which disappear when the next morpheme is the andative suffix {-uƙot-}.

#### **2.4.3 Non-final consonant deletion**

Ik makes a clear distinction between non-final and final forms of all morphemes and words. Presumably this is to delineate syntactic boundaries, often with stylistic overtones. Non-final forms are those that occur within a string of speech, with at least one element immediately following them. Final forms, by contrast, are those that occur at the end of a string of speech, before a pause, with nothing immediately following. This basic distinction was already shown to affect the voicing of vowels in §2.3. In the case of a small number of morphemes, it also affects consonants. Table 5 presents a few of these morphemes whose final forms contain consonants that are omitted in their non-final forms. The first column of the table shows the underlying form (uf) of the morpheme in question. This is followed in the next two columns by the non-final (nf) and

#### Grammar sketch

final (ff) forms that actually occur in speech. Notice how the non-final forms are missing one consonant that is fully present in the uf and the ff.


Table 5: Consonant deletion in non-final forms

#### **2.4.4 Vowel assimilation**

In addition to consonants, Ik vowels also undergo phonological changes at morpheme boundaries. For instance, when two dissimilar vowels come in contact with each other as a result of two morphemes joining together, there is a powerful urge for them to become more like each other. This vowel assimilation was already seen at work in Table 4, as when putting the root *torík-* 'lead' and affix *-uƙot-* 'away' together led to *torííƙot-* instead of \**toríúƙot-*. It is also seen in Table 6 where the 'yester-' adverb *bàtsè* becomes *bèè* in its non-final form instead of \**bàè*. Ik vowel assimilation only takes place between morphemes and not inside morphemes. Inside morphemes, many combinations of dissimilar vowels are allowed, for example in *kaɨn* 'year', *mɛ̀ʉ̀r* 'drongo', and *kɔín* 'scent'.

Ik vowel assimilation can be clearly seen throughout the lexicon, as when the transitive infinitive suffix {-és} and the intransitive infinitive suffix {-òn} are affixed to verb roots. If the verb root that these suffixes attach to ends in /a/ or /e/, the vowel of the suffix fully assimilates it. Table 6 offers a few examples of this kind of vowel assimilation in verbal infinitives.

Another environment illustrating Ik vowel assimilation is the case declension of nouns. Since all Ik nouns end in a vowel, and since seven of the eight case suffixes consist of or contain a vowel, case suffixation creates a fertile ground for

#### 2 Phonology


#### Table 6: Vowel assimilation in verbal infinitives

Table 7: Vowel assimilation in the declension of *ŋókí-* 'dog'


vowel assimilation. For example, as Table 7 illustrates, in the declension of the noun root *ŋókí-* 'dog', the /o/ in the ablative case suffix {-o} and the copulative case suffix {-ko} partially assimilate the final /i/ of *ŋókí-* to /u/.

Other vowel assimilation effects are shown in the case declension of a noun like *ŋʉrá-* 'cane rat', as in Table 8, where the final /a/ of *ŋʉrá-* is assimilated by the dative, genitive, ablative, and copulative case suffixes in their non-final forms.

#### Grammar sketch


Table 8: Vowel assimilation in the declension of *ŋʉrá-* 'cane rat'

Ik vowel assimilation may be partial, as when the word *ŋókí-kᵒ* 'It is a dog' is rendered as *ŋókú-kᵒ*. There, the /i/ at the end of *ŋókí-* 'dog' only moves back in the mouth to become /u/; it does not fully assimilate to become identical to the /o/ in the suffix. But vowel assimilation can also be total, as when *ŋʉrá-ɛ́*'of the cane rat' becomes *ŋʉrɛ́-ɛ́*. In that instance, the /a/ at the end of *ŋʉrá*- becomes fully identical to the vowel in the suffix.

Ik vowel harmony can be regressive as in both prior examples, where a vowel exerts pressure on a preceding one. But it can also be progressive, as in the example of *torí-úƙot-* becoming *torí-íƙot*-, where the /i/ acts ahead on the /u/.

#### **2.4.5 Vowel desyllabification**

When the back-of-the-mouth vowels /ɔ/, /o/, /ʉ/ or /u/ wind up next to another vowel across a morpheme boundary, they may lose their status as the nucleus of a syllable and become the semi-vowel /w/ instead. When such vowel desyllabification occurs, the syllabic 'weight' of the vowel gets transferred to the following vowel in a process called compensatory lengthening. This phonological change is evident in the transitive infinitives of verbs ending in a back vowel. Table 9 depicts how the back vowel at the end of the verb root changes to /w/ and then lengthens the vowel in the transitive suffix {-és}.

Vowel desyllabification also takes place in the case declensions of nouns. Any noun root that ends in a back vowel can have that vowel desyllabified to /w/, with the result that the following case suffix is lengthened. As Table 10 demonstrates, this happens with a noun like *dakú-* 'plant, tree' which ends with the back vowel /u/. In five of the eight cases – accusative, dative, genitive, ablative, copulative –


Table 9: Vowel desyllabification in verbs

the final /u/ of *dakú-* changes to /w/ and then lengthens the case suffix. Note that in the nominative case, the /u/ of *dakú-* is desyllabified but does not lengthen the nominative suffix {-a}. This irregularity is a peculiarity of the nominative case only and is seen in many other noun declensions.


Table 10: Vowel desyllabification in nouns

## **2.5 Vowel harmony**

Ik vowels participate in a phonological system called vowel harmony. This means that the language's sound system seeks vocalic 'harmony' by ensuring that all vowels in a single word belong to the same vowel class. The vowel classes involved are the following: 1) the [+ATR] or 'heavy' vowels /i, e, o, u/ that are made with a larger cavity in the throat, giving them a 'heavier', more resonant sound, and 2) the [-ATR] or 'light' vowels /ɨ, ɛ, ɔ, ʉ/ that are made with a smaller cavity in the throat, giving them a 'lighter', less resonant sound. Where the ninth vowel /a/ fits in with these two classes is a theoretical question that has not been conclusively resolved. However, what is clear is that in Ik, /a/ sometimes behaves

#### Grammar sketch

as a [+ATR] vowel and other times as a [-ATR] vowel. And it certainly is found together with vowels from both classes within a single word. The Ik vowel classes anchored by the low vowel /a/ are depicted in Table 11:

Table 11: Ik vowel classes


Because of vowel harmony, all the vowels in a single word will generally belong to one of the vowel classes shown in Table 11. This is clearly evident in the lexicon where verbs consisting of multiple syllables and morphemes contain either [+ATR] or [-ATR] vowels, but not both. Table 12 shows an opposing set of such verbs. Notice how all the vowels in each word belong to one vowel class.

In some situations though, /a/ blocks vowel harmony from spreading to all the morphemes in a word. For example, when the stative suffix {-án-} falls between a verb with [-ATR] vowels and the intransitive suffix {-òn-}, the /a/ in {-án-} prevents the spread of harmony to the whole word. Table 13 gives a few examples of the harmony-blocking behavior of /a/. Notice how [-ATR] vowels are found to the left of {-án-} (in bold), while the [+ATR] /o/ in {-òn-} comes after it.

Ik has three suffixes which are said to be dominant in that they always spread their [+ATR] value as far as they can within a word. These include the pluractional suffix {-í-}, the middle suffix {-ím-}, and the plurative suffix {-íkó-}, all of which contain the vowel /i/. Unless an /a/ blocks the way, these three suffixes will cause all the vowels in the word they are found in to harmonize to [+ATR]. This dominant behavior is illustrated in Table 14. Notice how the [-ATR] vowels in the first column all become [+ATR] in the third column as a result of the dominance of the suffixes (in bold typeface).

Two other issues surrounding vowel harmony deserve mention. First, when two nouns are joined together to form a compound word (§4.3), vowel harmony does not occur between them. For example, the noun roots *rébè-* 'millet' and *mɛ̀sɛ̀-* 'beer' can be joined into the compound *rébèmɛ̀sɛ̀-* 'millet beer', in which, notice, the vowels belong to two different [ATR] vowel classes. An exception to this rule is when the second noun in the compound begins with the vowel /i/, in which case /i/ harmonizes the last vowel of the first noun, as when *ɲɔ́kɔkɔrɔímà-* 'chick' becomes *ɲɔ́kɔkɔró-ímà-* (where the first noun's /ɔ/ is harmonized to


### Table 12: Vowel harmony in the lexicon

Table 13: Vowel harmony blocking behavior of /a/


Table 14: Ik dominant suffixes


#### Grammar sketch

/o/). Second, many of Ik's clitics take on the [ATR] value of their host word, for example when the anaphoric pronoun *déé* becomes *dɛ́ɛ́*in the phrase *mɔƙɔrɔ́ɛ́=dɛ́ɛ́* 'in that rock pool'. Again, the exception is when the clitic contains /i/, in which case it becomes dominant, harmonizing its host, as when *bárítínʉ́ɔ=díí* 'from those corrals' becomes *bárítínúo=díí* (where the vowels /ʉ́ɔ/ become /úo/).

## **2.6 Tone**

### **2.6.1 Tone inventory**

Ik is a tonal language. In terms of acoustics, this means that every vowel is identified not only by where it is formed in the vocal chamber but also by the pitch with which it is uttered. This further entails that every syllable, morpheme, word, and phrase exhibits a specific and indispensable tone pattern. At a phonological (or psychological) level, Ik has just two tones: high (H) and low (L). All other tones that one hears can be traced back to these two. However, for practical applications like orthography and language learning, four sub-tones must be recognized. These include: high, high-falling, mid, and low. High tone is pronounced with a level, relatively high pitch. High-falling tone falls quickly from relatively high to relatively low pitch, often in the presence of a depressor consonant (see §2.6.4). Mid tone is a level, relatively medium-height pitch, while low tone is either relatively low and flat or tapering off before a pause. Table 15 presents the Ik tones with their names in the first column, pitch profiles in the second, and the orthographic diacritics for writing them in the third (the same diacritics employed throughout the foregoing dictionary sections):


Table 15: Ik tones

### **2.6.2 Lexical tone**

As mentioned above, every word in the Ik lexicon has a tone pattern or 'melody'. That is, Ik words are not identified solely on the basis of consonants and vowels

#### 2 Phonology

(as in non-tonal languages like English) but also on their tone pattern, which must be learned. Since every vowel and therefore every syllable bears a tone, the combination of many syllables in words produces a large inventory of tone patterns. And since the tone pattern of a word is totally unpredictable, language learners must resort to memorizing the pattern with the word. Table 16 gives a sample of the lexical tone patterns found on some short words in Ik:


Table 16: Ik lexical tone patterns

#### **2.6.3 Grammatical tone**

Ik does not have grammatical tone, whereby tone alone can carry out a grammatical function. But tone often accompanies other grammatical signals, thereby reinforcing them. Thus, in that regard, it could be said that Ik has 'semi-grammatical' tone. For example, when the suffix {-íkó-} is used to pluralize a singular noun, the tone over the singular root usually changes, as when *kɔl* 'ram' becomes *kólíkwᵃ*. Similarly, when the venitive suffix {-ét-} is added to a verb stem, it often changes the overall tone pattern, as when *bɛ́ɗɛ́s* 'to want' becomes *bɛɗɛtɛ́s* 'to look for', whereby the tone of the root *bɛ́ɗ-* goes from high to mid. Indeed, many of the suffixes of the language are associated with significant tone changes to the stem. So even if one learns the tonal melodies of nouns and verbs on their own, these melodies may change in particular grammatical contexts. This type of tone changeability is one of the system's more difficult aspects.

The Ik tone system is challenging for foreigners and is not yet fully understood from an analytical point of view. Still, the good news is that with lots of practice, language learners can reasonably expect to develop a certain degree of communicative competency. For the most complete description of the tone system to

#### Grammar sketch

date, the reader is invited to consult §3.2 in *A grammar of Ik (Icé-tód)* (Schrock 2014). That section expands on what has been presented here and includes more detailed discussions of other features of the Ik tone system.

## **2.6.4 Depressor consonants**

In Ik, the voiced consonants /b, d, dz, g, ɦy, j, z, ʒ/ plus /h/ act as depressor consonants. Depressor consonants are so-called because they 'depress' or pull down the pitch of neighboring vowels. In doing so, they act almost as if they had a very low tone of their own. The effect of Ik depressors is so strong that, over time, it led to the creation of a whole new set of lexical tone patterns. For instance, all Ik verbs with a HL pattern in their roots have a depressor as the first consonant after the initial high tone: *dɛ́gɛ̀m-* 'crouch', *gʉ́gʉ̀r-* 'hunched', *íbòt-* 'jump', *kídzìm-* 'descend', and *ts'ágwà-* 'be raw'. This is because, in anticipation of the extra-low pitch of the depressor, the language compensated by putting a high tone before it where there used to be none. As another example, all nouns with the root tone pattern HL have a depressor as the only consonant between two vowels, as in: *dɔ́bà-* 'mud', *ɛ́bà-* 'horn', *édì-* 'name', *nébù-* 'body', and *wídzò-* 'evening'. And when these types of nouns lose their final vowel due to vowel devoicing, that is when the high-falling contour tone comes into play, as in *dɔ̂bᵃ* 'mud', *ɛ̂bᵃ* 'horn', *êdᵃ* 'name', *nêbᵃ* 'body', and *wîdzᵃ* 'evening'.

## **3 Morphology**

## **3.1 Overview**

morphology is the system by which a language grammar makes words. While the preceding chapter introduced meaningful sound units (phonemes), the present chapter describes larger meaningful units called morphemes. Ik exhibits three types of morpheme: word, affix, and clitic. A word is defined as a free morpheme that can meaningfully stand alone. An affix is a bound morpheme that must attach to a word to maintain its integrity. Affixes are indicated in this grammar by a hyphen before (and sometimes after) them, as in {-án-}, the stative adjectival suffix. A clitic is a hybrid: in some constructions it acts like a word standing alone, while in other constructions, it attaches to a word like an affix. Clitics may be marked in this grammar by an equals sign, as in {=kì} 'those'.

Traditionally, languages are described as having word classes, that is, categories of morphemes that have certain characteristics. These classes include the familiar major ones like 'nouns' and 'verbs' but often several others as well. For

the purposes of this grammar sketch, free-standing words and clitics are considered 'words', while affixes are not. In Ik, thirteen word classes are recognized and include the following: nouns, pronouns, demonstratives, quantifiers, numerals, prepositions, verbs, adverbs, ideophones, interjections, nursery words, complementizers, and connectives (or conjunctions). Each of these word classes is briefly introduced in the following subsections, while a full list of Ik affixes can be found later in Appendix A.

## **3.2 Nouns**

Nouns and verbs make up the language's only two open word classes, meaning that they may have new members added to them. Nouns make up roughly 47% of the total Ik lexicon. Noun roots can be short, like *eí-* 'stomach contents', or long like *ɲákaɓɔɓwáátá-* 'finger ring', but they all have at least two syllables in their root form. This structural condition is necessary because some case suffixes delete the last vowel of the noun root when they affix to it. All Ik nouns, without a single exception, end in a vowel in their root forms. Noun roots are represented throughout this book with hyphenated forms, indicating that in actual Ik speech, any noun must have at least a case suffix. In addition to case, nouns may take singulative or plurative suffixes and may be joined with other nouns to make compound nouns. §4 is devoted to expounding on Ik nouns.

## **3.3 Pronouns**

Pronouns form a closed word class, incapable of admitting new members. They 'stand in' for nouns whose specific names need not always be mentioned or repeated. Pronouns make up less than 1% of the Ik lexicon and yet have great grammatical importance. Most Ik pronouns are free, capable of standing on their own, while others are inextricably bound to verbs. They may be personal, capable of specifying grammatical person, or impersonal. Other categories of pronoun include: indefinite, interrogative, demonstrative, relative, and reflexive. §5 is devoted to describing the various kinds of pronouns in Ik.

## **3.4 Demonstratives**

Demonstratives form another closed word class, admitting no new members. They 'demonstrate' nouns by 'pointing them out', referring to them spatially, temporally, or discursively. They too make up less than 1% of the lexicon. Many Ik demonstratives have been analyzed as clitics: They seem sometimes to act

#### Grammar sketch

like separate words, and yet in terms of vowel harmony, they act like suffixes. As clitics, they may be written connected to words in linguistic writing (with =), whereas in non-linguistic writing, they are written separately. For example, the phrase 'these trees' would be written as *dakwítína=ni* in linguistic publications and as *dakwítína ni* elsewhere. Ik has four kinds of demonstrative: spatial, temporal, anaphoric, and locative adverbial – all of which are discussed in §6.

## **3.5 Quantifiers**

As their name implies, qantifiers'quantify' the nouns that precede them. That is, they are separate words that follow nouns and convey the general quantity of the noun in terms of allness, bothness, fewness, or manyness. Specific, numeric quantity is expressed by the numerals, which are the topic of the next subsection. Ik quantifiers sometimes act more like numerals by directly following the noun they modify without an intervening relative pronoun, as in *wika ƙwaɗᵉ* 'few children'. But other times they act more like adjectival verbs by taking a relative pronoun between them and the noun they modify, for example, *wika ni ƙwaɗᵉ* 'children that (are) few'. In the former function as numerals, they have a distinct, perhaps more ancient root, as in *ƙwàɗè*, whereas in their function as adjectival verbs, they have a truncated root in a verbal infinitive, in this case *ƙwàɗ-òn* 'to be few'. The eight known Ik quantifiers are given in Table 17:


Table 17: Ik quantifiers

#### 3 Morphology

## **3.6 Numerals**

Numerals convey the specific number of the noun they modify. Ik has a quinary or 'base-5' counting system, meaning that it has individual words for the numbers 1-5 and then builds numbers 6-9 by adding the appropriate number to 5, as in *tude ńda kiɗi ts'agús* 'five and those four', which is 9. The number 10 is technically not a numeral, but rather, a noun: *toomíní-*. Ik numerals directly follow the noun they modify, without an intervening relative pronoun. Just as the quantifiers *ƙwàɗè* 'few' and *kòmà* 'many' can function as verbs, the numerals 1-5 can also function as verbs. Table 18 presents Ik numerals 1-9:


Table 18: Ik numerals

To form numbers 11-19, Ik builds off the noun *toomíní-* 'ten' and then repeats the quinary system shown in Table 18. For example, the number 17 is expressed as *toomín ńda kiɗi túde ńda kiɗi léɓètsᵉ* 'ten and those five and those two'. Then, after 19, the numbers 20, 30, 40, etc. are based on the compound *toomín-ékù-* 'teneye', as in *toomínékwa léɓètsᵉ* 'ten-eye two', which is 20. The numbers for 100 (*ŋamíáì-*) and 1,000 (*álìfù-*) have both been borrowed from Swahili.

## **3.7 Prepositions**

Prepositions are usually small particles 'pre-posed', that is, put in front of a noun to indicate what its relationship is to another noun or to the wider sentence in which it occurs. Many of the functions that prepositions fulfill in other languages are handled by cases in Ik (see §7). However, Ik still has a very small, closed group of prepositions that somehow have survived the hegemony of case.

#### Grammar sketch

Nonetheless, they interact closely with case as each preposition selects the case that its noun head (or host) must take. Table 19 presents all the known Ik prepositions with their meanings and the cases they require on nouns:


Table 19: Ik prepositions

The following example sentences (1)-(8) offer an opportunity to see the prepositions from Table 19 in a variety of natural language contexts:


## **3.8 Verbs**

Verbs comprise the second of Ik's two large open word classes. Like nouns, Ik verbs make up approximately 48% of the lexicon. Verb roots can be short like *ó-* 'call', long like *gwɛrɛʝɛ́ʝ-* 'be coarse', or reduplicated like *diridír-* 'be sugary' and *ɨpɨrípír-* 'drill'. Verb roots are represented throughout this book with hyphenated forms, indicating that in actual Ik speech, any verb must have at least one suffix. That minimal suffix may be a subject-agreement suffix or a tense-aspectmood (TAM) suffix like an imperative or optative. Ik verb stems can stand alone as an independent, self-contained clause and can have many suffixes strung together, as in *soƙórítiísínàkᵃ* 'we all have clawed' and *zeikááƙotinîdᵉ* 'and they all grew large there'. Among the many suffixes that can derive nouns from verbs or inflect verbs for different meanings, there are: deverbatives, subject-agreement markers, directionals, the dummy pronominal, modals, aspectuals, voice and valency changers, and adjectivals. All these verb-related topics (and others) are treated more fully later on in §8.

## **3.9 Adverbs**

Adverbs make up a catch-all category of words that modify verbs or whole clauses. The sixty-or-so Ik adverbs make up less than 1% of the total lexicon. They include 'manner' adverbs like *hɨíʝɔ́* 'slowly' and *zùkù* 'very', epistemic adverbs like *tsábò* 'apparently' and *tsamʉ* 'of course', and general adverbs like *ɛɗá* 'only'

#### Grammar sketch

and *naɓó* 'again'. Other important categories of adverbs are the tense-marking adverbs, certainty and contingency markers, and the conditional-hypothetical adverbs. All these types of Ik adverbs are discussed later in §9.

## **3.10 Ideophones**

Ideophones form a word class that is characterized by highly expressive words that denote physical phenomena like color, motion, sound, shape, volume, etc. They are often 'sound-symbolic' or onomatopoeic. That means that their very sound as they are pronounced evokes the physical perception they signify. For example, the ideophone *bùlùƙᵘ* means 'the sound something makes when dropping into water', like 'splashǃ' or 'kersplunkǃ' in English. At present, one hundred forty Ik ideophones (1.6% of total) have been recorded, but there are certainly many more in the language. And they are probably continually created. Table 20 offers a sample of the colorful variety of Ik ideophones on record:


Table 20: Ik ideophones

3 Morphology

## **3.11 Interjections**

Like adverbs, interjections form a bit of a catch-all word class. Interjections include any word that expresses emotions or mental states of any kind, usually outside the grammar of a sentence. The roughly thirty Ik interjections that have been recorded make up less than 1% of the total lexicon. Ik interjections may consist of a single word like *aaii* 'ouchǃ' or *wúlù* 'yikesǃ' or a short phrase like *wika ni* 'these kids (I tell you)ǃ' or *tíɔ ʝɔ́ɔ̀* 'there, there (it's okay)ǃ'. Several of the other interjections on record are provided in Table 21:



## **3.12 Nursery words**

Nursery words make up a small class of one-word expressions that act as commands or encouragements to babies or toddlers to do something. The ten Ik nursery words on record are lain out in Table 22 with English glosses.

## **3.13 Complementizers**

Complementizers are words that introduce reported speech or thought. For example, in the English sentence 'She said that she agrees', the word *that* is the complementizer that introduces that reported statement *she agrees*. Ik has only two complementizers. One of them, *tòìmɛ̀nà-* 'that', is technically a noun and thus belongs in the noun word class. But because of its function, it is dealt with here. The word *tòìmɛ̀nà-*, a compound of the verb *tód-* 'speak' and *mɛná-* 'words',

#### Grammar sketch



is used with a variety of speaking and thinking verbs. The second Ik complementizer, *tàà*, is a probably a derivative of the verb *kʉta* '(s)he says' that has been reduced over time. Even now it is usually used after the verb *kʉ̀t-* 'say'. Example (9) shows how *tòìmɛ̀nà-* is used in a sentence to introduce the clause *mɨtída bɔnán* 'you are an orphan'. And example (10) shows the complementizer*tàà* introducing the clause *iya ɲjíníkiʝa kɔ́ɔ́kɛ* 'our land is over there':


## **3.14 Connectives**

Connectives or 'conjunctions' are words whose function is to join together other words, phrases, or clauses. If they are coordinating connectives like *ńdà* 'and', then they join grammatical units of equal status, like a word to a word, or an independent clause to another independent clause. Whereas if they are subordinating connectives like *na* 'if', then they join grammatical units of unequal status, usually a dependent clause to an independent one. Even though their role is to link grammatical units, not all of them come between the units they link. Many come before both, often as the first word in the sentence. Ik has roughly

#### 3 Morphology

eight coordinating connectives and thirty subordinating ones – making up less than 1% of the lexicon. The coordinating connectives are presented in Table 23, while Table 24 offers a sampling of the subordinating connectives:


Table 23: Ik coordinating connectives

The following natural-language examples illustrate three of the more commonly used coordinating connectives: *kèɗè*, *kòtò*, and *ńdà*. In example (11), the connective *kèɗè* 'or' joins two equal constituents, the nouns *Tábayɔɔ* and *Fetíékù*. In (12), the connective *kòtò* 'and, but, then,' links two independent but semantically related clauses, and in (13), the connective *ńdà* 'and' connects two passive clauses:


In contrast to the coordinating connectives shown in Table 23 and examples (11)- (13), *sub*ordinating connectives join units of unequal status, usually a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main one. Table 24 provides a sample of the thirty Ik subordinating connectives, while examples (14)-(16) below illustrate the function of some of these connectives in a few natural-language environments:

Grammar sketch


Table 24: Ik subordinating connectives

In example (14) below, the subordinating connective *ɗɛ̀mʉ̀sʉ̀* 'before, unless, until' introduces a dependent clause that connects semantically to the following independent one. The same grammatical structure is also evident in (15) and (16), where the connectives *mísì* 'if, whether' and *na* 'if, when' set off short dependent clauses that logically lead into main clauses that follow them:

	- b. isio what:cop noo pst3 ŋábìàn? wear:plur:ips what was typically worn?'

#### 4 Nouns

## **4 Nouns**

## **4.1 Overview**

Single Ik nouns in a speaker's mental lexicon consist minimally of a root. Roots are words that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts from the perspective of modern Ik. (Historical research may reveal how roots were put together over time, but that is the domain of etymology.) When plucked from the lexicon and put into actual Ik speech, every noun root must receive at least one suffix, which must be a case suffix. Every noun root ends in a vowel, and case suffixes either delete or attach to this final vowel. In addition to case suffixes, an Ik noun may take on a number suffix or may be joined with one or two other nouns to form a compound. Case suffixes are fully explained later in §7, while number suffixes and compounds are covered in the rest of this chapter.

Ik number suffixes include pluratives and singulatives. Many noun roots can be pluralized if they are inherently singular in number. A few others can be singularized because they are inherently plural. In addition to these standard number-markers, Ik also has special possessive number suffixes that combine the notions of number and possession into one suffix. And yet other nouns are mass nouns, naming entities in the world perceived as inherently plural unities (like dust or water). These take no suffixes but are treated grammatically as plurals. Finally, some nouns are transnumeral, construed as singular or plural and given the appropriate singular or plural modifiers, if needed.

Compounding is the primary way Ik acquires or makes new nouns – besides borrowing them from other languages. Compounds in Ik are made by putting two or three nouns together into a new composite word with special emergent characteristics. The first noun describes or specifies the second noun to make an aggregate meaning that is often different than that of the two separate nouns. Compounding and types of compounds are discussed below in §4.3.

Ik nominal suffixes differ individually in how they affix to noun roots. With the exception of five case suffixes, all nominal suffixes first delete the final vowel of the noun to which they attach. This is known as subtractive morphology. The case suffixes that preserve the final vowel are the accusative, dative, genitive, ablative, and oblique. For more on how case suffixes attach to nouns, see §7.

#### Grammar sketch

## **4.2 Number**

### **4.2.1 Pluratives (plur)**

Ik has four ways to show that a noun is plural: three plurative suffixes and suppletive plurals. The three plurative suffixes are: 1) {-íkó-}, 2) {-ítíní-}, and 3) {-ìkà-}. The first plurative suffix, {-íkó-}, is dominant in terms of vowel harmony, meaning it changes the vowels of a [-ATR] noun to [+ATR] unless /a/ intervenes and blocks it. For example, in some instances, the vowel /a/ spontaneously appears between the singular root and the suffix {-íkó-}. (This /a/ is a relic of an ancient singulative suffix \**-at-* that is no longer in use in current Ik.)

The use of {-íkó-} is limited to a small number of nouns (roughly 100); it is not applied to newly borrowed nouns. Table 25 presents several examples of nouns pluralized with this suffix. Note how the suffix harmonizes the vowels of the singular root except where the vowel /a/ blocks the leftward spread of harmony. Notice also that in some cases the suffix alters the tone of the singular root.

The second plurative, {-ítíní-}, is used to pluralize nouns that have only two syllables in their root. Table 26 gives a sample of disyllabic nouns pluralized with {-ítíní-}. Notice that if the singular noun has [-ATR] vowels, then the plurative suffix harmonizes to {-ítíní-}. Unlike the suffix {-íkó-}, {-ítíní-} never alters the tone of the root, though its own tone may conform to the tone of the root.

The third plurative, {-ìkà-}, is used primarily to pluralize nouns with three or more syllables in their lexical root. Table 27 provides a sample of polysyllabic nouns pluralized with {-ìkà-}. Notice that if the singular noun has [-ATR] vowels, then the plurative suffix harmonizes to {-ìkà-}. Like {-íkó-}, {-ìkà-} sometimes alters the tone of the singular noun as well as having its own tone altered.

Secondarily, the plurative {-ìkà-} is used to pluralize a few nouns that have only two syllables in their lexical root. Why these few nouns do not take {-ítíní-} as a plurative instead is not known. A bit of speculation on this point might invoke the notion of mora or the unit of syllable weight. Among the seven examples shown in Table 28, three of them contain the semi-vowel /w/ which may be thought to contain its own mora, as a vowel would. Likewise, two of the examples (*hòò-* and *sédà-*) contain depressor consonants which may also count for one mora. Perhaps in the remaining two (*kíʝá-* and *ríʝá-*), the voiced stop /ʝ/ used to be a depressor consonant. Regardless of the historical explanation, Table 28 presents a few examples of {-ìkà-} being used to pluralize disyllabic nouns.


Table 25: The plurative suffix {-íkó-}

Table 26: The plurative suffix {-ítíní-}


Table 27: The plurative suffix {-ìkà-} with polysyllabic nouns


#### Grammar sketch


Table 28: The plurative suffix {-ìkà-} with disyllabic nouns

### **4.2.2 Suppletive plurals**

Ik also has a handful of singular nouns that cannot be pluralized in a productive way with any of the three suffixes discussed above. Three of these nouns on record are truly suppletive in that their singular and plural forms bear absolutely no resemblance to each other. These are the first three in Table 29. The last three examples in Table 29 represent nouns that are semi-suppletive; even though one can discern a similarity between the singular and plural forms, the way the two forms are derived from each other is not productive in the language:


Table 29: Ik suppletive plurals

## **4.2.3 Singulatives (sing)**

In contrast to pluratives, singulatives convert an inherently plural noun root to a derived singular. Ik has one such suffix that may be considered a true singulative in the contemporary grammar of the modern language, and that is {-àmà-}

#### 4 Nouns

or {-ɔ̀mà-}. Since this singulative is only used with personal entities, it seems likely that it is related etymologically to the word *ámá-* 'person'. Table 30 gives the only four unambiguous examples of when this singulative is used. Note that its tone pattern may be altered by the tone of the plural root:


Table 30: The Ik singulative {-àmà-}

### **4.2.4 Possessive number suffixes (poss)**

In addition to standard pluratives and a singulative, Ik has what may be called possessive number suffixes. These possessive suffixes – {-èdè-} in the singular and {-ìnì-} in the plural – each fuse the notions of number and possession into one morpheme. When they are affixed to a noun, they specify a) the grammatical number of the noun and b) its association with another entity (hence the 'possession'). They do not specify the number of the possessor(s). For example, the word *akedᵃ*, a stem consisting of *aká-* 'den' and {-èdè-} (nominative case) can mean both 'its den' or 'their den'. And the word *akɨn*, consisting of *aká-* 'den' and {-ìnì-} (nominative case), can mean either 'its dens' or 'their dens'.

Within the broad notion of 'possession', the possessive number suffixes {-èdè-} and {-ìnì-} can signify more specific semantic relationships like part-whole, kinship, and association. Table 31 gives some examples of {-èdè-} expressing a partwhole relationship with the unnamed entity. Note how the meanings of the noun roots are extended metaphorically to denote structural parts of things. Note also that the tone of the root may be altered in the presence of {-èdè-}.

The plural possessive suffix {-ìnì-} has two special applications with human possessors. In the first, it is used to pluralize kinship terms, where a kinship association is explicit. In the second, it refers to people associated with a certain person in general terms. Table 32 illustrates both of these nuances, showing the singular root in the first column, and in the second, the root plus {-ìnì-}.

#### Grammar sketch


Table 31: The Ik singular possessive {-èdè-}


Table 32: The Ik plural possessive {-ìnì-}

#### **4.2.5 Mass nouns**

A small group of Ik noun roots are classified as non-count mass nouns. These nouns are inherently, lexically plural. As such, they require plural demonstratives and relative pronouns. This group includes words for powders, liquids, and gases various particulate substances. Table 33 presents seven examples of mass nouns. The roots are in the table's first column, followed in the third column by the noun in a phrase with the plural demonstrative *ni* 'those'. Note that in the English gloss, the equivalent is provided but with a singular interpretation:

4 Nouns


Table 33: Ik non-countable mass nouns

### **4.2.6 Transnumeral nouns**

Another small group of Ik noun roots are inherently transnumeral, meaning that they can be singular or plural depending on the speaker's intention. Whatever number is imputed to them must be reflected in the grammar of the rest of the sentence, for example in subject-agreement on the verb or in any demonstratives or relative pronouns used to modify them. Ik transnumeral nouns cannot be pluralized in any of the ways discussed up to this point. But with the bound nominal morpheme *-icíká-* (see §4.3.4), they can be given a sense of distributiveness or variation. Table 34 presents three examples of Ik transnumeral nouns with their singular, plural, and distributive interpretations:


Table 34: Ik transnumeral nouns

## **4.3 Compounds**

For word-building purposes, Ik relies heavily on compounding, joining two or more nouns together into a new composite word. The first noun (or pronoun) in a compound retains its lexical root form (that is hyphenated throughout this book), including its lexical tone. The last noun in a compound takes whichever case ending the syntactic context calls for. For example, in the compound *riéwíkᵃ* 'goat kids', the first root *rié-* 'goat' keeps its lexical form, while the second, *wicé-* 'children', has been modified by the nominative case suffix {-ᵃ}. If compounding changes the tone of its constituent parts, it will be the first noun that affects the others. In the rare compound with three constituent nouns, the first two stay in their lexical form (not counting tone), while the third is inflected for case, for example in *Icémóríɗókàkà-* 'cowpea leaves', a compound of *Icé-* 'Ik', *mòrìɗò-* 'beans', and *kaká-* 'leaves'. In *Icé-móríɗó-kàkà-*, note that while the last two elements retain their lexical segments, their tone patterns have changed dramatically due to the influence of *Icé-* in spreading H tone throughout the word.

Ik compounds create two kinds of new meaning: 1) a narrower, more specific meaning in which the first noun specifies the second, or 2) a completely novel, unpredictable meaning. An example of the first type would be *bʉbʉnɔ́ɔ́ʝà-* 'ember-wound' or 'bullet wound' where the first noun *bʉbʉná-* 'ember' narrows down the possible references of *ɔ́ʝá-* 'wound' to a wound caused by a bullet. And an example of the second type of compounded meaning would be *óbiʝoets'í-* , a compound that literally means 'rhino urine' but is actually the name of a species of vine (that nonetheless was apparently the favorite urination spot of rhinos). Through both types of meaning-making, Ik compounds add a considerable amount of expressiveness and color to the language's vocabulary.

In addition to the two broader semantic categories of compounds discussed above, five other categories of Ik compounds are recognized. These include the agentive, diminutive, internal, variative, and relational, all discussed in the sections to follow.

## **4.3.1 Agentive (agt)**

1 Ik forms agentive compounds by using the root *ámá-* 'person' (for singular) or *icé-* (for plural) as the last element in a compound. Although the root *Icé-* simply means 'Ik people' when standing on its own, in the agentive construction it denotes plural agents. Here 'agent' is understood broadly as any person or thing that does or is whatever is characterized by the first element in the com-

#### 4 Nouns

pound. The first element may be a noun, as in *dɛá-ámà-* 'messenger', literally 'foot-person', or a verb as in *ŋwàxɔ̀nì-àmà-* 'lame person', literally 'to be lameperson'. Note, however, that even though *ŋwàxɔ̀n* is a verb semantically, it has been deverbalized into a noun by the infinitive suffix {-òn}. Ik agentive compounds can be translated into English in various ways, depending on what is appropriate. Table 35 presents several examples of agentive compounds:


Table 35: Ik agentive compounds

### **4.3.2 Diminutive (dim)**

Ik forms diminutive compounds by using the root *imá-* 'child' (for singular) and *wicé-* 'children' (for plural) as the second element in a compound. In the more literal interpretation, the first element is the animate being (animal or human) of which the second element is the 'child' or 'children', as in *ɗóɗò-ìmà-* 'lamb' or *ɗóɗo-wicé-* 'lambs'. But when the first element is inanimate, the diminutive construction conveys a sense of 'a small X' or 'small Xs', for example *ƙɔfó-ìmà-* 'a small gourd bowl' and *ƙɔfó-wicé-* 'small gourd bowls'. Lastly, the two interpretations can also get blurred, as when an animate being is perceived as smaller than normal but not as the child of anything. This can be seen, for instance, in the compound *ídèmè-ìmà-* 'earthworm', literally 'snake-child'. Table 36 offers several more examples of the diminutive compound. Notice that when the whole construction is pluralized, both elements may get pluralized, as when *ámá-ìmà-* 'someone's child' becomes *roɓa-wicé-* 'someone's (pl.) children':

#### Grammar sketch


Table 36: Ik diminutive compounds

### **4.3.3 Internal (int)**

So-called internal compounds are made with the bound nominal root *aʝíká-* 'among/inside'. When appended to plural noun, this nominal conveys a sense of interiority or internality to the noun. The internal compound, which occurs relatively rarely, is exemplified in Table 37:

Table 37: Ik internal compounds


### **4.3.4 Variative (var)**

So-called variative compounds are made with the bound nominal root *icíká-* 'various (kinds of)'. When appended to a noun – singular or plural – this nominal morpheme communicates a sense of variety or the multiplicity of a type. As a kind of pluralizer itself, *icíká-* is may be called upon to pluralize five kinds of nouns: 1) transnumeral nouns, 2) nouns not usually pluralizeable in the usual sense, 3) inherently plural nouns, 4) already pluralized nouns, and 5) verb infinitives. Table 38 presents one example for each of these five kinds of nouns that the variative bound nominal *icíká-* can be used to pluralize:

4 Nouns


Table 38: Ik variative compounds

#### **4.3.5 Relational**

Ik compounding is also used to create relational nounsthat express the spatial or structural relationship one thing has to another. In this way, Ik metaphorically extends body-part terms to other non-bodily relationships. Table 39 presents some of the Ik body-part terms used metaphorically:

Table 39: Ik body-part terms with extended meanings


So then, in an Ik relational compound, terms like those in Table 39 form the second element in the compound, a position in which they denote the 'part' in a 'whole-part' semantic relationship. Accordingly, the first element in the relational compound represents the 'whole' in the structural relationship. Table 40 displays a handful of such 'whole-part' compounds:

#### Grammar sketch


Table 40: Ik relational compounds

## **5 Pronouns**

## **5.1 Overview**

Pronouns 'stand in' for nouns that are not explicitly mentioned. Most Ik pronouns are free-standing words, but the subject-agreement pronominals and the dummy pronominal are suffixes that are bound to verbs (and so are treated in §8 on verbs). In a sentence, free pronouns are handled just like nouns in that they take case and modifiers. The free pronouns discussed in this section fall into the following nine categories: personal, impersonal possessum, indefinite, interrogative, demonstrative, relative, reflexive, distributive, and cohortative.

## **5.2 Personal pronouns**

Ik personal pronouns represent the various grammatical persons that can be referred to in a sentence. The name is slightly misleading in that the pronouns can also denote nonpersonal, inanimate entities expressed by 'it' and 'they' (when referring to things). The Ik personal pronoun system operates along three axes: person (1, 2, 3), number (sg, pl), and clusivity (exc, inc). The 'first person' refers to 'I' and 'we', the second to 'you', and the third to 'she', 'he', 'it', and 'they'. 'Number' (singular or plural) obviously has to do with whether the entity is one or more than one. And 'clusivity' (exclusive or inclusive) indicates whether the addressee of the speech is *ex*cluded from or *in*cluded in the reference of 'we'. Table 41 presents the seven Ik personal pronouns in their lexical root forms, while Table 42 presents the same but in their full case declension:


Table 41: Ik personal pronouns

Table 42: Case declension of Ik personal pronouns


#### Grammar sketch

## **5.3 Impersonal possessum pronoun (pssm)**

Ik also has a special pronoun whose only function is to represent a possessum, that is, generally, an entity associated with another entity (a possessor). This pronoun has the form *ɛní-* and must be bound to another noun or pronoun as the last element in a compound construction. It is impersonal in that it communicates nothing about the possessor or the possessum except for the relationship of possession itself. The impersonal possessum pronoun can be used in a compound construction with personal pronouns or other nouns. Table 43 shows *ɛní-* in conjunction with all seven personal pronouns. It can also be used with full nouns (including deverbalized verbal infinitives) as the compound's first element. This type of possessive construction is illustrated in Table 44:


Table 43: Ik impersonal possessum with pronouns

Table 44: Ik impersonal possessum with nouns


## **5.4 Indefinite pronouns**

Pronouns that are indefinite stand for other entities but with a certain degree of indefiniteness or vagueness. All but one of the Ik indefinite pronouns are based

#### 5 Pronouns

on the root *kɔní-* 'one' or its plural counterpart *kíní-* 'more than one'. The other one that is not based on these roots is *saí-* 'some more/other', a root that may not actually belong with this set but is included on the basis of its English translation. Table 45 provides a rundown of these Ik indefinite pronouns:


Table 45: Ik indefinite pronouns

## **5.5 Interrogative pronouns**

The role of interrogative pronouns is to query the identity of the entity they represent. As a result, they are used to form questions. All but one of the Ik interrogative pronouns incorporate the ancient northeastern African interrogative particle *\*nd-/nt-*, and the one that does not has the form *ìsì-* 'what'. The seven Ik interrogative pronouns are presented in Table 46. Note that in the table's first column, forms are hyphenated when there is a hypothesis as to their internal morphological composition, which is reflected in the second column:


Table 46: Ik interrogative pronouns

#### Grammar sketch

In the formation of a question, Ik interrogative pronouns fill the same slot as the nouns they are representing. It is common for the interrogative pronoun to be 'fronted': moved for emphasis to the first place in the sentence. When this happens, the interrogative pronoun takes the copulative case (see §7.8), as exemplified in sentences (17)-(18). Both demonstrated word orders are perfectly acceptable. For more on how questions are formed in Ik, please see §10.4.3.

	- b. **Isio** what:cop bɛ́ɗîdᵃ? want:2sg 'What do you want?
	- b. **Ndaíó** where:cop iâdᵉ? be:3sg:dp 'Where is it?'

## **5.6 Demonstrative pronouns**

Ik also has a set of demonstrative pronouns that referentially 'demonstrate' or point to an entity. They are all based on either the singular form *ɗɨ-* 'this (one)' or the plural form *ɗi-* 'these (ones)' that differ formally only in regard to their vowel (/ɨ/ versus /i/). The Ik demonstrative pronoun system is divided in three categories based on spatial distance from the speaker: 1) proximal, meaning near the speaker, 2) medial, meaning a relatively medium distance from the speaker, and 3) distal, meaning relatively far from the speaker. The medial and distal forms, for both singular and plural, consist of the root *ɗɨ-/ɗi-* preceded by the cliticized distal demonstratives *kɨ* 'that' (derived from *ke*) for singular and *ki* 'those' for plural. The only difference between the medial and distal pronouns is the tone pattern whereby the medial form has a high tone on the last syllable, while the distal form does not. Table 47 presents these pronouns in their six lexical forms, while Table 48 gives their full case declensions. Note that the medial and distal forms are indistinguishable except in the nom, ins, and obl cases:

#### 5 Pronouns


Table 47: Ik demonstrative pronouns

Table 48: Case declensions of the demonstrative pronouns


## **5.7 Relative pronouns (rel)**

The role of relative pronouns is to introduce a relative clause: a clause embedded in a main clause to specify the reference of an entity in the main clause. One of the most fascinating features of the Ik relative pronoun system is that it is tensed. That is, it is able to encode the time period at which the statement contained in the relative clause holds or held true. The five time periods covered by these pronouns are 1) non-past, 2) recent past (earlier today), 3) removed past (yester-, last), 4) remote past (a while ago), and 5) remotest past (long ago).

The Ik relative pronouns are all enclitics based on the proto-demonstratives *na* 'this' and *ni* 'these' (see §6.2 below). Those proto-forms are identical to the non-past relative pronouns *na* 'that/which' and *ni* 'that/which (pl)' shown in Table 49. The remaining tensed relative pronouns are built from the proto-forms with a variety of ancient prefixes and suffixes such as *sɨ-/si-* and *-tso/-tsu*.

As shown in examples (19)-(20), no matter where an Ik relative clause (rc) appears in a sentence, the relative pronoun will introduce it as the first element in

#### Grammar sketch



the clause. The entity in the main clause that the relative clause is modifying – called the common argument – must be the last word before the relative clause. As a clitic, the relative pronoun attaches to the common argument. To learn more about the syntax of relative clauses, please see §10.3.2.


## **5.8 Reflexive pronoun**

Ik has a reflexive pronoun that 'reflects' the impact of a verb back onto the subject of the verb. In other words, with the reflexive, the subject and object of an action are the same entity. The Ik reflexive pronoun has the form *así-* in the singular and *ásíkà-* in the plural, translated as '-self' and '-selves', respectively.

These reflexive pronouns are used extensively to make semi-transitive verbs: verbs falling between transitive and intransitive. For example, while the verb *ídzòn* 'to discharge, emit' is intransitive and the verb *ídzès* 'to discharge, emit, shoot' is transitive, the verb *ídzesa así* 'to shoot across (literally 'to shoot -self')' is 'semi-transitive' because the subject and object of the shooting are the same entity. The full case declensions of the singular and plural reflexive pronouns are given below in Table 50, and example sentences (21)-(22) illustrate both the reflexive and the semi-transitive usages of these special pronouns:

#### 6 Demonstratives



Table 50: Case declensions of the reflexive pronouns

## **6 Demonstratives**

## **6.1 Overview**

Ik's demonstratives grammatically point to a referent. In the case of nominal demonstratives, the referent is an entity named by a noun, whereas adverbial demonstratives point to a scene or situation of some sort, encoded by a whole clause. The Ik nominal demonstratives are all enclitics that come just after their host (the referent), as in *ámá=nà* 'this person'. Because the locative adverbial demonstratives function as adverbs, they tend to come at the end of the clause they are modifying. Unlike demonstrative pronouns (see §5.6), spatial and temporal demonstratives are not nouns and never take case endings.

#### Grammar sketch

## **6.2 Spatial demonstratives (dem)**

Ik's spatial demonstratives locate their referent in physical space in degrees of distance from the speaker. For singular referents, there are three degrees of distance: proximal (near), medial (relatively near/far), and distal (more distant). For plural referents, the language inexplicably only distinguishes between proximal and distal. The singular demonstratives are usually translated into English as 'this' and 'that' and the plural ones as 'these' or 'those'. Table 51 below presents the whole set of spatial nominal demonstratives. Notice that in their final forms (ff), their final vowels may be whispered or omitted altogether:

Table 51: Ik spatial demonstratives


Spatial demonstratives usually directly follow their referent, as in (23)-(24):

	- cut:sps then forest=dem.sg.dist

'And then that forest over there was cut down.'

## **6.3 Temporal demonstratives (dem.pst)**

The temporal demonstratives, by contrast, locate their referent in five periods of time: non-past (present and future), recent past (earlier today), removed past (yester-, last), remote past (a while ago before yesterday), and remotest past (long ago). Ik has both singular and plural temporal nominal demonstratives, and these are listed below in Table 52. These temporal demonstratives are usually translated into English as 'this' and 'that' in the singular, and 'these' and 'those' in the plural, but with a sense of time rather than physical location. Recall from Table 49 that Ik's relative pronouns are identical in form to the temporal

#### 6 Demonstratives

demonstratives in Table 52, except that because relative pronouns never occur before a pause, they lack the final forms (ff) of those in Table 52:


Table 52: Ik temporal demonstratives

Just like spatial demonstratives, temporal demonstratives directly follow the noun they refer to, as example sentences (25)-(26) illustrate:


## **6.4 Anaphoric demonstratives (anaph)**

The anaphoric demonstratives locate their referent not in space or time *per se* but rather in *shared communicative context*. In other words, they point back to a referent that has either been mentioned already in the same discourse or is already known by both speaker and hearer by some other means. Ik has a singular and a plural anaphoric demonstrative which are enclitics that have the same form in both non-final and final environments (i.e., their final vowels are not omitted). These invariant anaphoric demonstratives, translated into English as 'that' in the singular and 'those' in the plural, are presented in Table 53:

Table 53: Ik anaphoric demonstratives


#### Grammar sketch

Ik anaphoric demonstratives also directly follow their referents, as in (27)-(28):


## **6.5 Adverbial demonstratives**

### **6.5.1 Overview**

Besides the three types of nominal demonstratives described above, Ik also has a set of adverbial demonstratives that involve both locative and anaphoric locative reference. Unlike the nominal demonstratives, the adverbial demonstratives are technically nouns themselves in that they are marked for case and can take their own nominal demonstratives. Their function, however, is adverbial.

## **6.5.2 Locative adverbial demonstratives**

The first type of adverbial demonstrative, the locative adverbial demonstrative, locates the state or event expressed in a clause in physical space. Ik has three sets of such demonstratives. As shown in Table 54, Sets 1 and 2 are built on degree of distance, while Set 3, in addition to degree of distance, is also split into singular and plural. These demonstratives are usually translated into English as 'here', 'there', and 'over there', depending on relative distance:

Examples (29)-(30) illustrate the locative adverbial demonstratives:


#### 6 Demonstratives


Table 54: Ik locative adverbial demonstratives

#### **6.5.3 Anaphoric locative demonstratives**

The second type of Ik adverbial demonstrative are called the anaphoric locatives, which are nouns with a demonstrative function. Like the locative nominal demonstratives, these demonstratives point to a specific place – or metaphorically, a specific time – while also signifying anaphorically that that place or time is already known, either from earlier in the discourse or for some other reason. Ik has two such demonstratives with roughly the same meaning: *ts'ɛ́dɛ́-* and *tʉmɛdɛ́-*, both of which are typically translated as 'there' or more rarely 'then'. Because these words are technically nouns, Table 55 presents them in a full case declension, while examples (31)-(32) illustrate them in sentences.

Table 55: Case declension of anaphoric locative demonstratives


#### Grammar sketch


## **7 Case**

## **7.1 Overview**

Ik has a case system. This means that every noun has a special marking to show what role it has in the sentence. The language marks this role by means of a set of case suffixes (endings). Four of the cases are marked with suffixes consisting of a single vowel, while for three others, the suffix consists of /k/ plus a vowel. An eighth case, the oblique, is marked by the absence of any suffix. In the following examples, (33)-(40), notice how the word *ŋókí-* 'dog' at the end of each sentence has a different ending depending on the case for which it is marked:


7 Case



Eight examples are given above because Ik has eight cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, ablative, instrumental, copulative, and oblique. Table 56 presents the non-final and final forms of the suffixes that mark all eight of these cases. Keep in mind that the null symbol <Ø> signifies either 1) that the case suffix is inaudible or, for the oblique case, 2) that there is no case suffix:


Table 56: Ik case suffixes

From Table 56, there may appear to be significant ambiguity in the Ik case system. For instance, the non-final forms of the nominative and accusative suffixes, the dative and genitive suffixes, and the ablative, instrumental, and copulative suffixes all look the same, respectively. In most cases, the key to disambiguating the suffixes is called 'subtractive' morphology. Two of the Ik case suffixes (namely nominative and instrumental) are subtractive in that they subtract or delete the final vowel of the noun to which they attach. So, for example, while the non-final forms of the nominative and accusative are identical, their morphological behavior is not: the nominative {-a} subtracts the noun's final vowel,

#### Grammar sketch

as when *ŋókí-* 'dog' becomes *ŋók-á* 'dog:nom'; by contrast, the accusative suffix is non-subtractive, as in *ŋókí-à* 'dog:acc'. Other case ambiguities like genitive versus dative and ablative versus copulative, in their non-final forms, can be resolved in the context of the sentence. Different verbs require different cases.

Since every Ik noun ends in a vowel, and since that vowel can be any of the nine (/i, ɨ, e, ɛ, a, ɔ, o, ʉ, u/), the collision of nouns and case suffixes gives rise to all kinds of vowel assimilation (see §2.4.4). The next two tables present declensions of two nouns illustrating vowel assimilation. Table 57 shows the noun *fetí-* 'sun' declined for all eight cases. In particular, notice how the vowel /o/ in the ablative and copulative suffixes partially assimilate the /i/ in *fetí-* to become /u/:


Table 57: Case declension of *fetí-* 'sun'

While Table 57 shows partial vowel assimilation caused by case suffixation, Table 58 reveals an instance of total assimilation. In this table, the noun *kíʝá-* 'land' is declined for all eight cases. Note how the final /a/ of *kíʝá-* becomes totally assimilated by the non-final dative, genitive, ablative, and copulative suffixes.

## **7.2 Nominative (nom)**

The nominative case, marked by the suffix {-a}, is the 'naming' case, whose role is to: 1) mark the subject of main clauses, 2) mark the subject of sequential clauses (see §8.10.7), and 3) mark the direct object of clauses with 1st and 2nd person subjects ('I', 'we', 'you'). Three examples ((41)-(43)) are provided below, each one illustrating one of the three grammatical roles of the nominative case. The third example contains seven sentences that show how Ik object marking is split: objects after 3-person subjects ((s)he/it, they) take the accusative case, while 1- or 2-person subjects (you, we) take objects in the nominative case:


Table 58: Case declension of *kíʝá-* 'land'

Subject of a main clause

(41) Atsáá come:prf lɔŋɔ́t-**ᵃ**! enemies-nom 'The enemies have come!'

Subject of a sequential clause

(42) Toɓuo spear:seq ƙaƙaam-**a** hunter-nom kʉláɓákᵃ. bushbuck:acc 'And the hunter speared the bushbuck.'

Object of a clause with a 1/2-person subject

	- b. Ŋƙída eat:2sg tɔbɔŋ-**a**=na. mush-nom=this 'You eat this meal mush.'
	- c. Ŋƙa eat:3sg tɔbɔŋɔ́-á=na. mush-acc=this 'She eats this meal mush.'
	- d. Ŋƙímá eat:1pl.exc tɔbɔŋ-**a**=na mush-nom=this 'We eat this meal mush.'

#### Grammar sketch


## **7.3 Accusative case (acc)**

The accusative case, marked by the suffix {-ka}, is also split with regard to its basic function. One of its basic functions, that for which it is named, is to mark the direct object of any clause with a 3-person subject ((s)he/it, they). Its other common function is to mark the subject *and* any object of several kinds of subordinate clauses (including relative and temporal clauses). Each of these functions is exemplified by one of the sentences in examples (44)-(47). In the first example, a sentence with a 1-person subject is also given to show the contrast:

Direct object of a clause with a 3-person subject


Subject and object of a subordinate clause


#### 7 Case

## **7.4 Dative (dat)**

The dative case, marked by the suffix {-ke}, is the 'to' or 'in' case, whose role is to mark indirect objects (also called 'extended' or 'secondary' objects). These indirect objects may encode semantic notions like destination, location, recipient, experiencer, possession, and purpose. These are illustrated in examples (48)-(53):

Destination

(48) Ƙeesíá go:fut:1sg awá-**kᵉ**. home-dat 'I'm going home.'

Location

(49) Ia be:3sg sédà-**kᵉ**. garden-dat 'She's in the garden.'

Recipient

(50) Tɔkɔráta divide:3pl kabasáá flour:acc ròɓà-**kᵉ**. people-dat 'They are dividing out flour to people.'

#### Experiencer

(51) Ɨɓálá appall:3sg ɲcì-**è** I-dat zùkᵘ. very 'It really appalls me.' (Lit: 'It is very appalling to me.')

### Possession

(52) Ia be:3sg ɦyɔa cattle:nom ntsí-**kᵉ**. he-dat 'He has cattle.' (Lit: 'There are cattle to him.')

#### Grammar sketch

### Purpose

(53) Ƙaa go:3sg ɲera girls:nom dakúáƙɔ̀-**kᵋ**. wood:inside-dat 'The girls go for firewood.'

## **7.5 Genitive (gen)**

The genitive case, marked by the suffix {-e}, is the 'of' case, whose role is to encode a possessive or associative relationship a noun has with another noun (or, in rare cases, with a verb). Within the broad notions of possession and association are finer nuances such as: ownership, part-whole relationship, kinship, and attribution. These nuances are illustrated in examples (54)-(57):

#### Ownership

(54) Hɔ́nɨnɨ drive:seq ɦyɔa cattle:acc ńtí-**e** they-gen ɓórékᵉ. corral:dat 'And they drove their cattle to the corral.'

Part-whole relationship

(55) Wasá stand:3sg dɛɛdɛɛ foot:dat kwará-**ᵉ**. mountain-gen 'He's standing at the foot of the mountain.'

#### Kinship

(56) Míná love:3sg cekíá wife:acc ntsí-**é** he-gen zùkᵘ. very 'He loves his wife very much.'

#### Attribution

(57) Maráŋá good:3sg muceá way:nom bì-Ø. you-gen 'Your luck is good.' (lit: Your way is good.)

The genitive case has two further roles. One is the nominalization of clauses, that is, the process by which a whole clause is changed into a noun phrase that can be used as a subject or object in another clause. For example, the clause *Cɛɨƙɔta náa eakwa ídèmèkᵃ* 'The man killed the snake' can be compressed into

the nominalized *cɛɛ́sʉ́ƙɔta eakwéé ídèmè* 'the killing of the man of the snake' or 'the man's killing of the snake'. The other secondary role of the genitive has to do with verb *ƙámón* 'to be like'. For unknown historical reasons, this particular verb requires genitive case marking on its complement, as in *Ƙámá ròɓèè mùɲ* 'He's like all people', where *ròɓè-è* is analyzed as 'people-gen' or 'of people'.

## **7.6 Ablative (abl)**

The ablative case, marked by the suffix {-o}, is the 'from' case (or in some situations 'at' or 'in'), whose function is to mark objects with the following semantic roles: origin/source, cause, stimulus, source of judgment, location of activity (versus static location, which is covered by the dative case). Each of these semantic roles of the ablative are illustrated among example sentences (58)-(62):

Origin/source

(58) Atsía come:1sg awá-**ᵒ**. home-abl 'I come from home.'

Cause

(59) Baduƙota=noo die:3sg=pst ɲɛ́ƙɛ̀-**ᵓ**. hunger-abl 'He died from hunger.'

Stimulus

(60) Xɛɓa fear:3sg ɲérà-**ᵒ**. girls-abl 'He's shy of girls.'

Source of judgment

(61) Daa nice:3sg ɲ́cù-<sup>Ø</sup>. I-abl 'It's nice to me.'

Location of activity

(62) Cɛmáta fight:3pl sédìkà-**ᵒ**. gardens-abl 'They are fighting in the gardens.'

#### 7 Case

#### Grammar sketch

## **7.7 Instrumental (ins)**

The instrumental case, marked by the suffix {-o}, is the 'by' or 'with' case. Unlike the ablative suffix {-o}, the instrumental suffix is subtractive, meaning that it first deletes the noun's final vowel. The function of the instrumental case is to mark secondary objects with such semantic roles as instrument/means, pathway, accompaniment, manner, time, and occupation. Each of these nuances are illustrated by one sentence each in example sentences (63)-(68):

Instrument/means

(63) Toɓíá=noo spear:1sg=pst gasoa warthog:nom ɓɨs-**ᵓ**. spear-ins 'I speared a warthog with a spear.'

Pathway

(64) Ƙaini go:3pl fots-**o** ravine-ins gígìròkᵉ. downside:dat 'And they went down by way of the ravine.'

#### Accompaniment

(65) Atsímá=naa come:1pl=pst kúrúɓád-**o** things-ins ŋgóᵉ. we:gen 'We came with our things.'

Manner

(66) Ráʝétuo answer:3sg ɲcie I:dat gáánàs-**ᵓ**. badness-ins 'And he answered me with hostility.'

Time

(67) Bɨraa lack:3sg ɲɛƙa hunger:nom ódoicik-**ó**=ni. days-ins=these 'There is no hunger these days.'

Occupation

(68) Cɛma fight:3sg fítés-**o** washing-ins ƙwázìkàᵉ. clothes:gen 'She's washing clothes.' (lit: 'She is fighting with the washing of clothes.')

7 Case

## **7.8 Copulative (cop)**

The copulative case, marked by the suffix {-ko}, is the 'is' or 'coupling' case, whose function is to link one noun to another in a relationship of exact identity. In this function, the copulative marks three kinds of nouns: 1) a focused (fronted) noun, 2) the complement of a verbless copula (linking verb) clause, and 3) the complement of a negative copula of identity clause. These different uses of the copulative are illustrated in examples sentences (69)-(73):

Fronted subject

(69) Ŋgó-**ó**=naa we-cop=pst wetím. drink:1pl.exc 'It was we (who) drank (it).'

Fronted object

(70) Emó-**ó** meat-cop bɛ́ɗí. want:1sg 'It is meat (that) I want.'

Fronted secondary object

(71) Ɲɛƙɔ-**ɔ** hunger-cop ƙaiátèè go:plur:3pl ƙàƙààƙɔ̀kᵋ. hunt:inside:dat 'It is (due to) hunger (that) they keep going hunting.'

Verbless copula complement

	- b. Ámá-**kᵒ**. person-cop 'It's a person.'

Negative copula complement

(73) Bɛna=náá not.be:3sg=pst ɲ́cù-**kᵒ**. I-cop 'It was not me!'

#### Grammar sketch

## **7.9 Oblique (obl)**

The obliqe case, marked by the absence of any suffix, is the 'leftover' case. As such, it is employed to mark nouns in a variety of disparate grammatical roles and functions. Among these are the following: 1) The subject and/or object of an imperative clause, 2) the subject and/or object of an optative clause, 3) the object of a preposition, and 4) a vocative noun (used when calling someone). Each of these uses of the oblique case are demonstrated in examples (74)-(78):

Subject and/or object of an imperative clause

(74) Deté bring:imp bi you:obl cue=dííǃ water:obl=those 'You bring that water!'

Subject and/or object of an optative clause

(75) Ɲ́ci I:obl nesíbine listen:1sg:opt emuti story:obl ntsí. he:gen 'Let me listen to her story.'

Object of a preposition


### Vocative

(78) Éé hey wice, children:obl atsúǃ come:imp 'Hey children, come!'

## **8 Verbs**

## **8.1 Overview**

Ik verbs consist of a verbal root (written in this book with a hyphen, as in *wèt-* 'drink') and at least one of a variety of available derivational and inflectional

#### 8 Verbs

suffixes. The language has no prefixes except those borrowed centuries ago that no longer have any active function, for example the /a/ in *ábʉ̀bʉ̀ƙ-* 'bubble' or the /i/ in *iɓóɓór-* 'hollow out'. Reduplicating a verb root, partially or totally, has long been a strategy for creating a sense of continuousness or repetitiveness, as when *ɨtsán-* 'disturb' becomes *ɨtsanítsán-* 'torment relentlessly'.

Ik employs a large number of suffixes to create longer verb stems. Among these are the infinitive and other deverbalizing suffixes that change a verb into a noun that can take case endings, demonstratives, relative clauses, etc. One very key verb-building strategy of Ik is the directional suffixes that signify the direction of the verb's movement to or away from the speaker. These two directionals have also been extended metaphorically to express the beginning or completion of actions or processes. Another set of verbal suffixes deal with voice and valency, that is, the number of objects the verb requires. Among these are the passive, impersonal passive, middle, causative, and reciprocal.

Once a verb is taken from the mental lexicon and used in speech, it often requires subject-agreement marking, which Ik accomplishes through pronominal suffixes. Ik also has a special verbal suffix, the dummy pronoun, that goes on the verb whenever a peripheral argument, like a place or time designation, has been moved to the front of the clause or removed entirely.

The Ik verbal system has a variety of verbal paradigms based on mood and aspect. The basic distinction in mood is between realis and irrealis, or things that have happened and things that have not. Other modal distinctions include the optative, subjunctive, imperative, and negative. As for aspect, the specification of the internal structure of a verb – complete or incomplete – Ik has suffixes that mark present perfect, intentional-imperfective, pluractional, seqential, and simultaneous. Lastly, Ik exhibits a special set of adjectival suffixes to cover the language's need to express adjectival concepts.

## **8.2 Infinitives (inf)**

#### **8.2.1 Intransitive**

intransitive verbs allow only a subject and possibly an indirect object – a direct object does not figure into their semantic schema. The Ik intransitive infinitive suffix is {-ònì-}. It converts an intransitive verb to a morphological noun that can be used as a noun in a noun phrase. The infinitive is the citation form of a verb, the form one cites in a dictionary or in isolation from other words. Table 59 gives a few examples of intransitive infinitives from the lexicon:

#### Grammar sketch


Table 59: Ik intransitive infinitives

Because the infinitive is a noun morphologically, it can be fully declined for case as all nouns can. Table 60 gives the case declension of the verb *wàtònì-* 'to rain', which shows some vowel assimilation effects on [+ATR] vowels, as when /io/ becomes /uo/ in the ablative and copulative cases. Table 61 does the same for the [-ATR] verb *wɛ́dɔ̀nì-* 'to detour'. Note /ɨɔ/ becoming /ʉɔ/ there as well:


Table 60: Case declension of *wàtònì-* 'to rain'

#### **8.2.2 Transitive**

transitive verbs are those that admit a subject *and* a direct object into their schematic of an active event. The Ik transitive infinitive suffix is {-ésí-}. It converts a transitive verb to a morphological noun that can be used as a noun in a noun phrase. Table 62 presents a few examples of transitive infinitives:



Table 61: Case declension of *wɛ́dɔ̀nì-* 'to detour'

Table 62: Ik transitive infinitives


Table 63 gives the case declension of the deverbalized noun *wetésí-* 'to drink', which shows vowel assimilation effects on [+ATR] vowels. Table 64 does the same for the [-ATR] verb for the [-ATR] verb *wɛts'ɛ́sí-* 'to knap'.

#### **8.2.3 Semi-transitive**

semi-transitive verbs fall between transitive and intransitive in that they take an object, but the object is the reflexive pronoun *así-* '-self', referring to the subject. This means that semi-transitive verbs are morphologically transitive but almost intransitive semantically. Another name for this is 'middle' (although see another Ik middle verb in §8.6.3). Table 65 provides a sample of semi-transitive verbs. No case declension is given for these because they decline the same way as the transitive infinitives shown in Table 63 and Table 64:


Table 63: Case declension of *wetésí-* 'to drink'

Table 64: Case declension of *wɛts'ɛ́sí-* 'to knap'


Table 65: Ik semi-transitive infinitives


#### 8 Verbs

## **8.3 Deverbalizers**

### **8.3.1 Abstractive (abst)**

The abstractive suffix {-ásí-} can be used to replace the intransitive suffix {-ònì-} for converting an intransitive verb to an abstract noun, for example, when *hábòn* 'to be hot' becomes *hábàs* 'heat'. Table 66 gives several examples of abstract nouns derived from intransitive verbs:


Because verbs deverbalized by the abstractive suffix are morphological nouns, they are fully declined for case. Table 67 gives one such case declension of the abstract noun *kuɗásí-* 'shortness':

Table 67: Case declension of *kuɗásí-* 'shortness'


#### Grammar sketch

### **8.3.2 Behaviorative (bhvr)**

The behaviorative suffix {-nànèsì-} is a complex suffix possibly consisting of the stative suffix {-án-} from §8.11.4 and the transitive suffix (§8.2.2) or the abstractive suffix (§8.3.1). Regardless of its composition, the suffix as a whole creates abstract concepts based on simple nouns, like *ámánànès* 'personhood' or 'personality' from *ámá-* 'person'. Table 68 provides a few more examples:


Table 68: Ik behaviorative abstract nouns

Because behavioratives are nouns morphologically, they are declined for case. Table 69 gives the case declension for the word *eakwánánèsì*- 'manhood':



8 Verbs

#### **8.3.3 Patientive (pat)**

The patientive suffix {-amá-} converts a verb to a noun that is characterized by the meaning of the verb. It is called 'patientive' because the derived noun usually has the meaning of 'patient' or object of the original verb, as when *meetés* 'to give' produces *meetam* 'gift'. Table 70 gives some examples of patientive nouns:


Table 70: Ik patientive nouns

Because patientives are nouns morphologically, they are fully declined for case. Table 71 gives the full declension of the noun *wetamá-* 'drink(able)':



#### Grammar sketch

## **8.4 Directionals**

## **8.4.1 Venitive (ven)**

The venitive suffix {-ét-} denotes a direction *toward* a deictic center, usually (but not always) the speaker. It can be translated variously as 'here', 'this way', 'out', or 'up', but it is the Middle English word 'hither' that captures its essence nicely. The venitive suffix comes between the verb root and the infinitive suffix, whether intransitive or transitive. It can be used to augment any verb whose meaning includes motion or movement of any kind. Table 72 gives a few examples:



Venitive infinitives are morphological nouns and thus are declined for case. See §8.2.1 and §8.2.2 for case declensions that show the relevant endings.

### **8.4.2 Andative (and)**

The andative suffix {-uƙot(í)-} denotes direction *away from* a deictic center, usually the speaker (but not always). It can be translated variously as 'away', 'off', 'out', 'that way', or 'there', but it is the Middle English word 'thither' that captures its essence nicely. Unlike the venitive suffix, the andative comes after both the verbal root and the infinitive suffix (in an infinitival construction). It can be used to augment any verb whose meaning includes motion or movement of any kind. Table 73 provides a few examples of andative verbs.

Because the andative suffix comes after infinitive suffixes, whenever an andative infinitive is declined for case, it is the andative suffix that takes case endings. Table 74 gives a declension of the [+ATR] andative verb *séɓésuƙotí-* 'to sweep off', while Table 75 does the same for the [-ATR] verb *sɛkɛ́sʉ́ƙɔtí-* 'to scrub off':


Table 73: Ik andative verbs

Table 74: Case declension of *séɓésuƙotí-* 'to sweep off'


Table 75: Case declension of *sɛkɛ́sʉ́ƙɔtí-* 'to scrub off'


#### Grammar sketch

## **8.5 Aspectuals**

## **8.5.1 Inchoative (inch)**

The inchoative suffix {-ét-} is identical to the venitive suffix described in §8.4.1, and this is because its meaning is a metaphorical extension of the meaning of the venitive. That is, the venitive meaning of 'hither' was extended to mean the beginning of a state or activity (for intransitives) or the starting up of some action or process (for transitives). The inchoative behaves morphologically (including case declensions) exactly the same as the venitive. Table 76 gives a few examples of intransitive and transitive verbs in the inchoative aspect:



### **8.5.2 Completive (comp)**

The completive suffix {-uƙot(í)-} is identical to the andative suffix described in §8.4.2, and this is because its meaning is a metaphorical extension of the meaning of the andative. That is, the andative meaning of 'thither' was extended to mean the completion of a change of state or activity (for intransitives) or the fulfillment of some action or process (for transitives). The completive behaves morphologically (including case declensions) exactly the same as the andative. Table 77 gives a few examples of lexical verbs in the completive aspect:

#### **8.5.3 Pluractional (plur)**

The pluractional suffix {-í-} denotes an action or state that is construed as inherently *plural* in its realization. This notion of plurality can mean any of the following: 1) an intransitive action done more than once or done by more than

8 Verbs


Table 77: Ik completive verbs

one subject, 2) a state attributed more than once or of more than one subject, 3) a transitive action done more than once, done by more than one subject, or done to more than one object. In short, the pluractional suffix conveys the idea that the application of the verb is multiple. The pluractional suffix comes just before the infinitive suffix and is a dominant [+ATR] suffix that harmonizes [-ATR] vowels. Table 78 gives a few examples of intransitive and transitive pluractional verbs:

Table 78: Ik pluractional verbs


## **8.6 Voice and valence**

### **8.6.1 Passive (pass)**

The Ik passive suffix {-ósí-} has the unusual distinction of being able to modify both intransitive and transitive verbs. With intransitive verbs, it adds the nuance of characteristicness to the meaning of the verb, often with the help of root reduplication. With transitive verbs, it has the usual function of a passive, which is

#### Grammar sketch

to convert the object of a transitive verb into the subject of an intransitive verb. Table 79 gives examples of both intransitive and transitive passives:


Table 79: Ik passives

Another quirky feature of the Ik passive {-ósí-} is that it can function both as a passive infinitive suffix (taking case) and as a regular inflectional suffix followed by subject-agreement pronouns. When it is declined for case, it declines just like the transitive suffix {-ésí-} in §8.2.2. Example (79) below illustrates this in a sentence where the passive infinitive *búdòsì-* 'to be hidden' gets the accusative case. Then, example (80) shows the same passive acting as a verb proper, taking the 3pl subject-agreement pronominal suffix {-át-}:


## **8.6.2 Impersonal passive (ips)**

The impersonal passive suffix {-àn-} behaves like a typical passive in that it eliminates the agent of a transitive verb and promotes the object to subject. However, unlike the passive {-ósí-} described above, the impersonal passive cannot be specified for the person or number of its subject. Instead, it remains marked for 3sg regardless of who or what the subject may be. Another strange property of {-àn-} is that it can be used with intransitive verbs as well (just like the passive). When

8 Verbs

used with intransitive verbs, it has the function of downplaying the identity of the subject. For this reason, it can often be translated as 'People …' or 'One …', as in *Tódian* 'People say (it)'. The impersonal passive is a grammatical morpheme not listed in the lexicon, and so it must be illustrated in examples like (81)-(82):


## **8.6.3 Middle (mid)**

Ik has two middle suffixes: {-m-} and {-ím-}. Like the semi-transitive construction discussed in §8.2.3, the middle suffixes convert simple transitive verbs into something in the 'middle' of transitive and intransitive. That is, the Ik middle verbs convey that idea that if an action is done to an entity, it is the entity itself – if anything – doing it to itself alone, apart from any other explicit agent. The middles eliminate the agent and promote the patient to subject.

The middle suffix {-m-} always has a vowel between it and the preceding verb root. This vowel is usually a copy of the root vowel, as when *ɗusés* 'cut' becomes *ɗusúmón* 'to cut (alone/on its own)', but it can also have a non-copy vowel as in *bokímón* 'to get caught'. For its part, the middle suffix {-ím-} – a dominant [+ATR] suffix – is always paired with the inchoative suffix {-ét-}, thereby forming the complex morpheme {-ímét-}. Table 80 below gives some examples of these two suffixes converting transitive verbs to middle verbs.

#### **8.6.4 Reciprocal (recip)**

The reciprocal suffix {-ínósí-} denotes a reciprocal relationship that a verb's subject has with itself. That is, the reciprocal collapses the subject and direct object of a transitive verb, or the subject and a secondary object of an intransitive verb, into just the subject of a reciprocal verb. In this regard, it is similar to the semi-transitive verbs from §8.2.3 that use the reflexive pronoun *así-* '-self'. Table 81 provides a few examples of reciprocals derived from other verbs:

#### Grammar sketch


Table 80: Ik middle verbs



Like the passive {-ósí-} discussed in §8.6.1, the reciprocal suffix can take either case endings (as a morphological noun) or subject-agreement endings (as a morphological verb). A case declension of *ínínósí-* 'to cohabitate' is shown in Table 82, and in example (83) below, the reciprocal verb *ɨɓákínɔ́sí-* 'to be next to each other' gets the accusative case. Then, example (84) shows the same verb acting as a verb proper, with the 3pl subject-agreement marker {-át-}:


Table 82: Case declension of *ínínósí-* 'to cohabitate'


### **8.6.5 Causative (caus)**

Ik expresses causativity with a morphological causative, the causative suffix {-ìt- }. When this suffix is added to a verb with meaning X, it changes the meaning of the verb to 'cause/make (to) X'. This suffix can be used to causativize intransitive and transitive verbs and comes right after the verb root, before the infinitive marker (if present) and any other suffixes like an inchoative or pluractional. If the last vowel of the verb root is /u/, the causative may be assimilated to the form {-ùt-}. Table 83 gives several examples of causativized verbs.

## **8.7 Subject-agreement**

Whenever Ik grammar requires verbs to agree with their subjects, one of the seven pronominal suffixes in Table 84 are used. Note that if the verb contains [- ATR] vowels, these suffixes will also be harmonized to [-ATR]. Just like the free pronouns described back in §5.2, these bound pronominal suffixes are organized along three axes: 1) person (1/2/3), 2) number (singular/plural), and 3) clusivity

#### Grammar sketch


Table 83: Ik causative verbs

(exclusive/inclusive). The form these pronominals ultimately take depends on the grammatical mood of the verb to which they attach. If the verb is in the irrealis mood (see §8.9.1), the suffixes appear with their underlying forms. Whereas if they are in the realis mood (see §8.9.2), the realis suffix {-a} first subtracts or deletes their final vowel. The difference in the two mood-based paradigms is depicted in Table 84. To see instances of the Ik subject-agreement suffixes in actual language use, you may refer back to example (43) in §7.2.



#### 8 Verbs

## **8.8 Dummy pronoun (dp)**

Ik has a special verbal affix called the dummy pronoun because it represents a secondary (indirect) object that has been (re)moved. That is, the dummy pronoun is a form of object-marking on the verb, but not of direct object marking. For example, if an indirect object expressing location or time or means is moved to the front of a clause for emphasis, it leaves a trace on the verb in the form of the dummy pronoun. Seen from another perspective, the dummy pronoun is always a clue that there is a missing syntactic constituent in the clause.

The dummy pronoun has the form {-ˊdè} and is very volatile in terms of allomorphy, dramatically changing its form in different morpho-phonological environments. Once the /d/ is lost in non-final forms, vowel assimilation and vowel harmony so distort the dummy pronoun as to make it almost unrecognizable at times. Table 85 below is given to illustrate its diverse allomorphy:



Examples (85)-(86) illustrate the dummy pronoun in two different morphological forms: final and non-final. Note that the tones associated with the pronoun in these examples do not match what is shown in Table 85; this is because of local tonal interference. In terms of function, the dummy pronoun in (85) indicates that an indirect object – the destination of the verb *ƙáátà* 'they go (went)' – has been displaced from its usual spot after the verb to a place of focus at the beginning of the sentence (*Ntsúó*). Then in (86), the dummy pronoun marks an indirect object – the location of staying – that is missing from the clause entirely. Since this sentence was taken out of context from a story, most likely the missing object had been already mentioned earlier in the discourse:

#### Grammar sketch


## **8.9 Mood**

## **8.9.1 Irrealis (irr)**

A basic distinction in grammatical mood cleaves Ik verbal aspects and modalities right down the center, and this distinction is between irrealis and realis. As it applies specifically to Ik, the irrealis mood includes states and events whose *actuality* or *reality* are not expressly encoded in the grammar. Another way of saying this is that irrealis verbs in Ik can convey anything *but* whether a state or event has happened, is happening, or will happen. The morphological manifestation of the irrealis is that the final suffix of an irrealis verb – a subject-agreement pronoun – surfaces with its underlying form (see Table 84).

The verbal aspects and modalities that fall under the irrealis mood include the optative, subjunctive, imperative, negative, seqential, and simultaneous.

#### **8.9.2 Realis (real)**

In contrast to irrealis, the realis mood includes states and events whose actuality or reality *are* encoded in the grammar. That is to say, realis verbs in Ik include in their meaning the fact that something has taken place, is taking place, or will take place in the real world. The morphological manifestation of the realis mood is seen in the realis suffix {-a} that subtracts or deletes the final vowel of the subject-agreement suffix to which it attaches (again, see Table 84). In terms of verb types, the realis mood includes declarative statements in the past or nonpast, questions about the past or non-past, and, rather paradoxically, negative imperatives (which one might expect to fall under irrealis).

#### 8 Verbs

## **8.10 Verb paradigms**

### **8.10.1 Intentional-imperfective (int/ipfv)**

The intentional-imperfective aspect suffix {-és-} has two functions, hence its hyphenated title. One is to denote either an intention on the part of animate subjects or an imminence on the part of inanimate subjects. It is in this role that it finds use as the usual translation for the English future tense. It is also the answer to the question, "How do you express future tense in Ik?" A second function is to denote grammatical imperfectivity: a sense that a state or event is ongoing or incomplete. The two concepts collapse into one when intention/imminence is viewed as the incomplete coming-to-be of a future state or event. And even though intention or imperfectivity may seem to fall under an irrealis mood, {-és-} can actually be used with verbs in either the realis or irrealis mood. In Table 86, {-és-} is illustrated with the verb *àts-* 'come' in its imperfective sense with a recent past tense marker (*nákᵃ*) and then in its intentional (English 'future') sense:


Table 86: Ik intentional-imperfective aspect

#### Grammar sketch

#### **8.10.2 Present perfect (prf)**

The Ik present perfect suffix {-ˊka} denotes a state or event recently completed ('perfected') but still relevant in the present. The suffix has a 'floating' high tone that shows up on the preceding syllable of 3sg verbs, for example in *Nabʉƙɔták ᵃ* 'It is finished'. The /k/ in {-ˊka} disappears in non-final environments, making {-ˊa} an allomorph. Table 87 presents the paradigm of the present perfect with the verb *àts-* 'come' in both non-final and final environments:


Table 87: Ik present perfect aspect

#### **8.10.3 Optative (opt)**

The Ik optative mood is used to express wishes, even ironic ones like 'Let the enemies comeǃ'. Optative verbs are often introduced with imperative verbs like *Ógoe* or *Taláké*, both of which mean 'Let …'. And all Ik optative verbs are translated into English with a sentence beginning with 'Let …' or 'May …'.

Morphologically, the optative is marked by a combination of tone and special irregular suffixes. All optative verbs except 3pl show a kind of high-tone 'leveling' in the subject-agreement suffixes. The leveled high tone is pushed out to the end, creating a floating high tone. This high tone is not seen except in the fact that the last syllable of the subject-agreement suffixes remains at mid-tone level. Besides tone, special irregular suffixes mark the optative in 1sg, 1pl.exc, and 1pl.inc verbs, while standard irrealis suffixes are used for the other paradigm members. Note that the 1pl.inc may also be called the 'hortative'. Another peculiarity of the Ik optative is that there is no difference between its non-final and final forms. Table 88 presents the optative on the verb *àts-* 'come':



Table 88: Ik optative mood

### **8.10.4 Subjunctive (subj)**

The Ik subjunctive mood is used to encode statements that are somehow contingent or temporally unrealized. In that regard, it is an essentially irrealis verb form because it captures states or events that have not yet happened. It is also essentially irrealis in that it is marked simply by the absence of any marking. In other words, the subject-agreement suffixes surface with their underlying forms in the subjunctive mood, just as they appear in Table 84. The subjunctive is usually introduced either by *ɗɛmʉsʉ* 'unless, until' or *damu (kóʝa)* 'may'. Table 89 gives the full subjunctive paradigm with the verb *àts-* 'come':

Table 89: Ik subjunctive mood


#### **8.10.5 Imperative (imp)**

The imperative mood is used to issue commands or instructions. If the recipient of the command is singular, then the suffix used is {-eˊ}, and if the recipient is

#### Grammar sketch

plural, the suffix is {-úó}. The singular {-eˊ} has a floating high tone that raises any preceding low tones to mid. Both imperative suffixes are appended to the end of the verb stem, and no subject-agreement markers are needed. Both imperative suffixes are subject to vowel devoicing before a pause, as shown in Table 90:



#### **8.10.6 Negative**

Ik negates clauses by means of verblike particles that come first in the negative clause. If the negated clause has a realis verb, then the negator particle used is *ńtá* 'not'. If the negated clause has an irrealis verb, then the negator particle is *mòò* or *nòò*. Lastly, if the negated clause is past tense realis or present perfect realis, then the negator particle used is *máà* or *náà*. In the negated clause, the negator particle comes first, followed by the subject, and then the verb. Any negated verb takes the irrealis mood with the appropriate form of subject-agreement suffixes (see Table 84). To make all this more concrete, Table 91 gives example of the different negator particles used with different types of clauses.

### **8.10.7 Sequential (seq)**

The Ik seqential aspect expresses states or events that happen in sequence. Usually a sequence of verbs starts with an anchoring non-sequential verb and/or time expression, and then a clause chain begins in the sequential aspect. For example, when someone tells a story, they may start with one or two past tense realis verbs to set the stage and then continue the narrative with sequential verbs. Or if someone is giving a set of instructions, they may start with one or two imperative verbs followed by a chain of sequential verbs. Because of its versatility, the Ik sequential aspect is the language's most frequently used verb form.



Table 91: Ik negative mood

Morphologically, Ik sequential verbs are recognized by a combination of tone, irregular subject-agreement suffixes, and the sequential aspect suffix {-ko}. Specifically, all 1 and 2-person sequential verbs exhibit high-tone leveling in their subject-agreement suffixes, which pushes a high tone out to the right of the verb. This floating high raises the preceding low tones to mid. These tone effects, plus the irregular suffixes, and the sequential marker {-ko} are shown in Table 92. Note that the sequential paradigm also has an impersonal passive marked with the suffix {-ese}. Its function is identical to that of the impersonal passive described back in §8.6.2. For more on how the sequential aspect works in actual language contexts, skip ahead to the discussion of clause-chaining in §10.8.2.

### **8.10.8 Simultaneous (sim)**

The Ik simultaneous aspect is used to express states or events that are happening simultaneously to another state or event. In contrast to the sequential, the simultaneous aspect can only be used in subordinate clauses. That is to say, simultaneous clauses usually cannot stand alone without a main clause (with some exceptions). Because of its role of supporting sequential clauses, the simultaneous aspect is also commonly found in narratives and other longer discourses. It can be given a perfective interpretation as in 'when I came' or an imperfective one as in 'while I was coming'. Morphologically, the simultaneous aspect is

#### Grammar sketch


Table 92: Ik sequential aspect

marked by the suffix {-ke}, which is affixed to the subject-agreement suffixes in their irrealis forms. Table 93 presents the simultaneous paradigm of *àts-* 'come':


Table 93: Ik simultaneous aspect

## **8.11 Adjectival verbs**

### **8.11.1 Overview**

Since Ik does not have a separate word class of adjectives, it conveys adjectival concepts with adjectival verbs. These verbs have adjectival meanings but otherwise mostly behave like intransitive verbs. One way they do differ from normal intransitive verbs, though, is in the specific adjectival suffixes they can take. The next four subsections briefly describe these special adjectival suffixes.

#### 8 Verbs

#### **8.11.2 Physical property I (phys1)**

The physical property i adjectival suffix {-ˊd-} is found on adjectival verbs that express physical properties like appearance, size, shape, consistency, texture, and other tangible attributes. As a result, physical property I verbs are some of the language's most colorful adjectivals. Physical property I verbs all contain two syllables with LH tone pattern, and in the infinitive, they take the intransitive suffix {-ònì-}. Table 94 gives a sample of these colorful descriptive terms:


#### **8.11.3 Physical property II (phys2)**

The physical property ii adjectival suffix {-m-} is found in adjectival verbs that also express physical properties like appearance, color, consistency, posture, shape, and texture. It can also express less tangible attributes like strength, weakness, quality, or personality traits. Physical property II verbs usually contain two syllables with a LH tone pattern or three syllables with a LHH tone pattern (without the infinitive suffix), and in the infinitive, they take the intransitive suffix {-ònì}. Table 95 gives a sample of these descriptive adjectival verbs in two groupings.

#### **8.11.4 Stative (stat)**

The stative adjectival suffix {-án-} forms adjectival verbs that express an ongoing state characterized by the meaning of a noun or a transitive verb. Because {-án-} contains the vowel /a/, it prevents vowel harmony from spreading between the verbal root and any suffixes that follow the stative suffix (for example, infinitive or subject-agreement suffixes). Table 96 and Table 97 present a few examples of stative adjectival verbs derived from nouns and verbs, respectively:


Table 95: Ik physical property II adjectival verbs

#### Table 96: Ik stative verbs derived from nouns


Table 97: Ik stative verbs derived from transitive verbs


9 Adverbs

### **8.11.5 Distributive (distr)**

Ik has two distributive adjectival suffixes: {-aák-} and {-ìk-}. These suffixes have the function of distributing the meaning of an adjectival verb to more than one subject. The suffix {-aák-} can be used with all kinds of adjectival verbs, including the physical property and stative varieties, while the suffix {-ìk-} has been found only with the two verbs of size, *kwáts-* 'small' and *zè-* 'large'. Moreover, it commonly occurs together with {-aák-}, as in *kwátsíkaakón* 'to be small (of many)' and *zeikaakón* 'to be large (of many)'. Table 98 gives a sampling of adjectival verbs with the distributive suffix:

Table 98: Ik distributive adjectival verbs


## **9 Adverbs**

## **9.1 Overview**

The word class called adverbs is a catch-all category that includes words and clitics of various sorts that say something descriptive about a whole clause, for example, 'how' or 'when' it takes place, or how the speaker feels about the certainty or contingency of the clause. Accordingly, Ik adverbs can be divide up into manner adverbs, temporal adverbs, and epistemic adverbs. The following subsections take up each of these adverbial categories in a brief discussion.

## **9.2 Manner adverbs**

manner adverbs modify whole clauses by commenting on, for example, the manner in which a state comes across or in which an action is done. Manner adverbs usually come near or at the end of the clause they modify, as shown in example sentences (87)-(88) below. Table 99 presents a sampling of these adverbs:

Table 99: Ik manner adverbs


## **9.3 Temporal adverbs**

## **9.3.1 Overview**

The Ik temporal adverbs situate their clause somewhere in the course of time. Ik has sets of temporal adverbs that deal with past tense, past perfect tense, and non-past (including future) tense. The past and past perfect tense adverbs are enclitics that come directly after the verb they modify. The future tense adverbs are free adverbs that come near the end or at the end of the clause.

## **9.3.2 Past tense adverbs (pst)**

Ik divides past tense into four time periods and marks them with adverbial enclitics. They are: 1) recent past that covers the current day and is marked with =*nákà*, 2) removed past that covers yesterday (or any last or 'yester-' time period like 'yesterday' or 'yesteryear') and is marked with =*bàtsè*, 3) remote past that covers a few days or weeks before yesterday and is marked with =*nótsò*, and finally, 4) remotest past that covers everything before the remote past and is marked with =*nòkò*. Each of these tense enclitics comes directly after ther verb

#### 9 Adverbs

and has a non-final and final form. Table 100 illustrates the Ik tense markers in all their forms, and examples (89)-(90) illustrate their typical post-verbal position in a sentence:


Table 100: Ik past tense markers


#### **9.3.3 Past perfect tense adverbs (pst.prf)**

The past tense can be combined with a perfect aspect to yield the past perfect tense. Unlike the simple past tense adverbs, Ik past perfect tense adverbs operate along only three periods of time: recent (earlier today), removed (yester-), and remote (before yester-). Table 101 presents the Ik past perfect tense adverbs, and example sentences (91)-(92) illustrate their use in natural contexts:

Table 101: Ik past perfect tense markers


#### Grammar sketch


### **9.3.4 Non-past tense adverbs**

Ik divides the non-past tense into three rather vaguely defined time periods suggested by three adverbs. They are: 1) the distended present that includes just before and just after the present and is expressed by the adverb *ts'ɔ̀ɔ̀*, 2) the removed future that includes the *next* future time period (next hour, next day, next year) and is expressed by the adverb *táá*, and 3) the remote future expressed by the adverb *fàrà* (occasionally *fàrò*). Table 102 arranges these adverbs in a paradigm, while (93)-(94) below illustrates them in natural sentences:


Table 102: Ik non-past tense markers

	- b. Atsésíà come:int:1sg **ts'ɔ̀ɔ̀**. soon 'I will come soon.'

9 Adverbs

## **9.4 Epistemic adverbs**

### **9.4.1 Overview**

The Ik epistemic adverbs express how the speaker feels or thinks about the certainty or contingency of the clause. Accordingly, this set of adverbs can be divided into the categories of inferential, confirmational, and conditionalhypothetical. All of the epistemic adverbs are enclitics that follow the verb in normal main clauses, but some of them can also be moved in front of the verb.

### **9.4.2 Inferential adverbs (infr)**

Ik can communicate a degree of uncertainty about a situation by means of a set of inferential tense-based adverbs. This sense of making a tentative inference based on an observation can be translated into English with such turns of phrase as 'Apparently …', 'Maybe …', 'It seems that …', 'must have', etc. Two of these inferential particles consist of the proclitic *ná* plus a past-tense particle, while the third combines *ná* with the adverb *tsamʉ*. Table 103 presents the three inferential adverbial particles in their final and non-final forms. Note that compared to the past-tense markers above in Table 100, the inferential time-scale is moved up one notch more recent. Examples (95)-(96) show the Ik inferential adverbs in context. Note that they can be placed before or after the main verb.


(95) a. Baduƙota=**nábàtsᵉ**. die:comp:3sg=infr 'It died, apparently.'

> b. **Nábee** infr baduƙotᵃ. die:comp:3sg 'Apparently, it died.'

Grammar sketch

(96) **Nánoo** infr teremátᵃ. separate:3pl 'It looks like they separated.'

## **9.4.3 Confirmational adverbs (conf)**

Ik can also issue a confirmation of a state or event by means of a set of confirmational adverbs that are derived from the tensed relative pronouns described back in §5.7. When used, these adverbs are placed before the verb, and the verb surfaces in its non-final form, almost like a question rendered in English 'Why yes, did X *not* happen?' – meaning that, of course, it *did* happen. These suffixes are first presented in Table 104 and then demonstrated in (97)-(98):

Table 104: Ik confirmational markers


	- b. **Sɨna** conf ŋƙáƙótíà. eat:comp:1sg 'Yes, of course I did.'
	- b. **Nòò** conf dètà. bring:3sg 'Yes, of course she did.'

## **9.4.4 Conditional-hypothetical adverbs (cond/hypo)**

If a state or event has not taken place but*could* or *would* take place, Ik can express that contingency with its conditional-hypothetical adverbs. There are three

10 Basic syntax

of these adverbs, but they are used to cover four periods of time. The first adverb covers non-past and recent past, the second removed past, and third remote past. These conditional-hypothetical adverbs are presented in Table 105:

Table 105: Ik conditional-hypothetical adverbs


The conditional-hypothetical adverbs come after the main verb:


## **10 Basic syntax**

## **10.1 Noun phrases**

The Ik noun phrase consists first and foremost of a noun 'head', either a lexical noun or a nominalized lexical verb. As a head-initial language, Ik places its noun phrase head first in the phrase. Any subordinate, supporting elements follow the head. These optional elements may include anaphoric demonstratives, possessive markers, relative pronouns/temporal demonstratives, number markers, and spatial demonstratives. The Ik noun phrase structure can be formalized as follows, where elements in parentheses are optional:

#### Grammar sketch

(101) Ik NP structure: head (anaph)(poss)(num)(rel/temp) (dem)

The syntactical structure of noun phrases formalized in (101) is fleshed out among the real Ik noun phrases presented below in examples (102)-(110):

(102) head wikᵃ 'children' (103) head wika anaph díí 'those (specific) children' (104) head wika poss ɲ́cì 'my children' (105) head wika anaph díí poss ɲ́cì 'those (specific) children of mine' (106) head wika anaph díí poss ɲ́cìè num lèɓètsè 'those two (specific) children of mine' (107) head wika anaph díí poss ɲ́cie rel [ni leɓetse]rel 'those (specific) children of mine, two in number' (108) head wika anaph díí poss ɲ́cie num leɓetse rel [ní dà] rel 'those two nice (specific) children of mine' (109) head wika anaph díí poss ɲ́cie num leɓetse rel [ní daa]rel dem ni 'those two nice (specific) children of mine, these' (110) head wika anaph díí poss ɲ́cie num leɓetse temp níi dem ni 'those two (specific) children of mine from earlier, these'

10 Basic syntax

## **10.2 Clause structure**

### **10.2.1 Intransitive**

Ik intransitive clauses consist minimally of a verb (v) and a subject (s) in a vs constituent order. The subject may be explicit, in which case it follows the verb, or it may be implicit, in which case it is merely marked on the verb. Basic intransitive clause structure is illustrated in example (111):

(111) Epa<sup>v</sup> sleep:3sg ŋókᵃ<sup>s</sup> . dog:nom 'The dog sleeps.'

When a tense adverb is needed, it comes directly after the verb and before any explicit subject. And any other adverbial elements like extended objects (e) or adverbs, in that order, come after the subject. This word order is shown in (112):

(112) Epáv=beetense sleep:3sg=yesterŋóká<sup>s</sup> dog:nom kurúe. shade:abl 'The dog slept in the shade yesterday.'

## **10.2.2 Transitive**

Ik transitive clauses consist minimally of a transitive verb (v), an agent (a), and an object (o) in a vao constituent order. The subject may be explicit, in which case it comes between the verb and object, or it may merely be marked on the verb with a suffix. The object may also be dropped, in which case it is inferred from the context. Example (113) illustrates basic transitive clause structure:

(113) Áts'á<sup>v</sup> gnaw:3sg ŋóká<sup>a</sup> dog:nom ɔkákᵃo. bone:acc 'The dog gnaws the bone.'

When a tense adverb is needed, it comes directly after the verb and before any explicit subject. And any other adverbial elements like extended objects (e) or adverbs, in that order, come after the subject. This syntax is shown in (114):

(114) Áts'áv=beetense gnaw:3sg=yesterŋóká<sup>a</sup> dog:nom ɔkáá<sup>o</sup> bone:acc ódàtù<sup>e</sup> day:ins 'The dog gnawed the bone all day yesterday.'

#### Grammar sketch

### **10.2.3 Ditransitive**

Ik ditransitive clauses consist minimally of a ditransitive verb (v), an agent (a), an object (o), and an extended object (e) in a vaoe constituent order. If the agent is not mentioned explicitly, then it will still be marked with a suffix on the verb. The object and extended object may be left implicit but will be understood from context. The basic ditransitive clause structure is illustrated in (115):

(115) Maa<sup>v</sup> give:3sg ƙaƙaama<sup>a</sup> hunter:nom ɔkáá<sup>o</sup> bone:acc ŋókíkᵉe. dog:dat 'The hunter gives a bone to the dog.'

### **10.2.4 Causative**

By adding an extra element in the form of a causing agent, Ik causative verbs change the structure of a clause. If the original clause was a vs intransitive one, then the causative changes it to a transitive vao. If the original clause was a transitive vao, then the causative changes it to a ditransitive vaoe. The following two examples, (116)-(119), show causative verbs making these structural changes:

Intransitive vs → Causative vao


Transitive vao → Causative vaoe


10 Basic syntax

#### **10.2.5 Auxiliary**

Ik has both true auxiliary verbs and pseudo-auxiliary verbs. Both types modify sentence syntax. The true auxiliaries, shown in Table 106, function as the syntactic main verb in a clause, while the *semantic* main verb follows the subject (s/a) in a morphologically defective form that consists of the bare verb stem plus a suffix {-a} (which may be the realis marker from §8.9.2). This means the constituent order of clauses with true auxiliary verbs is auxSV for intransitives, auxAVO for transitives, and auxAVOE with extended objects. Again, in all these constructions, the aux acts as the main verb from a syntactic perspective, while the defective verb carries the main meaning of the verbal schema. Another way to analyze this construction would be to say that the auxiliary verb and the defective verb *together* fill the single verb slot of the clausal syntax.

The true auxiliaries have both lexical and aspectual meanings, which are nevertheless practically identical in their semantics. However, in their lexical function, the verbs in Table 106 do not require a second, morphologically defective verb to augment them; in their strictly lexical usage, they stand alone:


Table 106: Ik true auxiliary verbs

Example (120) illustrates the use of the recentive aspectual auxiliary verb *erúts*in an intransitive clause with the structure auxSVE:

(120) ErútsímaAuxS recent:1pl.exc atsa<sup>v</sup> come sédàᵒe. garden:abl

'We just came from the garden.'

Example (121), on the other hand, shows the use of the anticipative verb *ŋɔ́r-* in a transitive clause with the structure auxAVOE:

(121) Ŋɔ́ráAuxA=naa anticip:3sg=pst1 cɛa<sup>v</sup> kill riáá<sup>o</sup> goat:acc baratsoe=nákᵃ. morn:ins=dem.pst1 'He already killed the goat earlier this morning.'

#### Grammar sketch

Lastly, sentence (122) exemplifies the durative aspectual verb *sár-* in a simple transitive clause working with the defective verb *ts'ágwa-*:

(122) SáráAux dur:3sg séda<sup>s</sup> garden:nom ts'ágwàv. unripe 'The garden is still unripe.'

In contrast to the above examples, the pseudo-auxiliary verbs only mimic true auxiliaries in that they are fully lexical verbs yet ones with potentially aspectual meanings, including the completive, inchoative, and occupative. However, because they are not *syntactically* auxiliary, they take complements as any lexical verb would (direct objects for the transitive ones and extended objects for the intransitive one). The pseudo-auxiliaries are presented in Table 107 with their lexical and aspectual meanings and the cases required in their complements:


Table 107: Ik pseudo-auxiliary verbs

Each of the aspectual meanings listed in Table 107 are given one example in the following sentences. The brackets in example (123) signify that the bracketed noun phrase as a whole is the object of the verb:

Completive

(123) Nábʉƙɔtíáava finish:1sg:prf [isóméésá to.read:nom ɲáɓúkwi]o. book:gen 'I have finished reading the book.'

Inchoative

(124) Itsyaketátaava begin:3pl:prf wáánàkᵃo. praying:acc 'They have begun praying.'

10 Basic syntax

Occupative

(125) Cɛma<sup>v</sup> fight:3 wika<sup>s</sup> children:nom wáákᵒe. playing:ins 'The children are busy playing.'

### **10.2.6 Copular**

Ik copular clauses have relational rather than referential meanings. They link a copular subject (cs) to a copular complement (cc) which represents an entity or attribute, depending on the specific copular verb involved. The constituent order of copular clauses is therefore v-cs-cc. Ik has three distinct copular or 'be' verbs that can express five copular relationships between them. These copular verbs are presented in Table 108 below, along with the case markings their subjects and complements are obligated to have:


Table 108: Ik copular verbs

The three copular verbs in Table 108 and their five potential meaning are each exemplified briefly in the example sentences (126)-(130):

Existence

(126) Ia<sup>v</sup> be:3sg didigwarícs. rain.top:nom 'Heaven [i.e. God] is (there).'

Location

(127) Ia<sup>v</sup> be:3 lɔŋɔ́tács enemies:nom muceékᵉcc. way:dat 'Enemies are on the way.'

#### Grammar sketch

## Attribution

(128) Iravcs be:3sg tíyéadv. like.this 'It is like this.'

Identity

(129) Mɨtíá<sup>v</sup> be:1sg ŋkacs I:nom bábòcc. father.your:obl 'I am your father.'

### Possession

(130) Mɨta<sup>v</sup> be:3sg [awa=na]cs home:nom=this ŋgóᵉcc. we:gen 'This house is ours.'

## **10.2.7 Fronted**

Ik can put special emphasis on any core nominal element by moving it to the front of the clause, before the verb, subject, and other constituents. Doing so obviously disrupts the usual syntactic structure of main clauses. Two kinds of fronting are observed in the language: 1) a cleft construction and 2) left-dislocation. In a cleft construction, the emphasized noun is moved to the front and given the copulative case. This puts it in an identifying relationship with the original clause out of which it just came. As a result, the newly arranged clause can be viewed as a kind of copular clause where the fronted element is the copular subject and the original clause the copular complement. This can in turn be formulized as: [NP:cop]cs [clause]cc. To make this more concrete, the next examples show the cleft construction with a simple transitive clause in (131) whose object (*mɛ̀s*) gets fronted and marked with the copulative case in (132):

Cleft construction


10 Basic syntax

Whereas the cleft construction involves removing a clausal element from a clause and building a new clause, left-dislocation simply relocates the element to the front of the clause, but still within the same clause. In this fronted position it is given the nominative case. This type of fronting can be formulized as: [NP:nom ‖ clause]clause, where the double vertical line symbolize a short pause. This type of left-dislocation is illustrated between example sentences (133)-(134):

#### Left-dislocation


## **10.3 Subordinate clauses**

#### **10.3.1 Overview**

The constituent order of Ik subordinate clauses differs from that of main clauses. Ik subordinate clauses exhibit an sv order with intransitive verbs, an av order with transitives, and an ave order with ditransitives – in short 'sv' instead of the usual 'vs'. Case marking in subordinate clauses is also different: The fronted subject/agent and *every* direct object take the accusative case.

The next two subsections deal with two key kinds of Ik subordinate clause, the relative clause (§10.3.2) and the adverbial clause (§10.3.3).

### **10.3.2 Relative clauses**

relative clauses are subordinate clauses that modify a noun within a main clause. Ik relative clauses are restrictive, meaning they can only narrow the reference of their head noun rather than merely adding extra details about it. Relative clauses are introduced by the tensed relative pronouns discussed back in (§5.7), which, within the relative clause, stand in for a noun in the main clause called the common argument (ca). As such, the common argument is a full verbal argument in the main clause, while in the relative clause, the relative pronoun fills its syntactic slot.

#### Grammar sketch

As a subordinate clause, an Ik relative clause exhibits a different constituent order than typical main clauses. Specifically, an intransitive relative clause has the ordersv (instead of vs), and a transitive relative clause has the order oav (instead of vao). In the former (intransitive), the subject slot (s) is filled by the relative pronoun, and in the latter (transitive), it is the object (o) that is represented by the relative pronoun. Furthermore, apart for the relative pronouns themselves, all subjects and direct objects in relative clauses are marked with the accusative case – another sign of grammatical subordination in Ik.

These attributes of Ik relative clauses are illustrated in examples (135)-(136). In (135), the common argument in the main clause is *emuta* 'story', which is modified by the relative clause *nɛ ɛ́f* 'that is funny'. Note how the subject slot of the relative clause is filled by the relative pronoun *nɛ* (*na* with its vowel assimilated). Then, in (136), the common argument of the main clause is *ima* 'child', modified by the relative clause *náa ɲcia tákí* 'that I mentioned'. Since the verb of the relative clause is transitive (*tákés* 'to mean, mention'), it requires an object, which in this case is fulfilled by the relative pronoun *náa* representing the noun *ima*:

Intransitive (sv)

(135) Nesíbimaa hear:1pl.exc:prf emutaca=[nɛ<sup>s</sup> story:nom=rel ɛ́fv]rel. sweet:3sg 'We've heard a story that is funny.'

Transitive (oav)

(136) Atsáá come:3sg:prf imaca=[náa<sup>o</sup> child=rel ɲcia<sup>a</sup> I:acc tákív]rel. mention:1sg 'The child I mentioned earlier has come.'

### **10.3.3 Adverbial clauses**

The category of adverbial clausesis rather broad as it includes any subordinate clause that modifies a main clause adverbially. Adverbial clause are subordinate or 'dependent' precisely because they cannot stand alone but must be linked to an independent main clause. As subordinate clauses, adverbial clauses exhibit a constituent order that differs from both main clauses and relative clauses. Specifically, intransitive adverbial clauses have the order sv, while transitive adverbial clauses have the order avo. Another correlate of subordination seen in most adverbial clauses – except for the conditional and hypothetical ones – is accusative case-marking on all core constituents (s/a/o) if they are explicitly mentioned.

10 Basic syntax

Among the main kinds of adverbial clause in Ik are the following: temporal, simultaneous, conditional, hypothetical, manner, reason/cause, and concessive. Most types of adverbial clause – except for manner – have their own dedicated connective (or 'conjunction') or set of connectives, many of which are listed back in Table 24 under §3.14. Without exception, the subordinating connectives come first in the adverbial clause. Lastly, in terms of position, Ik adverbial clauses may come before or after the main clause they modify. Each of these types of adverbial clause is given one example apiece in (137)-(143):

Temporal

(137) [Noo when ntsíá he:3sg baduƙotâdᵉ]temp, die:3sg:dp ƙɔ́ɗɨakᵒ. cry:1sg:seq 'When he died, I cried.'

Simultaneous

(138) [Náa as ntsíá he:3sg badúƙótìkᵉ]simul, die:3sg:sim ƙɔ́ɗɛ́sɨakᵒ. cry:ipfv:1sg:seq 'As he was dying, I was crying.'

Conditional

(139) [Na if ntsa he:nom badúƙótùkᵒ]cond, die:3sg:seq ƙɔ́ɗɨakᵒ. cry:1sg:seq 'If he dies, I'll cry.'

Hypothetical

	- b. ƙɔ́ɗɨaa cry:1sg:seq ƙánòkᵒ. would've I would've cried.'

### Manner

(141) Badúƙótuo die:3sg:seq [(ntsíá) (he:acc) tisílíkᵉ]manner. peaceful:3sg:sim 'And he died peacefully (lit. 'he being peaceful').'

#### Grammar sketch

Reason/cause

(142) Baduƙotáá die:3sg:prf [ɗúó because ídzanâdᵉ]reason. shoot:ips:3sg:dp 'He has died because he was shot.'

Concessive

(143) [Áta even ntsíá he:acc badúƙótìkᵉ]concess, die:3sg:sim ńtá not ƙɔ́ɗí. cry:1sg 'Even if he dies, I will not cry.'

## **10.4 Questions**

#### **10.4.1 Overview**

Questions in Ik can be formed in two mutually exclusive ways: 1) by leaving the final word in the question in its non-final form (along with a questioning intonation) or 2) by using interrogative pronouns and often rearranging the syntax of the sentence. The first method is employed with what is called polar or yes/no questions: those whose answer is either 'yes' or 'no'. The second method is used for content or wh-questions: those whose answer is a substantive response to such interrogative pronouns as *who?*, *what?*, *when?*, *where?*, etc. These two types of question are briefly described in the following two subsections.

#### **10.4.2 Polar questions**

Polar questions are those that elicit a 'yes' or 'no' in response. In Ik, they are formed by leaving the last word or particle of the question in its non-final form (revisit §2.3 and §2.4.3 for a review). This open-endedness of form is a fascinating way the grammar reflects the open-endedness of a question – open to a response. Besides the non-final form of the last word, polar questions are identified by a change in intonation. This interrogative intonation is enacted by what is called a boundary low tone: a low tone that attaches to the final syllable. If the final syllable already has a low tone, then the boundary tone is not audible. But if the final syllable has a high tone, the boundary tone manifests as a high-low glide.

Examples (144)-(145) illustrate these features of polar questions. Note in the first part of (144) how the present perfect suffix {-ˊka} shows up in its non-final form (*-ˊà*), while in the second part, the final form is used (*-ˊkᵃ*). Then, (145) shows the interrogative boundary low tone attaching to the high tone on the final syllable of *cekúó* 'is a woman', creating a high-low down-glide (*cekúô*):

10 Basic syntax

	- b. Ee, yes nábʉƙɔtákᵃ. finish:comp:3sg:prf[ff] 'Yes, it is finished.'

(145) a. Cekúô? woman:cop[nf]

'Is it a woman?'

b. Ee, yes cekúó woman:cop ntsaᵃ. she:nom 'Yes, it's a woman.'

## **10.4.3 Content questions**

In contrast to polar questions, content questions cannot logically take 'yes' or 'no' for an answer. Rather, answers to content questions – as their name implies – must contain content relevant to the specific interrogative pronoun used to make the inquiry (Ik interrogative pronouns are listed in Table 46). So if the question contains the pronoun *ǹdò-* 'who?', the answer must include a person. Or if the question contains the pronoun *ndaí-* 'where?', the response must refer to a specific location, and so on. Ik forms content questions by placing an interrogative pronoun in the syntactic slot of the unknown entity being queried (i.e. a person, place, time, manner, etc.). For example, in (146), the interrogative pronoun *ndaí-* 'where?' is filling the normal place where an object encoding the destination of *ƙà-* 'go' would go. A similar thing occurs in (147), where the pronoun *ìsì-* 'what?' fills the direct object slot required by the verb *bɛ́ɗ-* 'want':


However, what is more common is for the interrogative pronoun to be fronted for emphasis. As in other instances of fronting in Ik (see §10.2.7), the fronted

#### Grammar sketch

element takes the copulative case marker {-ko}. In (148)-(149), examples (146)- (147) are repeated in their fronted (focused) forms, and two other interrogative pronouns are used in (150)-(151) to illustrate content questions:


## **10.5 Quotations**

Quotations involve reporting someone's speech (or thought) – the speaker's own or someone else's – directly or indirectly. Ik fulfills this communicative need through the use of the verb *kʉ̀t-* 'say' followed by the actual quotation treated as an add-on clause. That is, unlike complements described below in §10.6, a quoted sentence in Ik is technically *not* an object of the verb *kʉ̀t-*. Instead, it is tacked on 'extra-syntactically' and given the oblique case (the 'leftover' case). This is proven by the fact that when the pronoun *ìsì-* 'what?' appears to be the object of *kʉ̀t-* with a 3sg or 3pl subject, *ìsì-* takes the oblique case instead of the accusative case as one would expect otherwise from case grammar (§7.3).

Many languages, English included, distinguish between direct and indirect quotative formulas, for example the direct "I said, 'I will come'" versus the indirect "I said I will come". By contrast, Ik does not distinguish the two grammatically. Instead, the proper sense has to be discerned from the context (and possibly from intonation). So the statement *Kʉtíá naa atsésí* could mean either "I said, 'I will come'" or "I said I will come", depending on factors other than syntax.

In Ik quotative sentences, if there is an addressee of the quotation, they will appear in the dative case. And the quotative particle *tàà* 'that' is often inserted

#### 10 Basic syntax

just before the quotation, though by all appearances it is optional. The example sentences (152)-(153) provide a demonstration of the quotative construction:


## **10.6 Complements**

Complements are individual clauses that function as an 'argument' of the verb – as either subject or object. In other words, they are clauses within clauses. Unlike subordinate clauses which are added *onto* main clauses, complement clauses are added *into* other clauses. The main type of Ik complement clause is introduced by the complementizer *tòìmɛ̀nà-* 'that', which is combination of a form of the verb *tód-* 'speak' and the noun *mɛná-* 'issues, words'. This compound word gives some evidence that Ik complement clauses (of this particular type) evolved from quotative clauses like those described above in §10.5.

Because a complement clause fits within the clausal grammar, it must somehow be declined for case (because all arguments of a verb in Ik take case, without exception). To meet this requirement, the complementizer *tòìmɛ̀nà-* bears the burden of case on behalf of the whole complement clause it is introducing. So technically, it is the complementizer – not the complement clause alone – that is the verbal argument. But because *tòìmɛ̀nà-* plus the complement is a frozen quotative formula, the whole construction can be analyzed as an argument.

To illustrate this, (154) presents a simple complement clause governed by the cognitive verb *èn-* 'see'. The {curly brackets} indicate the boundaries of the main clause from the point of view of the syntax, in which the verb *èn-* 'see' selects its object *tòìmɛ̀nà-* 'that' for the accusative case. The [square brackets] mark the boundary of the complement clause seen from the point of view of semantics, for the actual content of 'seeing' is the clause *that we have become very rich*:

(154) {Enáta see:3pl [toimɛnaa}obj that:acc barʉƙɔtímáà rich:comp:1pl.exc:prf zùkᵘ]compl very 'They see that we have become very rich.'

#### Grammar sketch

In addition to a direct object, an Ik complement clause can also function as an indirect object or even the 'complement' of a copular clause. For instance, in (155) below, *tòìmɛ̀nà-* and by extension the whole complement clause is acting as the indirect object of the verb *xɛ̀ɓ-* 'be afraid of, fear', which requires the ablative case. Then, in (156), the verb is the copular verb *mìt-* 'be', which requires its nominal compliment to be in the oblique case, as is seen with *tòìmɛ̀nà-*:


## **10.7 Comparatives**

Comparatives are grammatical constructions that allow the comparison of two entities on the basis of some shared characteristic. Ik has two strategies for doing this: 1) the mono-clausal, which involves one simple clause, and 2) the bi-clausal, which involves a complex clause. Mono-clausal comparatives place the comparee (entity being compared) in the nominative case and the standard (entity the comparee is being compared to) in the ablative case. Since most comparable attributes are expressed as intransitive verbs in Ik, the parameter (attribute) of the comparison is also an adjectival verb in such constructions. For example, in (157)-(158) below, the intransitive verbs *zè-* 'big' and *dà-* 'nice' are acting as the parameters, while their subjects are the comparees in the nominative case and their extended objects the standards in the ablative case:


Bi-clausal comparatives, on the other hand, combine a main clause with a subordinate or 'co-subordinate' clause (§10.8.2). Both types are introduced by the verb

#### 10 Basic syntax

*ɨlɔ́-* 'exceed, surpass', which acts as the index of the comparison (the gauge of the degree of difference between compared entities). If the indexical verb introduces a subordinate clause, it takes the simultaneous aspect, while if it introduces a co-subordinate clause, it takes the sequential aspect. In such bi-clausal comparatives, the comparee is still the subject of the main clause, while the standard is the object of the dependent clause. The parameter remains with the main clause verb (as in mono-clausal comparatives). But unlike mono-clausals, bi-clausal comparatives can have intransitive or transitive parametric verbs. In other words, actions as well as attributes can be compared in this type of construction.

In (159), the parameter lies with the verb *tɔkɔ́b-* 'cultivate', and 'he' (marked as 3sg on the verb) is being compared with 'us' (*ŋgó-*). The index of the comparison is the verb *ɨlɔ́íɛ* 'he surpassing', which reveals the inequality of the compared actions of the two entities. Example (160) follows the exact same logic, only that the indexical verb *ɨlɔ́ɨnɨ* is in the sequential aspect instead of the simultaneous:


## **10.8 Clause combining**

### **10.8.1 Clause coordination**

Two or more clauses can be linked in Ik through clause coordination. This can result in clause addition ('and'), which joins two independent clauses of equal status. It can result in contrast ('but'), which joins clauses of equal syntactic status, the second of which is a counterexpectation to the first. And thirdly, clause coordination can result in disjunction ('or'), in which two clauses of equal status are presented as different possible options.

Clause addition is achieved in two ways: 1) simply adjoining the clauses with a pause in between (represented by a period or comma in writing) or 2) linking the clauses with a coordinating connective like *kòtò* 'and, but, then' or *ńdà* 'and'. These first two methods are illustrated in (161)-(162). A third way to add one clause to another is to nominalize it – change all its main parts to nouns, put them in a noun phrase, and link it up to the other clause with *ńdà*. Note from

#### Grammar sketch

(163) that with this third method, because the word *ńdà* 'and' is acting as a sort preposition, it requires its head noun(s) to be in the oblique case. Its head nouns in (163) are the subject (*ŋgo*) and infinitive (*ŋƙɛ́sí*) – both in the oblique case:

	- b. ńda and ƙaíána=noo go:plur:ips:real=pst waa pick:nom waicíkée greens:gen ńtí? how and how did they used to go picking greens?'
	- b. ńda and ŋgo we:obl ŋƙɛ́sí to.eat:obl tɔbɔŋɔ́ᵉ. mush:gen and we ate mealmush.'

Contrast between two clauses in Ik can be expressed in two primary ways: 1) by simply adjoining the two clauses with a brief pause in between (marked with by a comma or period in writing) or 2) by linking the two clauses with the contrastive connective *kòtò*, which can mean 'but' as well as 'and, then, therefore, etc.'. These two types are demonstrated in examples (164)-(165), respectively:

	- b. koto but máa=naa not=pst1 ŋunetí. find:1sg but I did not find (it).'

10 Basic syntax

Lastly, the idea of disjunction is expressed in Ik through the use of the connectives *kèɗè* 'or' or *kòrì* 'or', as illustrated in example sentences (166)-(167):

	- b. keɗe or ńtá not tɔkɔ́bɛsîdᶤ? farm:ipfv:2sg or are you not farming (it)?'
	- b. kori or maráŋaakátìkᵉ? good:distr:3pl:sim or as being good all around?

## **10.8.2 Clause chaining**

But in fact, the most common way Ik links independent clauses is through clause 'co-subordination' or clause chaining. To create a chain of clauses, the grammar starts with an anchoring phrase or clause to set the stage modally or temporally, and then it puts all the following mainline verbs in the sequential aspect (see §8.10.7), creating a chain of two or more clauses. When clause chaining is used in a story, the temporal 'anchor' can be a simple time expression like *kaíníkò nùkᵘ* 'in those years' or a tensed statement like *Atsa noo ámá ntanée taa Apáálɔrɛ́ŋ* 'There came a man named Apaaloreng'. In (168), the clause chain is anchored by the initial adverbial phrase *Na kónító ódoue baratsoó* 'One day, in the morning', which puts the whole sentence in a temporal frame. Thenceforth, the clause chain proceeds clause by clause, each marked as seq1, seq2, etc:

	- b. [ipu**o** cast:3sg:seq taƙáíkakᵃ] shoes:acc seq1 he cast (his) shoes (in divination),

#### Grammar sketch


Although the sequential aspect and clause chains are common in narratives, they are also used extensively for other types of discourse, for example, exposition and instruction. The following expository clause chain in (169) details some of the steps taken in the process of grinding tobacco leaves. Note that there are two anchoring adverbial clauses, one at the beginning and one in the third line. After each one, there is a string of one or more verbs set in the sequential aspect:

	- b. [ŋɔɛ́**ɛsɛ** grind:inch:sps ɲaɓáláŋɨtᵃ]seq1 soda.ash:nom soda ash is ground up.
	- c. [náa when ɲaɓáláŋɨtíá soda.ash:acc iwíɗímètìkᵉ]adv2 pulverize:mid:sim When the soda ash is ground to powder,
	- d. [páka until ɲapúɗúmùƙòtù**kᵒ**]seq4 powdery:comp:seq until it becomes fine powder.'

Finally, the sequential aspect and clause chaining is often found operating in a set of commands or instructions. Such a clause chain may begin with one or more imperative verbs, followed by the sequential verbs in a chain of further commands or instructions. This type of clause chain is shown in (170):

	- b. [kawete cut:imp titíríkᵃ, pole:pl kɛɗɨtín, reed:pl ńda and sim]imp2 fiber Cut poles, reeds, and fiber,
	- c. [iréɲuƙoidu**o** clear:comp:2sg:seq bácíkᵃ]seq1 area:nom clear away the area,
	- d. [úgidu**o** dig:2sg:seq ripitín]seq2 hole:pl:nom dig holes,
	- e. [otídu**kó**é pour:2sg:seq:dp titíríkᵃ]seq3 pole:pl:nom and put the poles into them.'

## **Appendix A: Ik affixes**

All of the affixes discussed in the preceding grammar sketch are listed in the table below for easy reference. When looking for an affix in the list, keep in mind that if it has two forms (for example the {-e} and {-ɛ} of the genitive case), both forms are given their own separate entry. Affixes that cannot be the terminal morpheme in a word have no final form, while those that can, have non-final and final forms.


Table 1: Full list of Ik affixes


Appendix A: Ik affixes



Appendix A: Ik affixes

## **References**

Heine, Bernd. 1999. *Ik dictionary*. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. Schrock, Terrill. 2014. *A grammar of Ik (Icé-tód): Northeast Uganda's last thriving*


## **Subject index**

ablative case, 483, 582 accusative case, 482, 526, 546, 548, 575, 576, 580, 581 adjectival, 492, 535, 558–561, 582, 589– 591 adverb, 482, 564, 565, 567, 569, 573 adverbial clause, 575, 577 agentive, 508, 509 allomorphy, 551 anaphoric, 488, 492, 521–523, 567 andative, 542–544 aspect, 535, 544, 553, 556, 557, 563, 589–592 ATR, 7, 485–488, 502, 536, 537, 542, 545, 547, 549 auxiliary verb, 571 boundary tone, 578 causative, 549, 550, 570 certainty, 496, 561, 565 clause chaining, 585, 586 clause structure, 569, 570 cleft construction, 574, 575 clitic, 488, 490, 518 clusivity, 512, 549 common argument, 518, 575, 576 complement, 531, 533, 574, 581, 582 complementizer, 497, 498, 581 completive aspect, 544 constituent order, 569–571, 573, 575, 576

copula, 533 copular, 573, 574, 582 copulative case, 482, 483, 516, 574, 580 dative, 480–484, 501, 525, 526, 531, 542, 580, 592 definiteness, 514 depressor consonant, 488, 502 devoiced, 478 devoicing, 478, 490, 556 dialect, 3 diminutive, 508–510 directional, 590, 592 disjunction, 585 distributive adjectival, 561 dummy pronoun, 482, 551 genitive case, 530, 531, 589 haplology, 480 ideophone, 496 imperative, 495, 534, 554, 556, 586 imperfective, 553, 557 inchoative, 544, 547, 549, 572 infinitive, 8, 9, 482, 492, 509, 535, 536, 542, 545, 546, 549, 559, 584, 590–592 instrumental case, 480, 532 intentional, 553 interrogative, 491, 512, 515, 516, 578– 580

#### Subject index

intonation, 578, 580 intransitive, 482, 486, 518, 535–537, 539, 542, 544–547, 549, 558, 559, 569–572, 575, 576, 582, 583 left-dislocation, 575 main clause, 517, 518, 527, 557, 575– 577, 581–583 modality, 589, 590 mora, 502 negative copula, 533 nominative case, 8, 485, 505, 508, 526, 575, 582 noun phrase, 530, 535, 536, 567, 572, 583 oblique case, 525, 534, 580, 582, 584 orthography, xi, xii, 488 particle, 515, 556, 565, 578, 580 passive, 499, 535, 545–548, 557, 589, 590 patient, xii, 541, 547 plurative, 486, 491, 502–504 possession, 501, 505, 514, 529, 530 possessor, 505, 514 preposition, 494, 534, 584 proclitic, 565 quotative, 580, 581 recipient, 529, 555 reciprocal, 547, 548 reduplication, 545 reflexive, 491, 512, 518, 519, 537, 547 relative clause, 517, 518, 575, 576 relative pronoun, 492, 493, 517, 518, 575, 576

reported speech, 497 semi-vowel, 484, 502 sequential aspect, 556, 557, 583, 585, 586 simultaneous aspect, 557, 583 singulative, 491, 502, 504, 505 stative adjectival, 490, 559 subjunctive mood, 555 subordinate clause, 528, 575, 576, 583 syllable, 484, 488, 489, 502, 516, 554, 578 tense, 553, 556, 562–565, 569 time expression, 556, 585 vowel assimilation, 482–484, 526, 536, 537, 551 vowel harmony, 7, 478, 484, 486, 492, 502, 551, 559

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## The Ik language

This book is a dictionary and grammar sketch of Ik, one of the three Kuliak (Rub) languages spoken in the beautiful Karamoja region of northeastern Uganda. It is the lexicographic sequel to *A grammar of Ik (Icé-tód): Northeast Uganda's last thriving Kuliak language* (Schrock 2014). The present volume includes an Ik-English dictionary with roughly 8,700 entries, followed by a reversed English-Ik index. These two main sections are then supplemented with an outline of Ik grammar that is comprehensive in its coverage of topics and written in a simple style, using standard linguistic terminology in a way that is accessible to interested non-linguists as well. This book may prove useful for language preservation and development among the Ik people, as a reference tool for non-Ik learners of the language, and as a source of data, not only for the comparative study of Kuliak but also the wider Afroasiatic and Nilo-Saharan language families.